国产柿属(Diospyros)的叶表皮形态研究及其分类学意义

为了解柿属(Diospyros)植物的叶表皮特征,在光学显微镜下观察了46种2变种植物的叶表皮微形态特征,并进行了主成分分析。结果表明,柿属植物的叶表皮微形态可分为2组：A组的表皮细胞为不规则形,垂周壁浅波状或深波状;B组的表皮细胞为多边形,垂周壁平直或弓形。气孔全部位于下表皮,以无规则型为主,但同时有辐射型、环列型和十字型气孔存在。大多数种具有表皮毛,表皮毛有非腺毛和头状腺毛的区别。柿属植物的叶表皮微形态特征类型多样,能够为部分类群的分类提供较好的形态学证据。     

天南星科叶表皮研究

利用光学显微镜对天南星科18属27种及菖蒲科1属1种植物的叶表皮微形态进行观察,同时用扫描电镜对具代表性的14种植物作了研究,结果显示：天南星科气孔类型变异较大,有不规则型,辐射型,平列型,胞环型及平列型和胞环型间的过渡类型,副卫细胞数目0－12个;表皮细胞长宽近相等,平周壁具条纹或否,垂周壁平直,弧形或波浪形,虽然气孔类型对天南星科分类上的意义不大,但与表皮细胞垂周壁形状,副卫细胞角质层纹饰等特征相结合对种间分类有一定意义,天南星科与菖蒲科叶表皮微形态明显不同,从而支持菖蒲属从天南星科中分出另立为科的观点。     

Seed morphology in Southern AfricanOrchidoideae (Orchidaceae)

The seed morphology of 151 species of Southern AfricanOrchidoideae (Orchideae andDiseae; sensuDressler 1981) was studied by means of scanning electron microscopy. Two different seed types were found. (1) In the majority of species the seeds are minute and fusiform. The seed coat is made up of comparatively few concave and elongate testa cells with straight or slightly undulate and generally unthickened anticlinal cell walls. The seed type was here termed Satyrium-type. While most species are very similar in the ornamentation of the periclinal walls of their seed coat, considerable variation was found inHolothrix where two distinct groups can be recognized in this respect. (2) A remarkably different seed type was observed inDisa uniflora and three apparently closely related species (Disa uniflora-type), where large balloon-like seeds occur. Their seed coat consists of convex cells with undulate anticlinal walls. It is suggested that this seed type is a derived condition and has evolved in adaptation to the specialized habitat alongside streams. The possibility of hydrochory in these four species is briefly discussed.     

Systematic relevance of seed coat anatomy in the European heathers (Ericeae, Ericaceae)

The anatomy of the seed coat of the European species of tribe Ericeae (Calluna, Daboecia and Erica) of the Ericaceae family was studied, and the taxonomic importance of their characters was analyzed. The seed coat is mostly formed by a one-cell layer with thick, pitted inner walls and thin outer walls that collapse at maturity over the inner walls. The cell junctions are either raised with anticlinal walls up to four times the height of the periclinal walls or are not raised with similar values for the height of both the anticlinal and periclinal walls. Three main cell junction types were found and described. The thickness of the inner walls is variable, but there is a large overlap among the results for different species. Calluna vulgaris is the only species with no pits, and E. multiflora has a pitted pattern on its inner walls, which is distinctive from the rest of the species. Our main results agree with the external seed morphology, and valuable new data were obtained for certain groups such as the E. cinerea-E. terminalis or the E. scoparia complex. The similarities that are found in seed coat characters are not in accordance with the classical taxonomic delimitation of infrageneric groups within Erica.     

Leaf epidermal micromorphology of Cercis (Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae)

The micromorphology of leaf epidermal cells and stomata of all eight species and one form (11 samples) of Cercis were observed by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. Both the adaxial and abaxial epidermal cells are polygonal or irregular in shape; the anticlinal walls are straight and arched or undulate. Two types of stomata, which occur only on the abaxial surface of the leaves, are found in the genus. The atypical paracytic type is present in only one species, Cercis chingii, and the anomocytic type is present in all other species. Interspecific differences are minor in the genus with regard to leaf epidermal characters, except for C. chingii, which is characterized by atypical paracytic‐type stomata, a two‐lipped outer stomatal rim, the highest stomatal density and undulate and densely pitted anticlinal walls in the adaxial epidermis. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 158 , 539–547.     

Characters of Leaf Epidermis and Their Systematic Significance in Menispermaceae

The epidermal characters of mature leaves of 29 genera, 50 species and 3 varieties (totally 56 samples) representing all the 5 tribes in the family Menispermaceae were examined under the light microscope. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The shape of the epidermal cells is polygonal or irregular, and the anticlinal walls are straight or waved in the family. In some genera a special arrangement of epidermal cells is named as “rosette-cell arrangement" for the first time. The lower epidermal cells were found to have a papilla in Stephania, Diploclisia and Legnephora . (2) In some genera, the anticlinal walls are oblique, rather than perpendicular, to the surface. (3) The stomatal apparatuses, generally restricted to the lower surface of the leaves, were assigned to anomocytic, staurocytic, cyclocytic, anisocytic and actinocytic types, and their distribution on the epidermis may be of diffuse pattern or island congregating pattern. (4) The cells of both upper and lower epidermis in the tribe Pachygoneae and Fibraureae are generally polygonal with straight or arched anticlinal walls, and the stomatal apparatuses are usually staurocytic and actinocytic. The cyclocytic stomatal apparatus was found only in two genera of the tribe Pachygoneae. By contrast, the epidermal cells of the tribes Anomospermeae, Tinosporeae and Menispermeae are generally irregular with waved anticlinal walls, and the stomatal apparatuses are predominantly anomocytic. These correlated characters are of much significance in delimiting tribes within the Menispermaceae, and also provide evidence for studies on systematic relationships of several genera.     

Rearrangements of F-actin during Stomatogenesis Visualised by Confocal Microscopy in Fixed and Permeabilised Tradescantia Leaf Epidermis

Abstract: New details of F-actin organisation in leaf epidermal and stomatal cells were revealed by rhodamine — and fluorescein — phalloidin staining of fixed epidermal peels of Tradescantia virginiana and visualisation by confocal microscopy. Non-specialised epidermal cells contain highly organised arrays of fine cortical actin filaments aligned in transverse or oblique orientations. In interphase guard mother cells (GMCs), the arrangement of cortical F-actin changes on the periclinal and anticlinal cell walls at different times during differentiation. Initially, cortical F-actin on the periclinal surfaces is oriented transversely and F-actin is evenly distributed around the anticlinal walls. Following polarisation of the adjacent subsidiary mother cells (SMCs), actin in GMCs concentrates on the lateral anticlinal walls, but not on the transverse walls. Subsequently, F-actin on the periclinal walls reorients to radial and then longitudinal. Organisation of F-actin in SMCs appears to be influenced by the adjacent GMCs and co-ordination in F-actin arrangements in cells of the stomatal complex continues through to the formation of the guard cell pair. Our studies indicate that actin bands marking the division site in prophase cells, and detected in microinjected living material, are a particularly labile subset of F-actin. Actin bands were difficult to preserve, even when aldehyde fixation was avoided, in contrast to all interphase and mitotic F-actin.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Anacamptis</Emphasis> versus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Orchis</Emphasis> (Orchidaceae): seed micromorphology and its taxonomic significance

Seed micromorphology of 24 taxa of the genera Anacamptis and Orchis was examined under light and scanning electron microscopy. Seed qualitative characters appear very useful at the supraspecific level in the subtribe Orchidinae. Based on our observations, the sculpturing of the periclinal walls of the medial testa cells, the seed shape and several features of the anticlinal walls of the apical cells showed variability between the studied taxa, with special relevance of the first character. According to this factor, we found one type of seed for Anacamptis and two for Orchis. The taxonomic value of seed coat characters is compared with the last taxonomic proposals for the genera Anacamptis and Orchis.     

29种中国野豌豆属植物叶表皮微形态特征及其系统学意义

应用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对29种野豌豆属植物叶表皮微形态特征进行了观察。结果显示:叶表皮细胞形状有无规则形和多边形2种,垂周壁式样有深波状、浅波状和平直-弓形;表皮角质层纹饰微形态多样,大多数植物叶片表面不具有腺毛或仅中脉有,少数植物叶片表面具腺毛;部分叶表皮上有柔毛,少数植物无毛。气孔器存在于上表皮、下表皮、或上下表皮均有,形状为椭圆形、卵圆形,均为无规则型。野豌豆属植物叶表皮的这些微形态特征,在属内组间没有明确的规律性,但可为探讨该属种间的分类学及亲缘关系提供依据。     

中国大蒜芥属(十字花科)叶表皮微形态学研究

利用光学显微镜观察了中国十字花科大蒜芥属9种1变种植物的叶表皮形态。结果表明：中国大蒜芥属植物叶上表皮细胞通常为多边形,垂周壁平直或弓形,少有稍浅波状,叶下表皮细胞为不规则形,垂周壁波状或深波状;气孔器类型均以不等细胞型为主,少有无规则型,偶有平列型。依据叶表皮特征,可将中国大蒜芥属划分为三种类型： （1）叶上表皮无气孔分布或偶见; （2）叶上表皮气孔常明显几个聚成一簇或排成短列,气孔密度小于叶下表皮; （3）叶上表皮气孔比较均匀分布,气孔密度与叶下表皮近相似。     

ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE EPIDERMIS OF DEVELOPING COTTON (GOSSYPIUM) SEEDS: SUBERIN,PITS, PLASMODESMATA,AND THEIR IMPLICATION FOR ASSIMILATE TRANSPORT INTO COTTON FIBERS

The basal part of cotton fibers (Gossypium arboreum and G. hirsutum) was studied with light and electron microscopy in order to improve the understanding of assimilate transport into the fibers during the deposition of the cellulosic secondary wall. Although the distal parts of white cotton fibers are not suberized, a variable amount of suberin was found at the fiber base. This suberin is typically deposited in concentric layers, alternating with polysaccharides. Numerous pits occur in the base of cotton fibers and in ordinary epidermal cells in the periclinal and anticlinal walls. About 25% of the length of periclinal walls is occupied by pits, but only 2% of the anticlinal walls, being pitted mainly in their proximal part. In suberized walls the deposition of suberin is not reduced in the pit region. The pits, whether or not suberized, contain plasmodesmata (22 ± 2.3 and 27 ± 3.3 · μm^−-2 in the periclinal and anticlinal walls of the white lint cultivar of G. hirsutum). Transport of assimilates into the fibers through the symplast is therefore possible. This transport may occur directly from mesophyll cells to fibers, or indirectly via ordinary epidermal cells. The minimum amount of assimilates transported into individual fibers during the phase of secondary wall deposition could be estimated (1.3 pg · fiber^−-1 · sec^−-1), as well as the corresponding symplastic flux of assimilates through the periclinal cell wall, neglecting a possible transport through the anticlinal walls (10^−-3 pg · μm^−-2 · sec^−-1). It is postulated that in the green lint genotype of G. hirsutum and in wild cotton species (not studied in this paper), the uptake of assimilates into the fibers occurs through the symplast, the apoplastic pathway being excluded by the suberization of the fibers during secondary wall formation. Although cultivated, white-linted cotton species may use the same pathway, loading of assimilates from the apoplast is theoretically also possible, and the relative contribution of both pathways has to be determined experimentally.     

Three groups of species in Petunia sensu Jussieu (Solanaceae) inferred from the intact seed

The intact seed surface morphology in 45 taxa of Petunia sensu Jussieu native to South America (Petunia sensu Wijsman plus Calibrachoa) was compared under scanning electron microscopy. The existence of three groups of species, differentiated in terms of seed morphology, was revealed as follows: (1) all species of Petunia sensu Wijsman, having coarse wavy middle lamellae and anticlinal walls; (2) Calibrachoa parviflora and C. pygmaea, having fine wavy middle lamellae embedded in straight anticlinal walls; and (3) the other species of Calibrachoa, having straight middle lamellae and anticlinal walls. Close relationships between seed morphology and the other characteristics observable in the groups of species are discussed.     

中国29种和泰国1种卷柏科植物的叶形态学研究及其分类学意义

利用光学显微镜和体视显微镜对卷柏科Selaginellaceae中国产29种和泰国产1种植物的叶形态进行了宏观和微观观察。结果表明卷柏科植物在叶形态学方面表现出较高的一致性。(1)叶多为二形, 罕为一形, 无叶柄, 叶二形者侧叶多大于中叶, 外展或斜上, 中叶贴生于腹面茎上, 交互覆瓦状排成4列, 叶一形者则在茎上作螺旋状排列。(2)侧叶与中叶上表皮细胞形态相似, 近等径方形或长方形, 垂周壁平直、弓形或波状; 侧叶与中叶下表皮细胞形态也相似, 长方形或长条形, 垂周壁波状。(3)气孔类型为无规则型或放射型, 气孔多分布于中叶上表皮和侧叶下表皮中脉处。研究发现, 叶外形、叶表皮细胞形态及气孔分布特征等为中国卷柏科植物种间分类提供了重要的参考依据。 研究的有关种类可以依据下面这些特征进行分类: (1)叶为一形叶或二形; (2)叶在枝上着生为螺旋状或成对交互排列; (3)叶表皮细胞垂周壁为平直、弓形、深波状或浅波状; (4)叶上、下表皮细胞同形或异形; (5)气孔为无规则型或放射型; 以及(6)气孔在中叶和侧叶的上、下表皮上的分布等特征。     

A systematic investigation of leaf epidermis in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Camellia</Emphasis> using light microscopy

The characters of mature leaf epidermis of 58 species and 3 varieties belonging to 19 sections, representing all the 4 subgenera: Protocamellia, Camellia, Thea and Metacamellia were investigated under light microscope. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) The shape of the epidermal cells is elliptical, polygonal or irregular and the anticlinal walls are arched, straight or sinuolate, sinuous to sinuate. 2) The stomatal apparatus, consisting of a stoma (a pore plus a pair of guard cells) and 3–4 subsidiary cells, restricted to the abaxial surface of the leaves, were assigned to anisocytic, anisotricytic, isotricytic or tetracytic type. 3) Special structures in leaf epidermis, such as stomatal clusters, aborted stomata, secretory cells, cuticular intrusions and their taxonomic implications were also elucidated.     

野丁香属植物叶表皮形态特征研究

在光学显微镜和电子扫描显微镜下观察了茜草科(Rubiaceae)野丁香属(Leptodermis Wall.) 35种8变种植物的叶表皮微形态特征.结果表明,野丁香属植物叶表皮细胞为多边形或不规则形状,垂周壁平直、弓状或波状.气孔器全部位于下表皮,有辐射型、平列型两种,其中平列型较为普遍.表皮毛在上下表皮都有分布,有单...     

Micromorphology of fruits and seeds of Iranian Geranium (Geraniaceae), and its systematic significance

The fruit and seed micromorphology of 22 species of Geranium, representing the eight sections of the genus represented in Iran (G. sectt. Dissecta, Geranium, and Tuberosa of subgen. Geranium; sectt. Batrachioidea, Divaricata, Lucida, Ruberta and Trilopha of subgen. Robertium), have been examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Macro‐ and micromorphological characters, including fruit and seed shape, size, color, hair type and density, mericarp ornamentations, hilum position, seed coat pattern, epidermal cell shape, and anticlinal and periclinal cell walls, are presented. Two microsculpturing patterns are recognized on the mericarp surface: reticulate and pusticulate. The micromorphology of the seed coat showed four distinctive cell patterns. The seed epidermis is constructed either of polygonal, elongated polygonal, or square to rectangular cells. The polygonal type is the most common among the studied species, but the variation in testa cell characters, their size and shape, may provide further information and useful diagnostic characters at specific and infraspecific rank. The shape and color of the seeds are, however, of little systematic value. Fruit characters were found to be important for separating taxa at infrageneric rank and our results show that the species can be separated into subgenera and sections based on fruit morphology.     

Epidermal micromorphology of the genus Festuca L. subgenus Festuca (Poaceae)

Qualitative and some quantitative micromorphological characters of leaf blades, lemmas and paleas were examined using scanning electron microscopy for 29 species of Festuca subgenus Festuca, including the first observations on members of sections Amphigenes, Dimorphae and Cataphyllophorae. The aim of this study was to survey these features in the subgenus Festuca, to assess their taxonomical value. The observed patterns are compared with current taxonomic proposals based on molecular studies. The characters show important taxonomic value, mainly of the abaxial lemma. Characters showing the greatest variation are shape of long cells, shape of the periclinal walls, thickness of anticlinal walls, presence of prickles and abundance of silica bodies. The principal characters of the leaf-blade surfaces include the type and shape of short cells. Two different surface patterns were observed on the lemma, one, long cells rectangular to elongated, with flat to slightly convex periclinal walls and thickened anticlinal walls, for the sections Amphigenes and Dimorphae, and another, long cells rectangular to square, with concave periclinal walls and unthickened anticlinal walls, for the remaining sections. This study confirms the taxonomic value of micromorphological characters in the subgenus Festuca, and that abaxial lemma surface appears to be the most useful.     

Seed Epidermis Development and Histochemistry in Solanum melongena L. and S. violaceum Ort.

Structure, development and histochemistry of the seed epidermiswere studied inSolanum melongena L. andS. violaceum Ort. usinglight and scanning electron microscopy. The epidermal cellsat the endosperm mother cell stage of ovule development hadthickened outer periclinal walls, consisting of two layers,a thin inner layer, and a thick outer layer. The latter whichstained positively for pectic substances became further thickenedduring the course of seed development; more so inS. melongena.The inner layer of the outer periclinal wall also was thickenedby depositions of cellulose but remained comparatively thin.The development of the inner periclinal and anticlinal wallstook place by the uneven deposition of concentric layers. Thesesecondary wall thickenings which appeared as pyramids in transversesection stained for cellulose, lignin and pectin. Further unevensecondary thickenings near the outer part of the anticlinalwalls resulted in the formation of projections which were hair-or ribbon-like in appearance. InS. melongena, these projectionsprogressed only a short distance from the anticlinal wall. InS.violaceum, on the other hand, they grew much longer formingstriations on the inside of the outer periclinal wall. InS.melongena, partial removal of the outer periclinal wall by enzymeetching exposed to surface view a beaded appearance of the cellboundaries. Complete erosion of the outer periclinal wall revealedthe hair-like projections of the underlying anticlinal walls.InS. violaceum, enzyme treatment exposed the striations whichformed bridge-like structures over the curves in the anticlinalwalls. Solanum melongena ; Solanum violaceum; seed epidermis; seed structure; seed development; cell wall histochemistry; cell wall projections; cell wall striations     

中国桑寄生科植物叶表皮微形态

通过扫描电镜对中国桑寄生科桑寄生亚科8属18种和槲寄生亚科1属2种植物成熟叶的上、下叶表皮内表面和下表皮外表面进行了研究。内面观发现桑寄生科植物叶上、下表皮形状为多边形,垂周壁式样平直或稍弓形,常具有角质增厚,平周壁常覆盖厚角质或颗粒状、丝状角质增厚;气孔存在于上下表皮,通常下表皮较多,气孔的形状,特别是保卫细胞的形态在亚科间、属间或种间都具有一定的差异,气孔器类型为平列型或单圈型。下表皮表面观察了的角质膜和蜡质纹饰、气孔的形状,外部气孔缘及外部气孔缘内缘的特征。这些特征在亚科或属级水平上较为稳定,有的也表现出种间差异,有一定的分类价值。从气孔形态和外部气孔周围角质膜来看,两亚科显示出明显的不同:桑寄生亚科上、下表皮均具有内部气孔缘,而槲寄生亚科没有此结构;桑寄生亚科外部气孔周围角质膜增厚成环状,其上具增厚的条纹,而槲寄生亚科外部气孔周围角质膜增厚成脊状,不具条纹。这些特征支持槲寄生亚科作为独立1个科来处理。