高血糖对大鼠心肌梗死后心肌组织SCF表达的影响

目的通过检测高血糖状态下正常及梗死后心肌组织中干细胞因子（SCF）的表达,探讨高血糖对心肌梗死后干细胞修复的影响。方法36只SD大鼠随机分为假结扎组、高血糖组、心肌梗死组和高血糖并心肌梗死组,每组9只,通过给予高糖饮食12周建立高糖血症模型,然后结扎冠状动脉左前降支建立心肌梗死模型。用RT-PCR检测各组大鼠心肌组织中SCFmRNA的表达水平;用免疫组织化学法检测心肌组织中SCF蛋白的表达。结果SCFmRNA和蛋白在正常心肌呈低水平表达,与假结扎组相比,心肌梗死组大鼠心肌梗死区周围组织表达明显增强（P〈0．05）;与心肌梗死组大鼠相比,高血糖并心肌梗死组大鼠心肌组织中SCF的表达明显减弱（P〈0．05）。结论心肌梗死后SCF的表达明显增强,而高血糖能抑制心肌梗死后心肌组织中SCF的表达,提示高血糖可能抑制了心肌梗死后干细胞的归巢及其梗死后心肌的修复。     

有氧运动与干细胞动员的心肌细胞增殖研究进展

适宜运动是防治心脏疾病的有效方式,其作用机制尚未完全阐明,安全有效的运动处方需要系统研究。运动可使正常心肌细胞发生生理性肥大与增殖以及多种细胞因子的分泌和干细胞的有效动员,促进心肌细胞增殖分化。成体心肌细胞增殖的来源包括存活的心肌细胞、心肌干/祖细胞以及外周的骨髓间充质干细胞等。干细胞的动员、趋化归巢并分化为心肌细胞是心肌损伤修复的细胞基础。本文从心肌细胞增殖潜力、心肌梗死(MI)的干细胞治疗和运动促进MI心肌细胞增殖等三个方面综述运动促进干细胞动员,诱导内源性心肌细胞再生对MI心肌修复和心功能改善的可能机制、存在问题及相关研究进展。     

Ghrelin对心肌梗死后心肌重塑及心脏功能的影响及其机制研究

目的:观察ghrelin对心肌梗死(MI)大鼠心肌重塑和心脏功能的影响,并探讨其可能的机制。方法:应用冠状动脉结扎术创建大鼠MI模型,并设立假手术组作为对照;造模成功后每天2次注射ghrelin(100μg/kg),持续4周,以此作为MI-ghrelin组,并以每天注射生理盐水的MI大鼠作为MI-生理盐水组。检测和比较各组大鼠左心室重塑和血流动力学的改变情况;非梗死心肌中白介素(IL)-1β、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-2、MMP-9 mRNA和蛋白的表达;梗死边界心肌细胞的凋亡情况。结果:Ghrelin可使心肌梗死后的MI大鼠降低的缩短分数(FS)、左室内压最大变化率均显著下降(dP/dtmax)、疤痕厚度明显升高,增加左室舒张末压(LVEDP)、左室收缩末内径(LVESD)、左室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)、梗死边界心肌细胞的凋亡指数显著降低。此外,ghrelin可抑制心肌梗死后的MI大鼠非梗死心肌中白介素(IL)-1β、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-2和MMP-9的mRNA和蛋白的表达。结论:Ghrelin可缓解MI后大鼠LV功能紊乱及心室重塑,这可能与其抑制炎症反应及基质金属蛋白酶的表达有关。     

大鼠心肌梗死对c-kit、CD34干细胞及炎症反应的影响

探索大鼠心肌梗死发生后,梗死区域c-kit心肌干细胞、CD34标记的具有多向分化潜能干细胞、炎症细胞以及影响心率功能的CX43连接蛋白的动态变化过程。通过左前降支结扎建立大鼠心肌梗死模型,利用HE染色观察梗死模型建立情况;运用免疫组织化学方法检测c-kit、CD34、ED1以及CX43标记物的含量及分布。研究表明,通过左前降支结扎成功构建大鼠心肌梗死模型,在心肌梗死发生后,梗死区域c-kit阳性细胞的比例逐渐增加,高于假手术组(p0.01);CD34阳性细胞数随着时间的变化先升高后降低,也高于假手术组(p0.01);与炎症相关ED1阳性细胞在梗死初期含量较高,随着时间推移而降低,高于假手术组(p0.01);CX43蛋白的含量梗死组低于假手术组(p0.05)。本研究对临床研究和治疗心肌梗死有一定参考价值。     

硫化氢减轻同型半胱氨酸诱导大鼠海马CA1区神经元损伤

目的探讨硫化氢(H2S)对同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)诱导大鼠海马CA1区神经元损伤的改善作用。方法以侧脑室注射同型半胱氨酸的SD大鼠为同型半胱氨酸神经毒性动物模型,采用Tunel染色法分析大鼠海马CA1区神经元的凋亡情况,采用Elisa法分析大鼠海马组织MDA含量。结果 0.6μmol和2.0μmol的同型半胱氨酸使大鼠海马CA1区神经元发生大量的凋亡(P0.01),而NaHS(100μmol/kg)显著抑制同型半胱氨酸(0.6μmol)诱导大鼠海马CA1区神经元的凋亡(P0.05);同型半胱氨酸(0.2,0.6μmol)可增加大鼠海马CA1区丙二醛含量(P0.001),而NaHS(100μmol/kg)可抑制同型半胱氨酸(0.6μmol/L)诱导大鼠海马CA1区丙二醛水平的增加(P0.001)。结论硫化氢可减轻同型半胱氨酸诱导大鼠海马CA1区神经元的损伤。     

液氮冷冻大鼠左冠状动脉前降支中上1／3所支配区域建立心肌梗死模型

目的探讨大鼠左冠状动脉前降支中上1／3所支配的区域液氮冷冻处理后对心肌形态学及心功能的影响,以建立适合移植干细胞再生修复心肌梗死研究的一种新的大鼠心肌梗死模型制作方法。方法80只雄性SD大鼠,随机分为3组即：冷冻组、结扎组、对照组。大鼠麻醉后,行气管插管连通动物呼吸机,打开胸廓暴露心脏,用特制的直径为0．6cm冷冻头置入液氮中冷冻降温后迅速冷冻大鼠左冠状动脉前降支中上1／3所支配的区域,或结扎左冠状动脉前降支中上1／3处。分别于处理后1d、3d、7d、14d、28d观察心脏病理组织学变化,并于处理28d后检测心功能的变化。结果在液氮冷冻大鼠心脏后,大鼠心肌组织出现凝固性坏死,继而有肉芽组织长人梗死灶内,最后形成疤痕。用液氮冷冻法可成功复制心肌梗死大鼠动物模型。与冠状动脉结扎法相比较,操作简单,手术时间短,死亡率低．心肌梗死面积变异小。结论液氮冷冻法作为一种复制心肌梗死模型的方法,有其自身的优势．可用于心肌梗死发生机制和干细胞治疗等方面的研究。     

microRNAs在大鼠急性心肌梗死过程的表达变化

目的研究分析microRNAs（miRNAs,miRs）在大鼠急性心肌梗死（acutemyocardialinfarction,AMI）心肌组织的梗死区与非梗死区的表达变化,为防治AMI提供基础数据。方法选择雄性sD大鼠为研究对象,建立结扎左冠状动脉造成的急性心肌梗死模型,取建模后6h的梗死区与非梗死区的心肌组织进行芯片检测．确定其中表达变化显著的miRNAs;最后进行定量逆转录聚合酶链反应（qRT—PCR）,定量分析梗死区与非梗死区心肌组织中miRNAs的表达。结果AMI大鼠心肌组织中,芯片筛选出在AMI前后发生显著波动的miRNAs,与非梗死区相比,梗死区心肌组织中有26个miRNAs表达发生了显著变化,其中19个miRNA表达下调,7个miRNA表达上调。结论在AMI后的心肌组织的梗死部位与非梗死部位miRNAs的表达是有显著差异的,这对AMI阶段心肌保护的救治具有重要意义。     

细胞周期抑制剂对大鼠局灶性脑缺血后神经元的保护作用

目的通过观察选择性细胞周期抑制剂olomoucine对局灶性脑缺血边缘区神经元凋亡的影响,以探讨细胞周期调控与神经元细胞凋亡的关系。方法建立光化学法诱导大鼠局灶性脑缺血模型,随机分为脑缺血组(对照组和干预组)和假手术组,采用HE染色显示梗死灶并测定其面积;应用免疫荧光化学法检测梗死灶周围神经元核心抗原(NeuN)的表达及通过TUNEL方法检测神经元凋亡;免疫印迹(Western blot)观察损伤侧皮层NeuN、周期素蛋白A(cyclin A)和周期素蛋白B1(cyclin B1)蛋白的表达。结果缺血后3d对照组梗死灶面积占脑片面积百分比值的平均值明显大于干预组(P<0.05);缺血后缺血边缘区NeuN表达减弱,对照组NeuN表达明显弱于干预组(P<0.05);缺血后梗死灶周围可见大量TUNEL阳性染色细胞,而且对照组数量明显多于干预组(P<0.05);干预组大鼠NeuN(TUNAL双标阳性表达明显弱于对照组大鼠(P<0.05);NeuN的蛋白量的表达,干预组较对照组明显增加(P<0.05),而对照组cyclin A和cyclin B1蛋白量的表达明显高于干预组(P<0.05)。结论通过对细胞周期的调控,可减少神经元凋亡和脑梗死体积,从而为缺血性脑损伤后的神经元提供一个保护作用。     

大鼠心肌梗死后差异蛋白质组学分析

目的:建立大鼠心肌梗死后蛋白表达变化谱,以进一步了解心肌梗死后心肌细胞重塑产生机制。方法:通过结扎大鼠冠状动脉左前降支建立急性心肌梗死模型,利用蛋白质双向凝胶电泳技术(two-dimensionalgelelectrophoresis,2-DE)分离心肌总蛋白,采用PDQuest7.3.1软件比较分析,获得差异表达蛋白总体变化趋势。进一步通过蛋白免疫印记技术(Western-blotting)检测碱性成纤维生长因子(Basefibroblastgrowthfactor,bFGF)在心肌梗死后的表达变化。结果:成功建立了大鼠急性心肌梗死模型;2-DE结果表明:以假结扎组为对照,梗死3天组有27个蛋白显著上调,18个蛋白显著下调,7个蛋白表达明显差异(ratio>5)。进一步研究发现梗死区心肌组织bFGF表达明显升高。结论:心肌梗死后蛋白表达变化趋势的探讨为心室重塑机制研究提供线索。     

心肌梗死后心衰大鼠血液中同型半胱氨酸的变化及意义

目的:研究同型半胱氨酸在心肌梗死后心衰大鼠血液中的变化及意义。方法:通过结扎大鼠左冠状动脉前降支的方法建立心梗后心衰动物模型。成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术对照组(Sham),心衰组(HF组),每组7只。对各组大鼠行心脏超声及血流动力学检查评价心功能,分别测定左室射血分数(Left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF),左室短轴缩短率(left ventricular fractional shorting,LVFS),动脉收缩压(Systolic blood pressure,SBP),舒张压(Diastolic blood pressure,DBP),左室舒张末压(Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure LVEDP)。上述检查完成后处死大鼠,收集血液标本检测脑钠肽(B-type natriuretic peptide,BNP),同型半胱氨酸(Homocysteine,Hcy),肌酐(Creatinine,Cr),尿酸(Uric Acid,UA),叶酸(Folic acid,Fa)水平;测定梗死周边区心肌组织超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性及丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)含量。结果:与对照组相比,心衰组LVEF,LVFS显著降低;LVEDP增高;BNP、Hcy、Cr和UA水平比正常组升高,SOD活性明显下降,MDA含量明显升高(均P0.05)。结论:同型半胱氨酸可能促使心肌梗死后心力衰竭发展。     

培养于生物降解支架膜内的胚胎干细胞可修复小鼠的梗塞心肌

我们以往的研究表明,直接在心肌梗塞（myocardial infarction,MI）动物的心脏缺血区注射胚胎干细胞（embryonic stemceils,ESCs）可以提高其心肌功能,干细胞组织工程学可以使组织再生、修复。本研究旨在观察将ESCs接种到生物降解膜内并移植到梗塞部位的效果。通过结扎小鼠左冠状动脉制作MI模型,将培养3d的带有小鼠ESCs的聚羟基乙酸膜（polyglycolicacid,PGA）移植到心肌缺血及边缘区表面。实验小鼠分成4组：假手术组、MI组、MI＋PGA组、MI＋ESC组,移植操作8周后检测血流动力学和心肌功能。MI组的血压和左心室功能显著降低。与MI组和MI＋PGA组相比,MI＋ESC组的血压和心室功能显著改善,存活率也显著增高,在梗塞区检测到GFP阳性组织,表明ESCs存活,并可能有心肌再生。以上结果表明,移植生物降解膜内的ESCs可修复小鼠梗塞区心肌细胞并提高心脏功能。将ESCs和生物降解材料联合运用可能为修复受损心脏提供一个新的治疗方法。     

Transplantation of embryonic stem cells improves cardiac function in postinfarcted rats.

Massive loss of cardiac myocytes after myocardial infarction (MI) is a common cause of heart failure. The present study was designed to investigate the improvement of cardiac function in MI rats after embryonic stem (ES) cell transplantation. MI in rats was induced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Cultured ES cells used for cell transplantation were transfected with the marker green fluorescent protein (GFP). Animals in the treated group received intramyocardial injection of ES cells in injured myocardium. Compared with the MI control group injected with an equivalent volume of the cell-free medium, cardiac function in ES cell-implanted MI animals was significantly improved 6 wk after cell transplantation. The characteristic phenotype of engrafted ES cells was identified in implanted myocardium by strong positive staining to sarcomeric alpha-actin, cardiac alpha-myosin heavy chain, and troponin I. GFP-positive cells in myocardium sectioned from MI hearts confirmed the survival and differentiation of engrafted cells. In addition, single cells isolated from cell-transplanted MI hearts showed rod-shaped GFP-positive myocytes with typical striations. The present data demonstrate that ES cell transplantation is a feasible and novel approach to improve ventricular function in infarcted failing hearts.     

Cloning and expression pattern of dog SDF-1 and the implications of altered expression of SDF-1 in ischemic myocardium

Stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1) plays a pivotal role in the mobilization and homing of stem cells, indicative of its potential in myocardial regeneration after heart damage. The use of large animal models in cardiac surgery research plays an essential role in the translation of results from basic studies into clinical trials. Considering the aforesaid two reasons, for the first time, we cloned dog SDF-1 cDNA and characterized the constitutive expression pattern of SDF-1 gene in normal dog tissues and the dynamic expression pattern in a dog model of myocardial infarction (MI) by means of ELISA test, real-time RT-PCR, and Western blotting. In a dog model of MI, We also examined and compared the differentially expressed pattern of SDF-1 between infarct area and border zone of myocardium in order to explore the implication of differentially distribution of SDF-1 in the mobilization and homing of stem cells to the damaged heart. Our results provide insights into expression pattern and pathophysiologic significance of dog SDF-1 in normal and heart-damaged dogs.     

Vascular endothelial growth factor promotes cardiac stem cell migration via the PI3K/Akt pathway

VEGF is a major inducer of angiogenesis. However, the homing role of VEGF for cardiac stem cells (CSCs) is unclear. In in vitro experiments, CSCs were isolated from the rat hearts, and a cellular migration assay was performed using a 24-well transwell system. VEGF induced CSC migration in a concentration-dependent manner, and SU5416 blocked this. Western blot analysis showed that the phosphorylated Akt was markedly increased in the VEGF-treated CSCs and that inhibition of pAkt activity significantly attenuated the VEGF-induced the migration of CSCs. In in vivo experiments, rat heart myocardial infarction (MI) was induced by left coronary artery ligation. One week after MI, the adenoviral vector expressing hVEGF165 and LacZ genes were injected separately into the infarcted myocardium at four sites before endomyocardial transplantation of 2 × 10⁵ PKH26 labeled CSCs (50 μL) at atrioventricular groove. One week after CSC transplantation, RT-PCR, immunohistochemical staining, Western blot, and ELISA analysis were performed to detect the hVEGF mRNA and protein. The expression of hVEGF mRNA and protein was significantly increased in the infarcted and hVEGF165 transfected rat hearts, accompanied by an enhanced PI3K/Ak activity, a greater accumulation of CSCs in the infarcted region, and an improvement in cardiac function. The CSC accumulation was inhibited by either the VEGF receptor blocker SU5416 or the PI3K/Ak inhibitor wortmannin. VEGF signaling may mediate the migration of CSCs via activation of PI3K/Akt.     

Effects of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-δ Agonist on Cardiac Healing after Myocardial Infarction

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta (PPAR-δ)-dependent signaling is associated with rapid wound healing in the skin. Here, we investigated the therapeutic effects of PPAR-δ-agonist treatment on cardiac healing in post-myocardial infarction (MI) rats. Animals were assigned to the following groups: sham-operated control group, left anterior descending coronary artery ligation (MI) group, or MI with administration of the PPAR-δ agonist GW610742 group. GW610742 (1 mg/kg) was administrated intraperitoneally after the operation and repeated every 3 days. Echocardiographic data showed no differences between the two groups in terms of cardiac function and remodeling until 4 weeks. However, the degrees of angiogenesis and fibrosis after MI were significantly higher in the GW610742-treated rats than in the untreated MI rats at 1 week following MI, which changes were not different at 2 weeks after MI. Naturally, PPAR-δ expression in infarcted myocardium was highest increased in 3 day after MI and then disappeared in 14 day after MI. GW610742 increased myofibroblast differentiation and transforming growth factor-beta 2 expression in the infarct zone at 7 days after MI. GW610742 also increased bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) recruitment in whole myocardium, and increased serum platelet-derived growth factor B, stromal-derived factor-1 alpha, and matrix metallopeptidase 9 levels at day 3 after MI. PPAR-δ agonists treatment have the temporal effect on early fibrosis of infarcted myocardium, which might not sustain the functional and structural beneficial effect.     

Regulation of cardiac and renal mineralocorticoid receptor expression by captopril following myocardial infarction in rats

Myocardial infarction (MI) activates the renin-angiotensin system in the heart and increases local production of aldosterone. This hormone may increase reactive fibrosis in the myocardium favoring heart failure development. To elucidate the potential contribution of aldosterone to cardiac remodeling following MI, we evaluated the expression of mineralocorticoid receptors (MCR) in the left ventricle (LV) and kidney of rats after MI and captopril treatment. MI was induced by ligation of the coronary artery in Wistar rats, which were separated into (1) sham-operated group, (2) MI group, (3) MI-captopril treated group (cap, 50 mg kg(-1) day(-1)). One month later angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity was assayed in the plasma, LV and kidney. Cardiac and renal angiotensin II (Ang II) levels were determined by ELISA and MCR mRNA expression and protein were measured by Taqman RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Cardiac MCR mRNA and protein levels increased nearly by 80% after MI and Cap treatment normalized cardiac MCR protein and mRNA expression. Kidney MCR expression was not affected. ACE activity increased 34% in the plasma and 83% in the LV after MI. This increase was prevented by Cap. Ang II concentration increased 225% in the LV and 193% in kidney, which was partially attenuated by Cap. Our data demonstrate upregulation of MCR in the heart following MI what may facilitate the effects of aldosterone in the ventricular remodeling process. ACE inhibitors may reduce reactive fibrosis not only by decreasing Ang II production but also by attenuating the aldosterone-signaling pathway by decreasing the expression of MCR receptors.     

Microvascular transport model predicts oxygenation changes in the infarcted heart after treatment

Chronic heart failure is most commonly due to ischemic cardiomyopathy after a previous myocardial infarction (MI). Rebuilding lost myocardium to prevent heart failure mandates a neovasculature able to nourish new cardiomyocytes. Previously we have used a series of novel techniques to directly measure the ability of the scar neovasculature to deliver and exchange oxygen at 1-4 wk after MI in rats following left coronary artery ligation. In this study, we have developed a morphologically realistic mathematical model of oxygen transport in cardiac tissue to help in deciding what angiogenic strategies should be used to rebuild the vasculature. The model utilizes microvascular morphology of cardiac tissue based on available morphometric images and is used to simulate experimentally measured oxygen levels after MI. Model simulations of relative oxygenation match experimental measurements closely and can be used to simulate distributions of oxygen concentration in normal and infarcted rat hearts. Our findings indicate that both vascular density and vascular spatial distribution play important roles in cardiac tissue oxygenation after MI. Furthermore, the model can simulate relative changes in tissue oxygen levels in infarcted tissue treated with proangiogenic compounds such as losartan. From the minimum oxygen concentration myocytes need to maintain their normal function, we estimate that 2 wk after MI 29% of the myocardium is severely hypoxic and that the vascular density of the infarcted tissue should reach 75% of normal tissue to ensure that no areas of the myocardium are critically hypoxic.     

Cardiac telocytes were decreased during myocardial infarction and their therapeutic effects for ischaemic heart in rat

Recently, cardiac telocytes were found in the myocardium. However, the functional role of cardiac telocytes and possible changes in the cardiac telocyte population during myocardial infarction in the myocardium are not known. In this study, the role of the recently identified cardiac telocytes in myocardial infarction (MI) was investigated. Cardiac telocytes were distributed longitudinally and within the cross network of the myocardium, which was impaired during MI. Cardiac telocytes in the infarction zone were undetectable from approximately 4 days to 4 weeks after an experimental coronary occlusion was used to induce MI. Although cardiac telocytes in the non‐ischaemic area of the ischaemic heart experienced cell death, the cell density increased approximately 2 weeks after experimental coronary occlusion. The cell density was then maintained at a level similar to that observed 1–4 days after left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD)‐ligation, but was still lower than normal after 2 weeks. We also found that simultaneous transplantation of cardiac telocytes in the infarcted and border zones of the heart decreased the infarction size and improved myocardial function. These data indicate that cardiac telocytes, their secreted factors and microvesicles, and the microenvironment may be structurally and functionally important for maintenance of the physiological integrity of the myocardium. Rebuilding the cardiac telocyte network in the infarcted zone following MI may be beneficial for functional regeneration of the infarcted myocardium.     

Overexpression of CXCR1/CXCR2 on mesenchymal stromal cells may be an effective treatment for acute myocardial infarction

Bone marrow (BM)-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) participate in myocardial repair following myocardial infarction (MI). However, their reparative capability is limited, partly because of poor homing abilities. MI is associated with an inflammatory reaction. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) appears to have a fundamental role in regulating neutrophil localization in ischemic tissues through binding CXCR1/CXCR2 receptors, which show major expression on neutrophils. We hypothesize that the application of IL-8 will enhance the recruitment of overexpressing CXCR1/CXCR2 MSC to sites of degenerated tissue of myocardium, decreasing the ischemic region and improving cardiac function.