不同气象数据空间内插对区域玉米生长模拟结果的影响

作物模型区域模拟已成为作物模型应用的一个新方向。运用作物模型进行区域研究时,遇到的问题之一就是输入模型的空间数据质量问题,研究不同空间内插法获得的气象数据对作物模型区域模拟结果的影响,可以为区域模拟对输入数据的敏感性研究提供一定的参考。利用区域校准的CERES-Maize模型,将3类内插方法(几何内插、统计内插、动力模型内插)产生的网格化天气数据分别输入到CERES-Maize模型中,模拟了50km×50km网格水平下1961—1990年我国玉米生产状况,并选取1980—1990年模拟的平均产量与同期农调队调查产量进行比较,以了解区域模拟中,不同空间内插方法所得的逐日气象数据对区域模拟结果的影响。结果表明:(1)作物模型区域应用时,所采用的3种内插方法都能满足作物模型区域模拟对网格化天气数据的要求,采用3种天气数据的区域模拟结果都能反映出玉米平均产量的空间变化特征,与网格调查平均产量之间具有极显著的相关关系,但采用不同内插天气数据对模拟结果造成了8%以内的偏差。(2)采用不同内插天气数据,在进行作物区域模拟时,各方法的模拟结果之间呈极显著的相关关系,但这些模拟结果之间,在全国大部分地区是差异显著。     

站点CERES-Rice模型区域应用效果和误差来源

作物区域模拟是利用有限的空间数据,最大限度地反映出生育期、产量等作物性状的时空变化规律.由于目前的作物模型大多是田间尺度的站点模型,把它运用到区域水平的效果如何研究甚少.文章利用CERES-Rice模型,对作物模型在我国的区域应用效果进行了分析.首先利用田间观测数据在各实验点上对模型进行了详细的站点校准,以验证模型在我国的模拟能力;然后以我国水稻生态区(精确到亚区)为单位,运用均方根差(RMSE)法进行了区域校准和验证;最后利用区域校准后的CERES-Rice模型,模拟了1980～2000年的网格(50km×50km)水稻产量,并与同期农调队调查产量进行统计比较,以验证区域应用的效果,为区域模拟的推广和应用提供参考.结果表明:经过空间校准后的CERES-Rice模型,在水稻的主产区1～4区(占种植面积的95%)模拟的平均产量与调查产量相对均方根差在22%以内,两者的符合度也较好,个别区域(5、6) RMSE%在24%～30%之间;1980～2000年水稻各产区模拟的平均产量与调查产量随时间变化趋势也具有一定的一致性;全国1896个网格中,大部分网格(71.01%)模拟的21年水稻年产量与调查产量的RMSE%在30%之内,且大部分分布在水稻主产区,考虑到水稻种植面积的权重后,认为利用区域校准和验证后的CERES-Rice模型进行水稻区域模拟,可以反映出产量的时空分布特征,能够为宏观决策提供相应的信息.但目前区域模拟中还存在着一定的误差,有待今后进一步研究.     

APSIM模型在西南地区的适应性评价——以重庆冬小麦为例

利用重庆市4个代表性站点的小麦田间观测数据和同期逐日气象数据对APSIM模型在重庆小麦产区的适应性进行研究,确定了12个小麦品种的作物参数.结果表明:模拟小麦的播种至出苗、开花和成熟各阶段天数与实测值具有较好的一致性,其均方根误差值分别为0~3、1~8和0~8 d;模拟的12个小麦品种中,模拟与实测地上部分生物量的归一化均方根误差(NRMSE)均低于30%,10个品种模拟与实测产量的NRMSE均低于30%,作物生育期、地上部分生物量和产量的模拟结果均在可接受范围内波动.说明APSIM模型对不同品种冬小麦的生育期、地上部分生物量和产量模拟效果较好,该模型在重庆地区具有较好的适应性,为后续基于模型评估该地区小麦生产提供了基础支撑.     

作物模型区域应用两种参数校准方法的比较

区域模拟的目的是利用有限的空间数据模拟出产量等作物性状的时空变异规律.然而站点作物模型应用到区域范围时涉及到数据归一化、参数简化、模型的校准和验证等问题.利用CERES-Rice模型对作物模型在我国的区域应用进行了尝试并对部分参数进行了校准.首先利用田间观测数据在各实验点上对模型进行了详细的站点校准,以验证模型在我国的模拟能力;其次,以我国水稻种植区(精确到亚区)为单位,运用平均值和标准差(RMSE)两种方法进行了区域校准和验证,即找出能反映出品种空间差异的代表性品种参数集;然后分别运用两种方法的校准结果,模拟水稻产量和成熟期,并将模拟结果与实测值进行了比较.结果表明:区域校准能反映出水稻生育期和产量的时空变化规律,其中RMSE法较平均值法效果好.目前作物模型区域应用过程中还存在大量的误差来源,有待进一步研究.     

Daycent模型模拟不同农作管理措施下华北地区土壤有机碳的变化

基于华北地区3个长期定位试验站点（河南郑州、山东禹城和河北曲周）的试验数据,用站点实测作物产量和土壤有机碳（SOC）双标准对Daycent模型进行校验和验证.结果表明： 模型参数组合对作物产量和SOC的长期变化动态拟合效果良好,表明Daycent模型可较好地模拟作物产量和SOC的动态变化.用校验和验证了的模型对3个站点在气候情景RCP 4.5下4种不同管理措施（单施化肥NPK、化肥+有机肥MNPK、秸秆还田SNPK、免耕+秸秆NT）下SOC的变化动态进行模拟.结果表明： 郑州站点NPK、MNPK、SNPK处理中,MNPK处理的SOC相对年平均增幅最高,2001—2050年间的SOC年增幅达1.7%,其次为SNPK处理（年均增幅为1.3%）和NPK处理（年均增幅为0.8%）,从长远角度看,增施有机肥对灌溉轻壤土有机碳的增加有明显效果.在禹城站点,研究期间,MNPK处理的SOC年均增幅（0.4%）高于NPK处理（0.3%）,由于该站点土壤有轻度盐化特征,因此各措施下SOC的增幅较低.在曲周站点,NT处理更有利于SOC的增加,研究期间的SOC年均增幅达1.3%,远高于SNPK处理（0.7%）和NPK处理（0.4%）.华北地区气温适宜、灌溉条件好、具备秸秆还田及免耕机械条件,免耕+秸秆还田是该地区增加SOC的较好农作管理措施.     

不同空间尺度下的ALMANAC模型验证

ALMANAC模型最早作为EPIC模型的一部分,用于模拟土壤侵蚀导致的土地生产力的下降．它将试验数据的统计过程和作物生长的机理过程结合起来,是一种典型的基于过程模拟的应用型作物生长模型．如能在不同的空间尺度上验证模型的适用性,无疑会大大扩展模型的应用范围．从这一目的出发,利用美国得克萨斯州19个试验田和9个县的玉米和高粱产量资料及其相关的作物、土壤、田问管理等数据,模拟了1998年田间尺度,1989～1998年县级尺度的平均作物产量．模拟结果表明,ALMANAC模型能够很好地模拟两种不同空间尺度的作物产量,其相对误差在田问尺度上分别为8．9％(高粱)和9．4％(玉米),在县级尺度上分别达到2．6％(玉米)和—0．6％(高粱)．该模型在进行产量预测、掌握作物生长动态,指导农业生产管理和土地利用等方面具有很好的应用前景．     

WOFOST模型在内蒙古河套灌区模拟玉米生长全程的适应性

在河套灌区引入成熟的作物模型并进行适应性验证,可为进一步开展玉米生长监测及估产提供依据和基础。本文利用河套灌区巴彦淖尔农业气象试验站2012年玉米观测数据,结合当地气象、土壤资料对荷兰瓦赫宁根大学开发的WOFOST模型进行参数校准,并利用2013年玉米观测数据和2001—2011年农业气象观测资料对模型的区域适用性进行验证,获得了玉米的基本作物参数,包括各发育阶段比叶面积、最大CO2同化率、单叶光能利用率等。结果表明:通过校准作物参数,WOFOST模型可以较好地模拟LAI扩展、生物量的动态积累过程,LAI、各器官生物量及最终产量的模拟值与实测值吻合较好;独立样本检验中,模型模拟LAI的绝对偏差平均值为0.75,叶生物量、茎生物量、贮存器官生物量、地上部总生物量、产量的归一化均方根误差分别为33%、26%、17%、18%和13%;模拟2001—2011年玉米产量的归一化均方根误差为7.5%。参数校准后的模型对LAI、各器官生物量、产量的模拟结果较为符合实际,WOFOST模型能够适用于河套地区玉米生产过程生理、生态因子诊断、评估等。     

区域气候变化情景下气候变率对我国水稻产量影响的模拟研究

利用中国随机天气模型将中国区域气候模式ＲＣＭ与作物模式ＣＥＲＥＳ－Ｒｉｃｅ相连接，模拟了３种气候变率（０％，１０％，２０％）水平下未来气候（２０５０年，假定此时ＣＯ２浓度为５５０ｍｇ／Ｌ）对我国水稻主产区（广州，长沙，南京）灌溉水稻和雨养水稻在考虑ＣＯ２肥效与否条件下的产量，模拟结果表明；（１）气候变率对水稻产量的影响因经营方式和研究地区的不同而有差异，对灌溉水稻来说，气候变率对其产量有负面影响，     

农田灌溉对气候的影响研究综述

过去200年全球灌溉农田面积迅速扩张,灌溉对气候的影响逐渐受到世界各国研究者的关注。回顾了过去有关灌溉对气候的影响研究,归纳了前人的研究手段,指出了目前研究中存在的问题和困难,并提出了未来灌溉对气候的影响研究应该注重如下几个方面:1)同时利用观测数据分析方法和模型模拟研究方法进行灌溉对区域气候的影响,并将两者的结果进行对比分析,以求做到互相验证;2)对于缺乏地面观测数据或者地面数据受其他因素(比如:城市化)影响大的区域,建议利用遥感观测数据进行灌溉对地表参数的影响研究;3)注意对灌溉四大属性(灌溉位置、灌水量、灌溉方式和灌溉时间)的精确模拟,可以考虑耦合气候模型和作物模型进行模拟研究,并注意区分灌溉旱地和灌溉水田。4)提倡利用多模式集合的方式研究灌溉对区域气候的影响,以减少灌溉对气候影响(强度和方向)模拟结果的不确定性;5)未来也应该考虑模拟灌溉和气候变化间的互馈影响。     

基于GIS的黄土丘陵沟壑区作物生产潜力模拟研究

从YIELD模型的来源、输入文件及基本参数,模型中作物生产力计算各个子模型以及计算流程4个方面作了简单的叙述,以黄土丘陵沟壑区典型小流域晋西狼窝沟为例,在地理信息系统（GIS）技术十,应用YILD模型对该流域的作物生产潜力进行了模拟,并从作物类型,地类,耕作措施及气候条件4个方面对影响该流域作物产量的因素进行了分析。结果表明,该模型对不同作物的模拟产量在总体上与实体产量基本相符合,表明模型可以应用于黄土丘陵沟壑区的作物产量模拟之中,对于不同地类来说,坝地的土壤水分和以力条件明显高于梯田和坡耕地,因而坝地的模拟产量地高于梯田和坡地,但三者之间的差距没有实测产量显著,耕作措施是提高作物生产力的有效途径,对地膜覆盖,梯田以及施肥等耕作措施的模拟产量表明,这3种耕作措施均能有效的物生产力;其产量提高率均平均在85％以上,其中以施肥对作物的增产作用最大,增产率高达95％,,这与实测产量资料基本一致;气候条件是影响作物生产的直接因素,模拟结果表明模型对降水量和温度等气候条件十分敏感,不同年份降水量和温度的差异将直接导致作物生产力的显著不同。对YIELD模型的模拟结果分析表明,该模型可以有效地应用于黄土丘陵沟壑区的作物生产潜力研究。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.     

Cross-reactivity between storage and dust mites and between mites and shrimp

Many patients have sensitivities to multiple species of storage and house dust mites. It is not clear if this is because patients have multiple sensitivities to species-specific mite allergens or if these mites share many cross-reacting allergens. Our objective was to further define the cross-allergenicity between several species of storage and house dust mites using crossed-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), crossed-radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE), immunoblotting, and ELISA. CIE and CRIE reactions revealed that storage mites shared two cross-antigenic molecules and one of these bound IgE in a serum pool from mite allergic patients. Antibody in anti-sera built to each species of mite recognized many SDS–PAGE resolved proteins of other mite species and this suggested the potential for other cross-reactive allergens. Among patient sera, IgE bound to many different proteins but few had IgE that bound to a protein with common molecular weights across the mite species and this suggested mostly species-specific allergens. Antiserum built to each mite species precipitated one protein in shrimp extracts that bound anti-Der p 10 (tropomyosin) and IgE in the serum pool. Anti-Der p 10 showed strong binding to shrimp tropomyosin but very little to any of the mite proteins. ELISA showed the mite extracts contained very little tropomyosin. The storage and dust mites investigated contain mostly species-specific allergens and very small amounts of the pan-allergen tropomyosin compared to shrimp and snail.     

人血管能抑素基因的克隆、表达及其表达产物的纯化和生物活性测定

以人胎盘脐带组织为材料,提取组织总RNA,用netRTPCR方法合成人血管能抑素cDNA基因,将该cDNA克隆进pSP72载体获得重组质粒pSP72C, DNA序列分析结果与预期序列一致。用BamHⅠ和NdeⅠ双酶切,切下pSP72C上的血管能抑素cDNA,插入pET3c载体的相应位点获得重组表达质粒pETC, 转化E. coli BL21(DE3), SDSPAGE分析显示：在IPTG诱导下,血管能抑素基因获得了高效表达,表达量约占菌体总蛋白的 27.9 %,主要以包涵体形式存在。包涵体经过洗涤、裂解、蛋白复性以及Sephadex G75凝胶过滤层析等步骤后,获得了纯度达91.4 %的人血管能抑素。CAM实验证明10 μg纯化蛋白就能显著抑制鸡胚新生血管生成。     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.