广西外来入侵植物

通过调查和文献整理,初步确认广西有外来入侵植物114种,隶属于36科80属,其中以菊科的种类最多,有26种。外来入侵植物来源于世界各地,以来源于美洲居多,有87种,占76.3%。入侵植物以草本植物为主,有90种,占78.9%。外来入侵植物主要通过有意引入和无意传入等方式入侵广西。它们的入侵,特别是一些恶性杂草的入侵,给广西农业、林业、人类健康以及生态环境带来巨大的负面影响。加强对外来入侵植物的调查和评估,恢复当地植被和物种的多样性,开展有害生物风险分析是防范外来入侵植物的有效途径。     

广东省农业生态系统外来入侵植物的种类调查与危害评估

为了掌握广东省农业生态系统中外来入侵植物的种类和分布状况,本文通过定点调查和线路调查的方法对广东省21市农业生态系统中205个样点的外来入侵植物进行了分析,共发现外来入侵植物28科90种。其中,菊科植物种类最多,有27种,草本植物有71种,它们分别占入侵植物总数的30.00%和78.89%。处于重度危害的入侵植物有22种;处于中度危害的植物有15种;处于轻度危害的植物有53种。在90种外来入侵植物中,71种来自美洲,占总数的78.89%;其他各洲相对较少。广域分布种最多,为40种,占总数的44.44%;全域分布种则最少,仅有7种,占总数的7.78%。由此可见,广东省农业生态系统入侵植物种类多,分布广,危害严重,需引起有关部门的高度重视。     

广东省农业生态系统外来入侵植物的种类调查与危害评估

为了掌握广东省农业生态系统中外来入侵植物的种类和分布状况,本文通过定点调查和线路调查的方法对广东省21市农业生态系统中205个样点的外来入侵植物进行了分析,共发现外来入侵植物28科90种。其中,菊科植物种类最多,有27种,草本植物有71种,它们分别占入侵植物总数的30.00%和78.89%。处于重度危害的入侵植物有22种;处于中度危害的植物有15种;处于轻度危害的植物有53种。在90种外来入侵植物中,71种来自美洲,占总数的78.89%;其他各洲相对较少。广域分布种最多,为40种,占总数的44.44%;全域分布种则最少,仅有7种,占总数的7.78%。由此可见,广东省农业生态系统入侵植物种类多,分布广,危害严重,需引起有关部门的高度重视。     

广西及越南农业外来有害生物入侵现状

【背景】广西地理环境独特,与越南水陆相连,气候、作物等条件相似,边境贸易往来频繁,致使其成为我国遭受外来有害生物入侵最严重的地区之一。【方法】通过本底调查,分析总结了广西农业外来有害生物入侵的现状。【结果】广西主要入侵动物26种,入侵微生物18种,入侵植物21种,高风险入侵物种包括辣椒实蝇、木薯绵粉蚧、扶桑绵粉蚧、稻水象甲、黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒等;来自越南的潜在危险性有害生物共38种。【结论与意义】广西受外来有害生物入侵的风险加剧,并有进一步扩散蔓延的趋势。提出应对入侵生物的综合防控对策,为广西外来入侵有害生物的防控提供参考。     

微生物入侵影响因素研究进展

探明生物入侵的影响因素能够有效防治生物入侵,减少其对生态系统的破坏,但现有的入侵研究主要集中于动植物入侵,对微生物入侵关注较少。本文综述了外来微生物自身属性、入侵地生物和非生物状况以及外来种和土著种之间差异等对微生物入侵的影响,比较了微生物入侵与动植物入侵、微生物定殖之间的差别,提出了今后需要进一步加强的研究内容。外来微生物入侵受其自身种系、形态、大小等特性,入侵地生物多样性、天敌、有效资源等生物或非生物因子,以及外来-本地种谱系距离、生态位差异、相对适应性差异等三方面因素共同影响,但不同因素之间的关联度、交互性及相对贡献仍不清楚。外来微生物入侵过程与动植物入侵过程、微生物定殖过程有诸多类似之处,但同时也存在不少差异。今后,需加强研究外来微生物独特性状(如:持留状态和群体感应等)对其入侵影响,关注微生物进入新环境的存活数量、扩散范围和影响程度,加强利用定殖研究中常用的微生物作为入侵物种验证经典入侵理论,以及注重观察全球变化下外来微生物的入侵趋势和区分微生物在不同入侵阶段的主要影响因素。     

中国公布的3 批外来入侵植物种类特征与入侵现状分析

生物入侵是当今世界各国发展的一大挑战。外来入侵物种已对各国经济造成了不同程度的影响, 中国也未能幸免。为了防止外来物种入侵, 减轻其对我国造成的影响, 国家环保总局先后于2003 年、2010 年及2014 年公布了3 批中国外来入侵物种名单。据统计, 中国公布的3 批外来物种名单中的外来入侵植物共29 种, 占半数以上, 其中菊科和禾本科植物合计20 种, 约占3 批外来入侵植物总种数的68.96%; 生活型为草本的植物最多, 占96.55%; 原产地为美洲的占93.10%。3 批外来入侵植物中62.07%的植物是非有意引入的, 现今已全部建立种群, 且在全国各地大范围扩散。     

豚草和空心莲子草分布与区域减灾策略

当今世界,生物入侵已成为与各国政治、经济、生态与文化紧密相关的热点问题。随着全球经济一体化的飞速发展,外来有害生物的入侵不断加剧。生物入侵给全世界带来的经济损失占全球GDP的1.5%。因此,对外来入侵生物的有效防控     

湖北省外来入侵生物及其与社会经济活动的关系

采用实地调查和查阅文献的方法,系统地研究了湖北省外来入侵生物的发生概况,分析了其传入途径及其与人类活动的关系。结果表明,当前湖北省共有外来入侵物种163种。其中,植物病原微生物14种,水生杂草3种,陆生杂草101种,水生无脊椎动物2种,陆生无脊椎动物17种,两栖爬行类3种,鱼类18种,哺乳类5种。在外来入侵杂草中,菊科最多（32种）,占总数的30.8%;禾本科次之（11种）;豆科排第3位（10种）。外来生物入侵湖北省的主要途径有2类：（1）有目的引进,占入侵物种总数的53.4%;（2）无意带入,占入侵物种总数的46.6%。1990-2009年,湖北省的外来入侵物种数随该省的GDP、入境旅游人数、进出口总额和交通密度的增加而明显上升。因此,在大力发展经济的同时,有必要进一步加强引种监管,严格执行检疫措施,以防止新的外来生物入侵。同时,需开展外来入侵生物的防控技术研究,以遏制已入侵物种的传播蔓延,控制其危害。     

群落组成及物种间相互作用对外来植物入侵的影响

外来植物入侵已成为严重的环境和社会问题,了解外来植物的入侵机制是有效控制其入侵的前提。生物阻抗假说认为,入侵地本地植物群落中的许多生物因子及生物过程能够抵御外来植物入侵。但关于群落抵抗外来种入侵的主要机制,目前还没有确定的结论。本文综述了群落中物种功能特征的多样性以及与外来种功能特征的相似度、植物与动物、植物与植物以及植物与土壤微生物间的相互作用等因素对外来植物入侵的影响,以及以前研究存在的不足。未来研究应该注重不同条件下植物与植物间的相互作用;不同竞争强度下,植物与食草动物的相互作用;植物、动物及土壤微生物三者之间的相互作用对外来植物入侵的影响。这些研究不仅能够丰富和完善入侵生态学理论,而且对于预测外来植物未来的扩散范围,合理有效地管理生态系统,防止外来植物入侵,保护本地生物多样性具有重要的实际意义。     

湖北省外来入侵植物初步调查

【目的】近年来,湖北省外来入侵植物数目和种类都呈现上升趋势,但该地区外来入侵植物编目的研究相对滞后,本研究试图填补这项空白,为湖北省外来入侵植物的防治和生态环境保护提供比较全面和准确的数据。【方法】通过查阅文献资料和个人观察,初步确定湖北省外来入侵植物的种类,再根据相关文献和实际野外调查排除不符合外来入侵植物定义的物种,最后确定湖北省外来入侵植物的原产地、生活型、引入途径等。【结果】湖北省外来入侵植物共有145种,隶属于41科,以菊科、豆科、苋科、茄科为主。原产地有8种来源,大部分外来入侵物种原产于北美洲(85种;占全部外来入侵物种的35.6%)。生活型以草本植物为主(134种;占全部外来入侵物种的75.3%)。引入途径有意引入、无意引入、自然传入,占比分别为56.0%、36.7%、7.3%。【结论】研究结果可用于湖北省外来入侵植物的防治,但是为了保证数据的准确性,应定期对湖北省外来入侵植物名录进行更新,以反映实际情况。     

Plant introduction,naturalization, and invasion in French Guiana (South America)

Continental tropical ecosystems are generally viewed as less vulnerable to biological invasions than island ones. Their apparent resistance to invasive alien species is often attributed to their higher native biota diversity and complexity. However, with the increase of human activities and disturbances and the accelerate rate of introductions of plant species, these apparently resilient continental ecosystems are now experiencing alien plant naturalization and invasion events. In order to illustrate this emergent phenomenon, we compiled a list of all known introduced and naturalized plant species in French Guiana (Guiana Shield, South America). A total of 490 alien plants were recorded, about 34% of which are currently naturalized, mainly species belonging to the Acanthaceae and Fabaceae (Faboideae) in the Eudicotyledons, and Poaceae (grasses) and Arecaceae (palms) in the Monocotyledons. The coastal dry and wet savannas appears to be vulnerable to plant invasion (with 165 naturalized species, about 34% of the alien flora), especially by Acacia mangium (Mimosaceae) and Melaleuca quinquenervia (Myrtaceae) which are forming localized but dense monotypic stands. Both tree species, intentionnally introduced for reforestation, rehabilitation, and as garden ornamentals and have the potential to spread with increasing human disturbances The number and abundance of naturalized alien plants in the relatively undisturbed tropical lowland rainforests and savannas remains still very low. Therefore, surveillance, early detection, and eradication of potential plant invaders are crucial; moreover collaboration with neighbouring countries of the Guiana Shield is essential to prevent the introduction of potentially invasive species which are still not present in French Guiana.     

外来种入侵的过程、机理和预测

生物入侵是指某种生物从原来的分布区域扩展到一个新的（通常也是遥远的）地区,在新的区域里,其后代可以繁殖、扩散并持续维持下去,生物入侵成功的原因,即与入侵者本身的生物学,生态学特征有关,也与群落的脆弱性有关,入侵者可能较本地种的竞争能力强,更适应当地的环境,有的入侵者还可以改变环境,使之对已有利,而不利于本地种。缺乏天敌制约。群落的稳定性低和异常的环境扰动往往导致生物入侵,生物入侵的预测包括哪一种外来种会变成入侵种？哪些生态系统区域会被入侵？影响程度如何？入侵种的扩散态势如何等内容,对有关的理论和模型作了评介。     

我国外来入侵生物防控现状、问题和对策

外来物种入侵已经威胁全球多个国家和地区,严重影响农林牧渔业生产,威胁生态系统稳定,是当前全球生物多样性丧失的主要原因之一,开展入侵物种防控已成为生物多样性保护与农业绿色发展的重点工作。我国已经成为全球遭受生物入侵威胁与损失最为严重的国家之一,截至2018年底,入侵我国的外来物种有近800种,已确认入侵农林生态系统的有638种,全国31个省（区、市）均有外来生物入侵发生并带来危害,半数以上县域都有入侵物种分布,几乎涉及所有类型的生态系统。本文对全球主要发达国家外来入侵物种发生情况及防控进行梳理发现,从国家层面立法开展外来入侵生物防控成为主流,制定长期防控战略并增加投入是入侵物种防控成功的关键。近些年,我国在外来入侵物种防控方面初步建立了工作机制,发布了重点管理外来入侵物种名录,完成了重点入侵物种的调查监测,开展了局部地区的防控措施,积极推动立法工作。根据国外生物入侵防治经验与我国实际情况,本研究提出我国外来入侵物种防控对策建议,包括加强法制建设、开展本底调查和启动重大防控工程等,为我国外来侵入生物的防控提供借鉴。     

Invasibility of an inland area in NE Spain by alien plants

This study examines the alien flora of a representative zone of the continental northeast region of the Iberian Peninsula, in the Huesca province. Its aims were to determine the biological and ecological factors responsible for the invasive behaviour of the alien species, along with factors related to the environment and land use that could increase the vulnerability of the different habitats towards invasion. Results were then compared with previous observations made in the coastal areas closest to this inland region. Relationships between the invasive nature and the biological and ecological characteristics of the species were evaluated by logistic analysis. General linear model analysis was used to correlate environmental factors with the capacity of the region's habitats to accept these invaders. Perhaps the most noticeable feature was the high number of alien plants growing as crop weeds in the continental study area. The factors found to be most related to the invasive behaviour of the alien species were biological type, route of introduction and the disturbance degree of the habitat. Human population density, average yearly rainfall and temperature, and to a lesser extent, land use were the environmental factors most significantly associated with the number of alien species present. Our findings indicate that the invasibility of continental areas of the NE Iberian Peninsula by alien plants is notably lower compared to the closest coastal zones, the degree of naturalisation of alien species within the native flora also being lower. Differences between the coast and interior in terms of the origins and introduction routes of the alien plants were also evident. Environments showing the greatest capacity to accommodate alien plant species were coastal areas, where the land is mostly given over to urban use and there is a predominance of fluvial and riparian ecosystems.     

动物入侵的行为机制

行为特征可在外来动物建立种群和扩张过程中发挥重要作用,因此,要正确理解动物入侵,常常需要仔细研究其行为机制。20世纪80年代以来,随着动物入侵规模在世界各地的迅速加剧,有关其行为机制的研究也受到了广泛关注。最近一些研究表明,一些入侵动物种内攻击和觅食等行为具有可塑性,因此它们能够灵活应对多变的环境条件,这对于种群的建立和维持至关重要;入侵动物与土著物种发生行为互作时,往往占据优势,从而取代土著物种,并有助于其地域扩张;入侵动物长距离扩散可以提高其地域扩张速度,许多行为可与扩散行为结合进一步促进扩张。今后需要加强对入侵动物的行为分析,使之全面地融合到生物入侵的研究之中。这不仅可以提高对外来物种入侵的预警和治理能力,而且为探索动物行为的奥秘以及动物间行为互作在物种进化中的意义提供了独特的机会。     

城市绿地外来物种风险分析体系构建及其在上海世博会管理中的应用

外来物种风险分析是防止生物入侵的有效手段之一。本文按照风险识别、风险评估和风险管理3个阶段,构建了城市绿地外来物种风险分析体系。文中提出了4个层次、26个指标构成风险评估指标体系,此体系囊括了城市绿地外来物种的传入、定殖、扩散、危害等入侵风险形成的基本要素,并规范了风险指数的计算方法。以2010年上海世博会引进日本景观苗木可能携带的外来物种为对象,对该体系在生产实践中进行了应用。结果表明:高风险物种共7种,涉及害虫4种、植物病原微生物2种、植物线虫1种;中风险物种共10种,涉及害虫3种、植物病原微生物4种、植物线虫3种;低、极低风险物种各1种。根据风险分析结果,对以上物种提出了有针对性的风险管理措施。实践表明,该风险分析体系实用性强,在上海世博会植物引种过程中为防止外来物种入侵起到了较好的预警效果,为管理者提供了有价值的决策参考,有力保障了上海世博会期间的生态安全。     

Invasions by ladybugs,ladybirds, and other predatory beetles

Species of predatory Coleoptera have become abundant in new geographic regions recently, raising concerns for invaded ecosystems. We address this topic by focusing on invasive alien ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae; known also as ladybugs). Humans appear directly or indirectly responsible for all or most ladybird invasions. Factors hypothesized to have promoted ladybird invasions include genetic diversity (e.g., for polymorphism), phenotypic plasticity, adaptation and genetic shift, generalized diet and habitat preferences, flexible life history and reproduction, large body size, and release from enemies. Factors such as climate, habitat and prey availability, and biotic resistance may sometimes prevent or slow ladybird invasions. Indigenous species (e.g., herbivores) may suffer from invasions, and biological control programs may be affected. Species of indigenous ladybirds throughout the world are reported to have declined in abundance following ladybird invasions, with increased competition and/or intraguild predation most often hypothesized or inferred. Similar recent studies especially of ground beetles (Carabidae) also make clear the potential of invasive alien predatory Coleoptera to disrupt invaded natural and agricultural ecosystems.     

Geographical and taxonomic biases in invasion ecology

Invasive alien species come from most taxonomic groups, and invasion biology is searching for robust cross-taxon generalizations and principles. An analysis of 2,670 papers dealing with 892 invasive species showed that all major groups of invaders are well studied, but that most information on the mechanisms of invasion has emerged from work on a limited number of the most harmful invaders. A strong geographical bias, with Africa and Asia understudied, inhibits a balanced understanding of invasion, because we might be lacking knowledge of specific invasion mechanisms from poorly studied, regionally specific habitats. International cooperation is required to achieve a more geographically balanced picture of biological invasions. Invasive species with the greatest impact are best studied, but more studies of species that are naturalized but not (yet) invasive are needed to improve understanding of the mechanisms acting during the naturalization phase of invasions and leading to successful invasion.     

Invisible invaders: non-pathogenic invasive microbes in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems

Although the number of studies on invasive plants and animals has risen exponentially, little is known about invasive microbes, especially non-pathogenic ones. Microbial invasions by viruses, bacteria, fungi and protists occur worldwide but are much harder to detect than invasions by macroorganisms. Invasive microbes have the potential to significantly alter community structure and ecosystem functioning in diverse terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Consequently, increased attention is needed on non-pathogenic invasive microbes, both free-living and symbiotic, and their impacts on communities and ecosystems. Major unknowns include the characteristics that make microbes invasive and properties of the resident communities and the environment that facilitate invasions. A comparison of microbial invasions with invasions of macroorganisms should provide valuable insights into general principles that apply to invasions across all domains of life and to taxon-specific invasion patterns. Invasive microbes appear to possess traits thought to be common in many invasive macroorganisms: high growth rate and resource utilization efficiency, and superior competitive abilities. Invading microorganisms are often similar to native species, but with enhanced performance traits, and tend to spread in lower diversity communities. Global change can exacerbate microbial invasions; therefore, they will likely increase in the future.     

Effects of biological invasions on forest carbon sequestration

There has been a rapidly developing literature on the effects of some of the major drivers of global change on carbon (C) sequestration, particularly carbon dioxide (CO₂) enrichment, land use change, nitrogen (N) deposition and climate change. However, remarkably little attention has been given to one major global change driver, namely biological invasions. This is despite growing evidence that invasive species can dramatically alter a range of aboveground and belowground ecosystem processes, including those that affect C sequestration. In this review, we assess the evidence for the impacts of biological invaders on forest C stocks and C sequestration by biological invaders. We first present case studies that highlight a range of invader impacts on C sequestration in forest ecosystems, and draw on examples that involve invasive primary producers, decomposers, herbivores, plant pathogens, mutualists and predators. We then develop a conceptual framework for assessing the effects of invasive species on C sequestration impacts more generally, by identifying the features of biological invaders and invaded ecosystems that are thought to most strongly regulate C in forests. Finally we assess the implications of managing invasive species on C sequestration. An important principle that emerges from this review is that the direct effects of invaders on forest C are often smaller and shorter‐term than their indirect effects caused by altered nutrient availability, primary productivity or species composition, all of which regulate long‐term C pools and fluxes. This review provides a conceptual basis for improving our general understanding of biological invaders on ecosystem C, but also points to a paucity of primary data that are needed to determine the quantitative effects of invaders on ecosystem processes that drive C sequestration.