子午岭植被自然恢复过程中植物多样性的变化

黄土高原地区由于强烈的水土流失生态系统处于极度退化的状态,探讨该地区植被自然恢复演替过程中植物多样性的变化规律,对于指导该地区的人工植被建设具有重要的理论价值与实际意义.以时空互代的方法初步研究了黄土高原子午岭弃耕地植被自然恢复演替过程中植物多样性的变化.结果表明,在近150a的植被恢复演替过程中调查样方内共出现高等植物128种,分属于47科113属,累计出现的科、属、种数(y)随着演替时间(t)的延长呈对数函数变化y=aLn(t)+b,而且在植被恢复的前期增加速度较快,有60%的科属种在前30a出现.杠柳(Periploca sepium)与茶条槭(Acer ginnala)是植被恢复演替过程中出现最早而且持续时间最长的木本植物,具有较宽的生态位,建议作为该地区人工造林树种考虑.在植被恢复演替过程中草本层与灌木层物种丰富度指数(Gleason指数与Margalef指数)、多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener指数)以及Pielou均匀度指数的变化均表现为抛物线函数变化规律y=at2+bt+c.在不同的群落层次植物多样性的变化是不同步的,草本层、灌木层与乔木层植物多样性达到最大的时间依次为70～80a、90～100a与100a以上.森林群落植物多样性在空间上的变化顺序为草本层>灌木层>乔木层.     

北京九龙山植物群落物种多样性特征对比分析

根据对北京九龙山植物群落的样地调查数据,采用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、群落均匀度和生态优势度指标研究了九龙山封育植被乔灌草各层的物种多样性,并分别就阳坡和阴坡进行了乔木材、灌价群落的指标对比分析,结果表明,这3种指标能够有效地表征暖温带植物群落的组成结构特征,在九龙山封育植被中,阴阳坡的灌丛群落与乔木材相比,其灌木层的物种多样性Shannon-Wiener指数D高于乔木林中乔木层,而低于其灌木层;灌丛群落的草本层Shannon-Wiener指数小于乔木材中草本层;乔木材的草本层的物种多样性Shannon-Wiener指数大于灌木层,灌木层又大于乔木层,而生态优势度系数C在上述3种比较中与Shannon-Wiener指数表现相反,而群落均匀度指数J在比较中阴阳坡的表现不同,最后讨论了九龙坡地区植被演替序列及加速其进展演替的恢复措施。     

桂西南石漠化山地土壤种子库的基本特征及植被恢复对策

采用幼苗萌发法对广西平果县龙何示范区石漠化山地的土壤种子库进行初步研究。结果表明,该地区土壤种子库共有108种植物,隶属于33科81属,其中草本81种、灌木20种、藤本7种;其土壤种子库的种子密度为64.6~339.7粒.m-2,且在不同土地利用类型区及不同季节存在较大差别。在分析土壤种子库对其植被恢复作用的基础上,认为可采取自然封育和人工造林等措施,以促进现存植被的正向演替。     

四川盆地西缘湿性常绿阔叶林不同恢复阶段物种多样性响应

采用空间代替时间的方法,探讨了位于四川盆地西缘的崇州市鞍子河自然保护区和邛崃市天台山同家森林公园的湿性常绿阔叶林自然恢复演替过程中物种多样性的响应。结果表明：（1）在5—350年的植被恢复中,群落物种丰富度表现出先增加后下降的趋势,以恢复到100年时群落的物种数和Margalef指数最高,分别为130种和21．49;植被恢复的前50年乔木层物种增加较快;50—100年期间灌木层和草本层物种增加较快。物种数和Margalef指数随着演替的进行均表现出抛物线函数变化趋势：Y=y0＋at＋bt^2＋ct^3。植被恢复演替过程中,卵叶钓樟（Lindera limprichitii）和润楠（Machilus pingii）生态位较宽,可作为该地区植被人工恢复造林的供选树种。（2）群落的Simpson指数以植被恢复30-50年期间较高,Shannon—Wiener指数以30-100年林龄阶段较高。植被恢复过程中乔木层物种多样性变异系数较大,而灌木层相对较小且对植被恢复物种多样性的贡献较大。因此在天然次生林恢复中,应加强对群落灌木层的保护。（3）植被恢复中,物种均匀度指数呈波动性增加趋势,以植被恢复后期群落均匀度较大,350年林龄群落Pielou指数和McIntosh指数分别为2．0834,D2．4177;（4）随着演替的进行,各阶段群落之间Whittaker指数呈波动性增加,而Screnson指数呈波动性减少趋势。四川盆地西缘湿性常绿阔叶林恢复是一个漫长的过程,恢复到顶极群落至少需要300年以上的时间,但该区域群落具有较强的恢复力,显示自然恢复是该区域常绿阔叶林及其生物多样性恢复和重建的有效途径之一。     

陕北黄土区生态修复过程中植物群落物种多样性变化

根据18块典型样地的植被调查数据,采用时空互代和对比分析法,从演替时间、生态修复模式和坡向3个方面研究了陕西省吴起县生态修复过程中植物群落物种多样性特征.结果表明：在25年自然演替序列中,退耕封育群落依次经历了猪毛菜、猪毛蒿、达乌里胡枝子、铁杆蒿和白羊草5种类型,建群种表现为1年生向多年生、低级向高级的演替趋势.其间,物种种类、Margalef指数、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数均呈二次函数变化,说明黄土区退化生态系统在消除外界压力后,通过自然恢复可达到高级、稳定状态,但速度缓慢.地形条件和恢复年限一致时,4种主要修复模式形成的群落中,草本层的Margalef指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数表现为退耕封育＞退耕还草＞退耕还林＞荒山造林,Simpson指数则相反.与退耕封育模式相比,退耕还草和退耕还林模式在相同恢复期内形成的草本群落,虽然多样性指数较低,但更接近自然演替后期阶段,说明人工修复模式能加快演替进程.在相同恢复年限内,阴坡退耕封育群落的Margalef指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数明显大于阳坡,且群落类型更接近演替后期阶段,说明阳坡生态修复的本底条件更差,植被自然演替速率更缓慢.     

采石场废弃地的生态重建研究进展

采石场的开采严重破坏了植被和土壤,形成了大量的裸露岩石斜坡,造成宏观景观支离破碎和极端的环境条件,限制了植物的生长。由于自然恢复所需时间长久,人工恢复被广泛应用于采石场废弃地的生态重建。自然演替过程是采石场生态重建的理论基础,自然演替理论可以为人工恢复措施提供指导。植物群落演替的早期阶段,非生物因素起主要作用,随着演替的推移,生物因素的重要性增强。邻近自然植被的土壤和繁殖体通过外力的扩散,对恢复起重要作用。除了非生物和其他的限制,先到达恢复地的物种竞争能力的变化能决定了演替过程。演替过程中的干扰因素往往成为演替重要的驱动力。裸露岩石斜坡的物理稳定性对植被恢复有重要影响,有机废物的使用和施肥可以影响恢复演替的方向和生物多样性。播种一定的植物能够改变恢复演替方向,加速演替过程。乡土物种适应了当地气候,能够促进演替。随着修复时间的延长,土壤有机质含量,植被覆盖度和物种丰富度不断增加,土壤微生物生物量随之增加。开展不同地区采石场植物种类的选育、研究乡土物种的功能特性、土壤微生物群落和酶的变化、植被演替过程的定位研究、植物种间的竞争关系、自然演替和人工恢复的比较研究、探索经济高效的采石场生态重建方法是未来的研究方向。     

祁连山北坡退化林地植被群落的自然恢复过程及土壤特征变化

采用长期定位观测的方法,研究了祁连山北坡退化林地人工抚育下2001-2008年间植被群落的自然恢复过程和土壤特征变化。结果表明:人为干扰消除后,退化林地群落环境逐渐优化,群落的科、属、种均明显增加,物种成员更替频繁;灌木和乔木物种出现后,群落垂直高度增大,群落结构出现成层现象;群落总体多样性指数呈不断增大的趋势,在空间结构上,Patrick丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson优势度指数表现出:草本层>灌木层>乔木层的规律,而Pielou均匀度指数变化相反;土壤含水量、土壤有机碳和全氮含量随植被恢复均不断增加。在实施封育禁牧措施后,退化林地实现了由草本群落-灌木群落-乔木群落方向的快速演替,当恢复到早期的先锋乔灌混交阶段时,群落的物种组成、结构和多样性趋于复杂化,土壤性状也得到一定改善,显示出相对较好的适应性和恢复效果。     

茂县土地岭植被恢复过程中物种多样性动态特征

植被恢复是退化生态系统重建的重要途径,植被恢复过程物种多样性的变化反映了植被的恢复程度.通过群落调查和多样性分析,研究了岷江上游土地岭植被恢复过程中群落物种多样性特征.结果表明： 恢复过程中6类不同类型群落分别表现其对于不同环境特征、干扰及更新方式等的响应;森林是较灌丛更适合当地环境状况的植被类型;人工恢复无干扰和轻度干扰群落的多样性相对较高,是较好的恢复模式.重度干扰使得1年生植物与地下芽植物比例增加,其它口食性较好的多年生草本减少.较强的干扰是群落无法更新、长期处于灌丛阶段且多样性较低的重要原因.本地区人工恢复群落在更新进程和多样性维持上优于自然更新群落,种植华山松加速了本地区植被演替进程.建议以适合恢复区域的多种恢复配置方式进行造林,并避免较强干扰,可以加速群落演替进程并保持恢复群落较高的物种丰富度与多样性.     

大兴安岭白桦-兴安落叶松林火烧迹地林下植被群落恢复过程的动态分析

火干扰在森林生态系统的发育过程中起到重要作用,直接影响着森林生态系统的物种组成、结构稳定性和物种多样性。本文通过调查大兴安岭兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)-白桦(Betula platyphylla)林林下植被,采用空间序列代替时间序列的研究方法,分析了大兴安岭北方针叶林火烧迹地林下植被的恢复过程。研究表明:1)在灌木层和草本层中林分结构的变化主要表现在一些旱生物种与中湿生物种的替代过程;2)物种多样性随着群落演替顺序未呈现连续增加趋势。在草本层,物种丰富度指数呈先上升后下降的单峰型变化趋势,在火烧后5~8年达到一个峰值,随着进一步的演替有所下降;物种多样性指数也表现出类似的单峰型变化趋势,在火烧后的第5年达到最大值,15年左右开始趋于平稳,20年左右达到一个较为稳定的数值;物种均匀度指数在火烧后5年左右达到最低值,随后上升并最终趋于平稳。在灌木层,物种多样性指数的变化趋势基本与草本物种相同,但滞后于草本群落3~5年;3)林下层的生物量随恢复年份呈指数增加,到25年时生物量达10.5t·hm-2。     

陕西省丹汉江流域退耕地恢复过程中的植被演替

以陕西省丹汉江流域退耕地南坡和北坡不同退耕年限的自然恢复植物群落为研究对象,开展群落物种组成调查,并进行物种多样性特征分析和群落极点排序,对该区退耕地恢复过程中的植被演替规律进行研究.结果表明： 研究区退耕地植被演替的阶段依次为：一年生草本群落→多年生草本群落→灌草群落→乔灌草群落.形成多年生草本群落需2～5 a,形成灌草群落需7～10 a,形成乔灌草群落需30 a以上.南坡和北坡不同类型退耕地的植被演替阶段相同,物种多样性指数略有差异.随着退耕年限的增加,南坡物种多样性指数总体呈先降后升的趋势;而北坡物种多样性指数呈先波动上升,而后在退耕30 a时略有下降.     

Acceleration of vegetation succession on eroded land by reforestation in a subtropical zone

Based on field investigations in the East River basin in Guangdong Province, south China, the processes of vegetation development and vegetation succession on bare slopes with high erosion rates are studied. Different reforestation measures have been applied to the slopes, which have resulted in very different processes of vegetation development and succession. On an experimental plot with burned forest but surviving roots, the vegetation restored naturally and quickly because there was little soil erosion. However, in the plots suffering from long-term severe soil erosion, natural vegetation recovery on these barren slopes is very slow. After 26 years, a barren slope has only been partly colonized by poorly developed vegetation composed of heliophilous herbages and scattered shrubs. On the other hand, plantation of some selected wood species on the slope land has dramatically accelerated the vegetation recovery and succession. The plots were reforested with plantation of Acacia auriculiformis in the early 1980s. Twelve years later, the vegetation cover of the artificial forests reached 90% and an understory vegetation community consisting of local species had naturally developed. Reforestation with suitable strategies may control erosion and greatly accelerate vegetation succession in the eroded slope land in the subtropical zones.     

太行山区不同植被群落土壤微生物学特征变化

为评价太行山区不同植被群落土壤微生物学特征,比较分析了针阔混交林、针叶混交林、针叶纯林、落叶阔叶纯林、灌丛和裸露地6种不同植被群落中的土壤微生物区系、微生物生物量和呼吸强度等指标的变化.结果表明,6种不同植被群落土壤中的微生物学特征存在较大差异. 灌丛地在微生物数量和微生物生物量两项指标中均为最高,其余植被群落在这两项指标中的顺序从大到小依次为落叶阔叶纯林＞针阔混交林＞针叶纯林＞针叶混交林＞裸地,土壤呼吸强度也有相似的变化趋势.在进行退化山地的植被恢复时,应充分重视生态系统的自然恢复能力.     

Succession of vegetation after a high-intensity fire in a pine forest with lichens

This paper presents the results of 20-year studies into the impact made by an experimental high-intensity fire on ecosystem components and postfire succession in a middle-taiga pine forest. About 44% of forest fuel loads burned down during the fire, and the emission of carbon was more than 18 t C/ha. As a result of the fire impact, trees died within 3 years after the fire, and this resulted in a significant accumulation of fuel loads. Twenty years after the fire, the biomass of forest fuel loads surpassed the prefire values 4 times, which led to the possibility of the origin of a repeated high-intensity fire. The initial stage of postfire succession in the pine forest is determined by forest vegetation conditions and takes place with the replacement of dominant grass and shrubs. The agrochemical and hydrothermal soil indicators were revealed to be changed after the fire, and this promoted improved conditions for the origin and development of natural regeneration sufficient for the formation of forest stand.     

Bare soil cover and arbuscular mycorrhizal community in the first montane forest restoration in Central Argentina

Soil erosion affects extensive areas worldwide and must be urgently reduced promoting plant cover and beneficial microorganisms associated with plants, including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). In mountain environments, plant cover is difficult to enhance due to harsh conditions during the dry season and steep slopes. Our objective was to evaluate the percentage of the soil surface covered by plants and the AMF community associated with trees 12.5 years after planting during forest restoration efforts in microsites at different levels of soil degradation. The study was performed in the first montane forest restoration initiative of Central Argentina, where one of the trials consisted of planting Polylepis australis saplings at microsites with different levels of soil degradation: high, intermediate, and low. After 12.5 years, percentage of bare soil cover was significantly reduced by 36 and 37% in the high and intermediate degradation microsites, respectively. Low degradation microsites were initially very low in bare soil and did not significantly change. Mycorrhizal colonization, hyphae, vesicles, arbuscules, AMF diversity, and community structure were similar among microsite types. Percentage of hyphal entry points was higher at microsites with low degradation, number of spores was higher in high and intermediate degradation, and species richness was higher in high degradation. Acaulospora and Glomus were the most abundant genera in all microsites. We conclude that even in the most degraded microsites around 2.8% of the bare soil is covered by vegetation each year and that the arbuscular mycorrhizal community is highly tolerant and adapted to soils with different disturbance types.     

Restoration of Dry Afromontane Forest Using Pioneer Shrubs as Nurse-Plants for Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata

Shrubs are often considered competitive barriers for seedlings planted in reforestation programs, although they can facilitate tree recruitment, especially in ecosystems under high abiotic stress. An alternative reforestation technique using pioneer shrubs as nurse‐plants for Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata was tested in exclosures in northern Ethiopia. Seedlings were planted in three different microhabitats, and their survival was monitored. The microhabitats were bare soil patches between shrubs, patches under the dominant shrub Acacia etbaica, and patches under Euclea racemosa, an evergreen shrub, which supports the majority of naturally established Olea recruits. The ability of shrubs to offer protection against browsing goats was tested experimentally. Controlled shading was used to determine whether solar irradiation causes seedling mortality in environments without water stress. Data were analyzed using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, Kruskal–Wallis analysis of variance (ANOVA), and one‐way ANOVA. Olea survival was significantly higher and shoot damage by goats was lower when planted under shrub cover compared to bare soil patches, particularly under Euclea canopies, although high shade levels reduced seedling performance. Reduction of solar radiation by shrub canopies and thus control of soil–water evaporation and seedling transpiration most likely controlled the observed facilitation. Planting under shrubs may increase seedling survival and assist regeneration of dry Afromontane vegetation. Preserving pioneers also reduces soil erosion and conserves biodiversity. Excluding livestock is essential for Olea woodland restoration and allows persistent but morphologically modified Olea shrubs to develop vigorous regrowth. Facilitative processes are guiding principles for assisted forest restoration, but above‐average rains may be critical to restore higher biomass levels in semiarid areas.     

Recovery of pristine boreal forest floor community after selective removal of understorey, ground and humus layers

In boreal spruce forests that rarely experience extensive disturbances, fine-scale vegetation gaps are important for succession dynamics and species diversity. We examined the community implications of fine-scale gap disturbances by selective removal of vegetation layers in a pristine boreal spruce forest in Northern Finland. The aim was to investigate how the speed of recovery depends on the type of disturbance and the species growth form. We also wanted to know if there appeared changes in species composition after disturbance. Five different treatments were applied in the study: Control, removal of the ground layer (bryophytes and lichens), removal of the understorey layer (dwarf shrubs, herbs and graminoids), removal of both the ground and understorey layers, and complete removal of the vegetation and humus layers above the mineral soil. The vegetation recovery was monitored in terms of cover and species numbers over a 5-year period. Understorey layer cover, composed mainly of clonal dwarf shrubs, recovered completely in 4 years in treatments where the humus layer remained intact, whereas ground layer cover did not reach the control level in plots from where bryophytes and lichens were removed. Recovery was faster in terms of species number than species cover. Bryophytes, graminoids and dominant dwarf shrubs appeared in all disturbed plots quickly after disturbance. Seedlings of trees appeared exclusively in disturbed plots. Graminoids dominated after the removal of humus layer. The results indicate that the regeneration of forest floor after small gap disturbance occurs mainly by re-establishment of the dominant species. Although destruction of the humus layer leaves a long-lasting scar to the forest floor, exposing of mineral soil may enhance the sexual reproduction of dominant species and the colonization of weaker competitors.     

Carbon and nitrogen in soil and vegetation at sites differing in successional age

We studied vegetation and soil development during primary succession in an inland drift sand area in the Netherlands. We compared five sites at which primary succession had started at different moments in the past, respectively 0, 10, 43 and 121 years ago, and a site at which succession had not yet started. In the three younger sites the vegetation was herbaceous, whereas in the two older sites a pine forest had formed. Forest formation was accompanied by the development of an FH-layer in the soil, an increase in the amount of soil organic matter, and an increase in nitrogen mineralisation rate from 1.9 to 18 g N m^–2 yr^–1. Soil moisture content also increased, whereas pH showed a steady decrease with site age. The vegetation changed from a herbaceous vegetation dominated by mosses and lichens and the grass species Corynephorus canescens and Festuca ovina towards a pine forest with an understorey vegetation dominated by Deschampsia flexuosa and, at the oldest site, with dwarf shrubs Empetrum nigrum and Vaccinium myrtillus. At the same time the total amounts of carbon and nitrogen of the ecosystem increased, with a relatively stronger increase of the carbon pool. The establishment of trees during succession greatly affects the dynamics of the ecosystem, especially its carbon dynamics.     

干旱半干旱地区人工固沙灌木林生态系统演变特征

应用实验生态学方法分析了沙坡头地区栽植于1956、1964、1981、1987年的无灌溉人工植被固沙群落浅层土壤分形特征、植被盖度、物种特征、生物量、土壤水分、土壤微生物,以及群落土壤物理和土壤养分特征,并与流动沙丘进行比较。结果表明,在干旱半干旱的草原化荒漠地区,首先利用半隐蔽式草方格沙障对流动沙丘进行固定,然后栽植灌木柠条、花棒等和半灌木油蒿,经过40多年的稳定演变,该区域逐渐形成由矮灌木与草本植物覆盖,以及隐花植物与微生物土壤结皮复合的固定沙丘景观。在人工植被固沙防护体系稳定演变过程中,浅表层土壤的细粒化和养分富集化特征,微生物土壤结皮与亚表层土壤厚度,以及浅表层土壤体积含水率均随固沙年限的延长趋于显著增加。而土壤微生物数量、植被盖度、植物种数等生物群落学属性在固沙年限达40a左右时,已趋于最大,尔后呈缓慢下降趋势。随着固沙年限的增加,灌木树种不断衰退减少,当固沙年限逾17a之后,群落生物量增至峰值后略有下降。土壤分形维数与土壤粘粒含量呈显著正相关关系,流动沙丘被人工植被固定年代越久远,浅表层(0~3cm)土壤粘粒含量(4.50%)越高,其分形维数越大(D=2.4083),表明人工植被固沙防护体系浅表层土壤结构变得越紧实,流动沙丘(D=2.0484)在人工植被的固定作用下,发生逆转的趋势越显著,沙丘日趋固定。     

植被覆盖对风蚀地表保护作用研究的某些新进展

 植被覆盖在风蚀过程中可通过多种途径保护地表土壤,减少风蚀输沙,对此人们早已有所认识。然而,在植被覆盖防护效应的定量研究方面,却长期存在着严重不足。近年来,国外学术界在植被覆盖保护作用的机理和定量研究等多个方面取得了突破性进展,国内却仍处于起步阶段。在大量总结国内外最新文献基础上,从理论研究、观测实验和定量模型3个方面,就植被覆盖对风蚀地表保护作用研究的新进展进行了系统介绍和评述,并结合当前国内的研究状况和现实需要,提出了4个有待进一步深入研究的重点问题。