Paeonia anomala 的核型研究

报道了Paeonia anomala L. 的核型, 澄清了新疆阿尔泰地区分布的该物种的染色体数目。分布于该地区的Paeonia anomala L. 的核型组成: 2n = 2x = 10 = 6m+ 2sm+ 2st。该类群核型与该属其它类群一致———2A 型。在综合比较分析该属染色体参数以及核型不均一性数, 包括最长􊄯最短染色体比(L1/Ln ) 和染色体不对称系数( CKOA) 的基础上, 我们发现该属三个组在核型上没有明显分化, 仅在木本类群(Sect . Moutan DC .) 和草本类群(Sect. Onaepia Lindley 和Sect. Paeonia) 之间存在微小差异。此外, 作为二倍体类群, 新疆阿尔泰地区分布的Paeonia anomala L. 很可能是二倍体杂种, 这将为研究被子植物的父母本同倍化杂交式物种起源提供一个很好的研究材料。     

两种国产苏铁属植物的核型分析

报道了苏铁属（Cycas L.）2种植物的染色体数目及其核型.它们的体细胞染色体数目均为2n=2x=22,核型均属3B型.核型公式分别是：海南苏铁C.hainanensis K（2n）=2x=22=4m＋2sm＋4st＋12T,仙湖苏铁C.szechuanensis subsp.fairylakea K（2n）=2x=22=2m＋4sm＋4st＋12T.两种苏铁的核型均为首次报道.支持基于染色体资料把苏铁属分为两个类群的观点.     

醉鱼草属四个种的核型分析

报道了醉鱼草属（Btuldleja）4个种的染色体核型。云南醉鱼草（B.yunnanensis）的核型公式为2n=2x=38=22m＋16sm,皱叶醉鱼草（B．crispa）为2n=2x=38=26m＋10sm＋2st,密蒙花（B．officinalis）为2n=2x=38=20m＋16sm＋2st,口本醉鱼草（B．japonica）为2n=2x=38=20m＋16sm＋2st。日本醉鱼草的核型为2B型,其它3个种的核型为2A型。根据核型分析结果,结合形态学特征和已有的细胞学资料,初步讨论了醉鱼草组（Sect．Neemda）两个系（Series）可能的演化关系。     

中国喜马拉雅地区特有植物黄花木属的细胞学研究

对中国喜马拉雅特有类群黄花木属（Piptanthus）的黄花木（P.rvepalensis）和绒叶黄花木（P．to-mentosus）的5个居群进行了核形态学研究。黄花木属染色体基数z=9,染色体数目2n=18,均为二倍体;该属种间核型存在显著差异,即黄花木居群属于1A型,绒叶黄花木属于2A型;另外,黄花木种内居群间核型公式也表现出一定的差异。该研究结果从细胞学印证和支持了前人系统学和生物地理学的推论,即绒叶黄花木（2A核型）是由黄花木或祖先（1A核型）在喜马拉雅隆升过程中由西向东扩张分化形成的。     

新疆独尾草属植物的核型分析

对新疆独尾草属（Eremurus）植物的核型进行了研究。核型公式如下：阿尔泰独尾草[E.altaicus（Pall.）Stev.]2n=2x=14=4m＋8sm＋2st;异翅独尾草[E.anisopterus（Kar.et Kit）Regel]2n=4x=28=4m＋4sm＋20st;粗柄独尾草[E.inderiensis （M.Bieb）Regel]2n=2x=14=10sm＋4st,首次发现古尔班通古特沙漠南缘所产的异翅独尾草2n=4x=28,与前人报道其为二倍体2n=2x=14的结果不一致。     

菊科紫菀属横斜系的核型研究

菊科紫菀属横斜系（Asterseries Hersileoides Ling）特产于中国,含横斜紫菀（Aster hersileoides Schneid.）和亮叶紫菀（A.nitidus Chang）2个狭域分布种。细胞学研究表明,横斜紫菀和亮叶紫菀均为二倍体,染色体较小,长度在1.64～2.8μm之间,核型公式为2n=2x=18=16m＋2sm,属1A类型。横斜紫菀和亮叶紫菀的染色体数目和核型为首次报道。     

毛茛属五种植物的核型

对中国云南毛茛属（Ranunculus）5种植物核型进行研究,结果表明,毛茛组茴茴蒜（Ranunculus chinensis Bunge）和禺毛茛（R．cantoniensis DC．）核型公式为2n=2x=16=6m＋4sm＋6st和2n=4x=32：14m＋6sm＋12st;该组茴茴蒜、禺毛茛和扬子毛茛（R．sieboldii Miq．）的不同居群核型存在自西向东不对称系数渐增大现象。在美丽毛茛组中,深齿毛茛（R．pulchellusvar．stracheyanus Hand．-Mazz．）的中甸居群核型（2n=4x=32=12m＋12sin＋8st）与青海居群核型（2n：4x：32：24m＋8sm）明显不同;毛果高原毛茛（R．tangusticusvar．dasycarpus（Maxim．）L．Liou）染色体数目（2n=40）,核型公式（2n=5x=40=30m＋10sm）和纳帕海毛茛（R．napahaiensis W．T．Wang＆L．Liao）染色体数目（2n=40）,核型公式（2n=5x=40=20m＋16sin＋4st）为首次报道。     

横断山区六种八居群鼠尾草属植物的核型分析

鼠尾草属(Salvia)是唇形科(Lamiaceae)最大的属,属下多种为民间常用草药,亦有供观赏的种类。为探究横断山区物种在细胞学水平的进化方式,讨论形态分类学与分子系统学之间的分类关系,该研究通过广泛收集染色体文献资料,采用植物常规压片法对采集自横断山地区6种8居群鼠尾草属植物进行核型分析,并构建了中国地区分布的鼠尾草属植物叶绿体系统发育树。统计结果表明:(1)全世界范围内报道了约23%的鼠尾草属植物染色体数据,其中分布在中国地区的鼠尾草属植物染色体报道率为32.10%,分布在横断山地区的鼠尾草属植物报道率为40.54%,(2)鼠尾草属植物染色体基数以x=8和x=11为主,分布在中国地区的鼠尾草属植物染色体基数均为x=8。实验结果表明:(1)西藏鼠尾草(S. wardii)核型数据为首次报道。(2)雪山鼠尾草(S. evansiana)首次在云南德钦地区发现二倍体居群。将细胞学数据结合叶绿体进化树开展染色体进化关联分析,论证多倍化可能不是鼠尾草属物种适应高海拔环境的主要机制,表明多倍体不是该属物种形成的主要进化途径而是以二倍体水平为主,推测染色体组的加倍可能是物种在形态学与分子系统学上分类关系不一致的原因之一。该研究丰富了横断山区鼠尾草属植物的染色体核型数据,结合区域分子系统树探讨染色体特征的进化关系,为今后深入研究该属物种的核型进化做出了探索,为开展祖先物种染色体基数推演分析补充了基础数据。     

江西5种毛莨属植物核型研究

本文报道了江西毛茛属5个种的染色体数目及核型,其中猫爪草Ranuncunlus ternatus Thunb．(2n=4x=32;2n=2x=16=8m+2sm+6st),肉根毛茛R．Polii Franch．(2n=2x=16=8m+2sm+6st)和杨子毛茛R. sieboldii Miq.(2n=8x-1=63=15m+18sm+22st+8t)的染色体核型为首次报道。我们认为：(1)R. ternatus Thunb．和R. polii Franch．的核型十分相似,显示出有较近的关系。(2)毛茛属Ranunculus L. 中存在较多的多倍体复合体。(3)根据王文采(1980)系统划分的美丽毛莨组(Sect．Auricomus)植物的核型属2A型;石龙芮组(Sect．Hecatonia)植物的核型属2B型;毛茛组(Sect．Ranunculus)植物核型为3A或3B型。三个组在核型上的关系和形态上的关系相似。     

葱属根茎组8种21居群植物的核型研究

对葱属根茎组Allium sect.Rhiziridium的8种21个地方居群的核型进行研究,以期为解决该组的种间亲缘关系和物种进化机制提供依据。贺兰韭A.eduardii和阿拉善韭A．flavovirens2个种的核型以及辉韭A．strictum的六倍体核型均属首次报道。研究结果表明：贺兰韭A.eduardii、阿拉善韭A.tlavovirens、北韭A.lineare、蒙古韭A.mongolicum和滩地韭A．oreoprasum的各居群均为二倍体,核型类型为Stebbins的2A型;韭A．tuberosum和野韭A.ramosum的各个居群均为四倍体,核型类型为2A型：辉韭A．Jtrictum的4个居群均为六倍体,核型类型为2B型。通过研究可以得出如下推论：（1）该组植物中存在着大量的多倍体或多倍体系列,染色体数目变化与物种进化具有密切相关性,多倍化可能是根茎组植物核型进化的重要机制之一;（2）随体染色体多为st或t染色体,均位于短臂末端;（3）可以认为辉韭是以增加倍性来克服该物种扩大新的生存空间所带来的困难;（4）现今栽培的韭可能是由野生的二倍体韭和四倍体韭经过长期人工驯化而来的,现今栽培的三倍体韭可能是二倍体韭和四倍体韭杂交而来,并且以无性繁殖方式保存三倍体类群的存在。     

Molecular phylogenetic evidence for the origin of a diploid hybrid of Paeonia (Paeoniaceae)

There is growing evidence that hybridization not only by means of allopolyploidy but also at the homoploidy level was a major driving force of plant diversification. While allopolyploidy is known to be a common mode of speciation in Paeonia (Paeoniaceae), hybrid speciation at the diploid level needs further evaluation. Paeonia anomala was previously considered to be an interspecific hybrid but with an unknown ploidy level. In this study P. anomala is identified as a diploid (2n = 10). With increased sampling of populations and molecular markers, we showed that P. anomala is a homoploid hybrid that originated from a cross between P. veitchii and P. lactiflora. Five populations of P. anomala were sequenced for the following molecular markers: the matK gene and two intergenic spacers, psbA-trnH and rps16-trnQ, of the chloroplast genome; the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA; and three low-copy nuclear genes, Adh1, Adh2, and Gpat. The populations of P. anomala were grouped together with P. veitchii on the ITS and Gpat phylogenies but with P. lactiflora on the chloroplast phylogeny. Sequence polymorphism was found at the Adh1 and Adh2 loci within individuals of P. anomala. These polymorphic sequences were grouped with P. veitchii and P. lactiflora, respectively. Phenetic analysis indicated that P. anomala is morphologically similar to P. veitchii. Phenotypic evolution resulting from the combination of two diverged genomes might have occurred primarily at the physiological level and allowed P. anomala to adapt to geographic regions different from those of its parents.     

Further research on chemotaxonomy of paeonol and analogs in Paeonia (Ranunculaceae)

In this paper, the paeonol, paeoniflorin and their analogs were analyzed in the roots of 14 species and 2 subspecies of Paeonia L. The existence and content of these compounds were discussed in three sections, sect. Moutan, sect. Paeonia and sect. Onaepia. In sect. Moutan, paeonol and its analogs were high in content in all species. In sect. Paeonia, low content of paeonol and its analogs were found in plants of four taxa, P. lactiflora, P. anomala ssp. veitchii, P. mairei and P. intermedia. None of these compounds was found in sect. Onaepia. Paeonol has a simple structure and is distributed widely in plant; its decrease and loss may be the result of evolution. Therefore, it is deduced that the relationship among the three sections of Paeonia might be that woody sect. Moutan is the more primitive and derived from the ancestor of Paeonia first. For the herbaceous sections, sect. Paeonia is more closely related to sect. Moutan than to sect. Onaepia. In sect. Moutan, there are less paeonol and its analogs in the species of subsect. Vaginata than in those of subsect. Delavayanae. Thus, the former may be considered more advanced. In sect. Paeonia, the taxa with minor content of paeonol and its analogs are diploid except P. mairei. Among them, P. lactiflora and P. anomala ssp. veitchii are relatively primitive by morphology. None of paeonol and its analogs was detected in the species with specialized form.     

Studies on the Genus Paeonia (1)—Report of Karyotypes of Some Wild Species in China

In the present paper 8 species with 15 populations of the genus Paeonia L. (if P. papaveracea and P. japonica are recognised as species) were collected from Sichuan, Shaanxi and Hebei provinces (see the Appendix for detail of the materials). The micrographs of their somatic metaphase (also Mii in the case of P.veitchii) are shown in Plates 1-4, the karyotype formulae, ranges of chromosome length and classification of karyotypes according to Stebbins (1971) are shown in Table 5: the idiograms in Figs. 1-2, and the parameters of chromosomes in Table 1-4. The essential points are mentioned as follows: (1) Chromosomes of the various species in the section Modan have so far been examined and they are all diploid, the two species in the section Onaepia are also diploid, and thus tetraploids exist only in the section Paeonia. (2) Chromosomes in the genus Paeonia are relatively stable except for the differentiation of ploidy. The karyotypes (Table 1-4) show no differences among different taxa in Sect. Modan and the same can also be said about the taxa in Sect. Paeonia (Table 1). Not only are the karyotypes very similar, but also among the members within either section have the same parameters of chromosomes, and, differences, if occur, are not statistically significant. Between the two sections, however, the situation is different. The arm ratios of the first pairs of chromosomes in Sect. Modan are 1.53, 1.52 and 1.48 (Table 1), but those in Sect. Paeonia are 1.12-1.28 (Table 2-4), 95% confidence limits are 1.46-1.60 for the section Modan and 1.07-1.28 (1.21-1.35 only for PB85078) for the section Paeonia, not overlapping, which indicates that the two sections have differentiated in respect of the first pairs of chromosomes. (3)The population PB85024, which belongs to the P. obovata complex, has a karyotype of 2B (stebbins, 1971), which is a new one in the genus Paeonia. This karyotype is a stable one, for several individuals in the population are uniform in this respect, which shows that Stebbins’ (1971) generalization that all the species in Paeonia have 2A does not hold true. (4) Three populations of P. obovata complex studied in this work from Sichuan and Shaanxi are all tetraploids, and one from Hebei is a diploid. From the present work and the previcus reports, the materials from Japan and Korea, no matter whether flowers are pink or white, are diploids, those from Heilongjiang Province (with both pink and white flowers) (Liu Ming-yuan, personal communication) and from Heibei Province (with pink flowers) in China are also diploids, the one from Sakhalin (pink flowers) is tetraploid, those from Priamur of the Soviet Union are a tetraploid (with white flowers) and a diploid (with pink flowers), and those from Shaanxi (the Qinling Range) and western Sichuan (with both pink and white flowers) are all tetraploids. As far as we have now known, ploidy in this particular complex is correlated with the geographical distribution: diploids are found in the central part, tetraploids occur in the northern limits, and in the south letraploids are the only cytotype. (5) The materials of P. mairei from western Sichuan and Shaanxi (the Qinling Range) are found all to be tetraploids, which shows that two cytotypes, diploid and tetraploid, exist in this species, but the geographical distribution pattern of these two cytotypes is to be revealed in the future investigation.     

棕黑锦蛇赤峰亚种染色体组型、C带和Ag-NORs研究

以骨髓细胞为材料研究了棕黑锦蛇赤峰亚种的染色体, 结果表明,该物种的2n=36,由8对大型的和10对微小的染色体组成,AF=50。No.4为性染色体(ZW型);所有大型染色体均显示端粒深染C带,但仅NO.2、3、5和Z染色体显示着丝粒浅染C带。W染色体为整条C带阳性;该物种一对NOR分布于微小染色体。锦蛇属核型可能经历过染色体间的着丝粒融合的罗伯逊易位。 Abstract:This paper reports the karyotype,C-bands and Ag-NORs of Elaphe schrenckii anomala(Boulenger).The diploid number,2n=36,comprising 8 pairs of macro- and 10 pairs of microchromosomes in the E.s.anomala.AF=50.The No.4 is sex chromosome,which belong to ZW type.The C-banding technique revealed telomeric constitutive heterochromatin in the whole macrochromosome.But the centromeric C band was only observed in No.2,3,5 and Z chromosome,while a whole W chromosome is constitutive heterochromatinization.Two NORs was observed in group of microchromosome.     

Variations of 18S rDNA Loci Among Six Populations of Paeonia obovata Maxim. （Paeoniaceae） Revealed by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

The localization of 18S ribosomal RNA genes （rDNA） by fluorescence in situ hybridization （FISH） had been performed for some species of Paeonla. However, the pattern of 18S rDNA loci among populations Is Indistinct. In the present study, we localized 18S rDNA loci on meiotic or mitotic chromosomes of six populations of Paeonla obovata Maxim. （Paeonlaceae）. Different numbers of rDNA loci were found with different diploid （2n=10） populations, namely eight （Lushl and Mt. JIuhua populations）, 10 （Mt. Talbal population）, and seven （Mt. Guandl population）, whereas tetraplold （2n=20） populations were all found with 16 loci. Aii rDNA loci were mapped near teiomeres of mitotic chromosomes and there was no chromosome with two loci. The present results show that molecular cytological polymorphlsm exists among P. obovata diploid populations, Indicating that structural variations occurred frequently during the evolutionary history of this species, accompanied with differentiation among populations.     

杨山牡丹的核型分析

本文首次报道了杨山牡丹的核型及银染间期细胞核仁数目。结果表明,银染核仁数最多为6个;核型简式为2n=2x=10=6m(3 SAT)+2 sm (1 SAT)+2 s t (2 SAT), 其中第1和第4对染色体短臂上具1个随体,第2和第5对染色体短臂上具1对随体。此外,对国产芍药属二倍体种的随体数目及其杂合性等问题进行了初步讨论。 Abstract:In the paper,the karyotype and silver staining of nucleolar numbers of P.ostii Hong et Zhang were reported for the first time.The results show that nucleolar numbers are six at the most and karyotype formula is 2n=2x=10=6m(3 SAT)+2sm(1 SAT)+2st(2 SAT)of P.ostii.There are one satellite on each short arms of the first and fourth chromosomes and two satellites on each short arms of the second and fifth ones respectiuely.In addition,the satellitic numbers and satellitic heterozygosity of diploid species of Paeonia in China are briefly discussed.     

川赤芍的化学成分研究

从川赤芍Paeonia anomala subsp·veitchii根皮的70%丙酮提取物中,分离鉴定了22个化合物,其中包括一个新的24,30位降常春藤皂苷三萜衍生物,命名为paeonenolide H(1)。化合物2,4,9,10为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

鹅观草属五个类群的核型与进化

报道了鹅观草属５个类群的核型,即长芒鹅观草,核型２ｎ＝４ｘ＝２８＝２２ｍ＋６ｓｍ（２ＳＡＴ）;短颖鹅观草,核型２ｎ＝４ｘ＝２８＝２０ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）＋８ｓｍ（２ＳＡＴ）;短柄鹅观草,核型２ｎ＝４ｘ＝２８＝２２ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）＋６ｓｍ;纤毛鹅观草,核型２ｎ＝４ｘ＝２８＝２０ｍ＋８ｓｍ（４ＳＡＴ）;毛盘鹅观草,核型２ｎ＝４ｘ＝２８＝１８ｍ＋６ｓｍ（４ＳＡＴ）＋４ｓｔ。同时,通过核型重要性状的递变分析,揭示了鹅观草属５个类群的相对进化程度以及宏观分类中４个组的系统发育关系,表明鹅观草属的半颖组在系统发育中可能既派生了颖体短小的小颖组,又派生了颖体长大的大颖组和长颖组。