迟缓爱德华氏菌感染斑马鱼的模型构建及病理分析

【目的】本研究旨在建立迟缓爱德华氏菌感染斑马鱼的模型,以提供疾病模型用于病理学、药理学和药物学研究。【方法】通过不同途径对斑马鱼进行人工感染,模拟自然感染状态,并研究迟缓爱德华氏菌对斑马鱼的致病机理,包括死亡率、行为变化、生化指标和病鱼机体抗氧化能力的变化情况。【结果】比较3种感染途径,显示腹腔注射的致病力最强。迟缓爱德华氏菌感染后,斑马鱼表现出眼球突出、肛门出血、溃疡和腹水等症状。病理检查显示,感染后的斑马鱼发生急性炎症,可见肝细胞广泛坏死脱落,肝小叶萎缩,周围见吞噬细胞聚集。从患病斑马鱼体内分离出TX菌株,并通过特异性引物聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)鉴定为迟缓爱德华氏菌,确定该菌的半致死浓度LD50为3.65×102菌落形成单位(colony forming units, CFU)尾。与对照组相比,注射感染组的超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)活力降低22.26%,丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)显著升高16倍,酸性磷酸酶(acid phosphatase, ACP)活性和碱性磷酸...     

大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)内脏白点病的病原分离和组织病理学观察

【目的】确定大黄鱼"内脏白点病"的病原,初步分析该病的致病机理,为大黄鱼内脏白点病的防治提供部分启示。【方法】开展病原菌的分离、种类鉴定和人工感染试验等工作,同时通过石蜡组织切片的方法,观察病鱼的组织病理学变化。【结果】确定病原菌为恶臭假单胞菌。在病鱼的肝脏、肾脏、脾脏等组织中均能发现明显症状或病症,各组织均发生炎性病变,细胞变形或解体,在脾、肾等组织中,纤维组织增生,围绕菌体形成肉眼见到的"白点"。【结论】恶臭假单胞菌作为病原菌,引起大黄鱼内脏出现明显白点,其致病机理仍需进一步探讨。     

大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)内脏白点病的病原分离和组织病理学观察

【目的】确定大黄鱼“内脏白点病”的病原, 初步分析该病的致病机理, 为大黄鱼内脏白点病的防治提供部分启示。【方法】开展病原菌的分离、种类鉴定和人工感染试验等工作, 同时通过石蜡组织切片的方法, 观察病鱼的组织病理学变化。【结果】确定病原菌为恶臭假单胞菌。在病鱼的肝脏、肾脏、脾脏等组织中均能发现明显症状或病症, 各组织均发生炎性病变, 细胞变形或解体, 在脾、肾等组织中, 纤维组织增生, 围绕菌体形成肉眼见到的“白点”。【结论】恶臭假单胞菌作为病原菌, 引起大黄鱼内脏出现明显白点, 其致病机理仍需进一步探讨。     

一种利用λRed重组技术在杀鱼爱德华氏菌基因组添加标签的方法

在杀鱼爱德华氏菌病原学研究中,在动物中制备杀鱼爱德华氏菌蛋白抗体耗时长,且获得的多克隆或多肽抗体在宿主细胞中特异性差,背景信号强。为解决这一问题,对在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)和沙门氏菌(Salmonella)中建立起来的λRed基因编辑方法进行调整和优化,建立了在杀鱼爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella piscicida)基因组基因上添加HA标签序列的方法,为使用标签抗体研究杀鱼爱德华氏菌基因功能提供便利。λRed重组系统利用同源线性DNA片段与基因组DNA进行重组。即以质粒pSU315为模板,在引物上引入目的基因的特异性序列,扩增FRT序列和抗生素抗性基因;以获得的PCR产物转化携带pKD46的杀鱼爱德华氏菌,在pKD46表达的λ噬菌体的3个重组蛋白(Exo、Beta和Gam)作用下, PCR产物与杀鱼爱德华氏菌基因组发生同源重组,获得引入了抗生素抗性的靶基因缺失或靶基因携带标签序列的菌株;接着利用pKD46的温敏型特性,消除引入的pKD46;最后向杀鱼爱德华氏菌引入文章构建的表达Flp重组酶的质粒pKD46-flp,在FLP作用下,两个FRT位点之间发生重组,...     

黄颡鱼“裂头病”病原二重PCR检测方法的建立及应用

"裂头病"是黄颡鱼养殖业的主要病害之一,其病原为鮰爱德华氏菌或迟钝爱德华氏菌。以GenBank所收录鮰爱德华氏菌与迟钝爱德华氏菌16S rRNA基因为模板,优化设计两对特异性引物,经多重PCR反应体系优化及特异性与敏感性检测,建立了检测鮰爱德华氏菌和迟钝爱德华氏菌的二重PCR检测方法。结果显示,阳性对照样品的琼脂糖凝胶电泳条带同时检测到鮰爱德华氏菌和迟钝爱德华氏菌,扩增产物大小分别为470 bp及268 bp,灵敏度为1.38 ng/μL。此法用于检测江西南昌地区多个养殖场所患"裂头病"黄颡鱼脑部DNA,11份患病黄颡鱼的脑部组织均检出鮰爱德华氏菌,表明该地区黄颡鱼所患"裂头病"的病原菌为鮰爱德华氏菌,此结果与常规细菌分离鉴定的检测结果一致。所建二重PCR检测法敏感度高,特异性强,检测成本低,对黄颡鱼"裂头病"的快速诊断与流行病学调查有较好的应用价值。     

鳗鲡爱德华氏病的研究

本文记述了在我国新发现的鳗鲡爱德华氏病的症状和病原菌的特征。病鱼的症状表现为两大类型,以肾脏病变为主的肾脏型和以肝脏病变为主的肝脏型。从病鱼的内脏分离到7株菌,用其中的E86～205进行人工感染,100％的鳗鲡死亡,与自然发病的症状相似,从感染的鳗鲡上又重新分离到菌株E86-203。E86-203与E86-205以及其他菌株的特征也都一致。均为革兰氏阴性杆菌。菌体直,两端圆形,单个,大小为0.6—0.8×0.8—2.4微米。周鞭毛,运动,兼性厌氧,发酵葡萄糖产酸产气。氧化酶阴性,过氧化氢酶阳性,产生硫化氢。不能利用柠檬酸盐和丙二酸盐作为唯一的碳源,精氨酸脱氢酶阴性,赖氨酸脱羧酶阳性。属爱德华氏菌属的细菌。但是鸟氨酸脱羧酶阴性,能迅速利用纤维糖,不同于已报道的三个种(Edwardsiella tarda Ewing and McWhorter 1965,E.hoshinae Grirnont 1980,E.ictaluri Hawke 1981)中任何一个种,因此认为E86-205等菌株为一新种,定名为福建爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella fujianensis sp.nov.)。     

迟缓爱德华氏菌对Hep-2细胞的侵袭特性

用细胞裂解计数法及超薄切片电镜观察法分析了迟缓爱德华氏菌侵袭ＨＥｐ－２细胞的基本特性。在１５株来源各异的迟缓爱德华氏菌中,有６株细菌具有对ＨＥｐ－２细胞的侵袭能力。细菌侵入细胞后,主要位于空泡内。侵入细胞内的迟缓爱德华氏菌不仅可在细胞内增殖,而且可从细胞内释放出来。用细胞松弛素破坏微丝后可抑制其侵袭作用,而且表现出剂量依赖关系,而在秋水仙素破坏微管后不影响其侵袭力。这表明在迟缓爱德华氏菌对ＨＥｐ－     

迟缓爱德华氏菌对Hep-2细胞的侵袭特性

用细胞裂解计数法及超薄切片电镜观察法分析了迟缓爱德华氏菌侵袭Hep—2细胞的基本特性。在15株来源各异的迟缓爱德华氏菌中,有6株细菌具有对Hep—2细胞的侵袭能力。细菌侵入细胞后,主要位于空泡内。侵入细胞内的迟缓爱德华氏菌不仅可在细胞内增殖,而且可从细胞内释放出来。用细胞松弛素破坏微丝后可抑制其侵袭作用,而且表现出剂量依赖关系,而用秋水仙素破坏微管后不影响其侵袭力。这表明在迟缓爱德华氏菌对Hep—2细胞的侵袭过程中,细胞骨架中有微丝的参与,未发现微管的参与。     

迟缓爱德华氏菌EcoRⅠ核糖体自动化分型与聚类分析

【目的】对26株迟缓爱德华氏菌进行自动化核糖体分型,并进行聚类分析。【方法】采用RiboprinterTM全自动微生物鉴定系统对分离自斑点叉尾鮰、日本鳗、多宝鱼、比目鱼、斑醴等宿主体内的迟缓爱德华氏菌进行核糖体分型,以限制性内切酶Eco RⅠ处理、切割菌株DNA;运用Bio Numerics软件分析图像数据。【结果】迟缓爱德华氏菌核糖体图谱与数据库中已有信息进行比对,ATCC15947和BYK00685的比对相似值0.85,分别为0.95及0.90。条形码经软件分析共产生21种核糖体条带,聚类分析分为3个群。条带之间呈现明显的地域性差异和宿主差别。来自北方及南方的菌株除少数几株以外,各自聚集为一个群;所有人源株则分布在第三群。【结论】自动化核糖体分型可以方便快捷地用于不同物种的菌株分型与流行病学追踪溯源。     

微生物诱导子对诺卡氏菌属№5205菌株发酵的影响

在培养基中分别添加从深红酵母 (Rhodotorlarubra)、紫红红球菌 (RhodococcusrhodochrousATCC1380 8)、深红诺卡氏菌 (N .rubropertincta)制备的诱导子 ,诺卡氏菌属№ 5 2 0 5菌株的生物量、类胡萝卜素含量均有所提高 ,其中在含深红诺卡氏菌诱导子 (添加量为 12 0 μg/ml)的分批发酵中 ,№ 5 2 0 5菌株的生物量可达 13.7mg/ml;类胡萝卜素含量可达 6 33.5 μg/g干菌体 ,分别比对照提高了39 .8%和 16 .8%。     

Cystatin B homolog from rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus: genomic characterization, transcriptional profiling and protease-inhibitory activity of recombinant protein

Cysteine proteases are present in all living organisms and, in animals, function in a vast array of physiological and pathological processes. Cysteine protease inhibitors act upon the cysteine proteases to regulate their activity. The cystatin superfamily of cysteine protease inhibitors has members represented in all living organisms studied to date. Here, we report the identification of a new member of the family 1 cystatin in Oplegnathus fasciatus rock bream (denoted as RbCyt B) and the characterization at the molecular level. The complete genomic sequence of RbCyt B consists of three exons and a promoter region. The open reading frame (ORF) encodes for a 100 amino acids length polypeptide with a single cystatin-like domain and a cysteine protease inhibitor signature motif. The conserved N-terminal glycine, glutamine-valine-glycine motif, QxVxG, and a variant of the proline-tryptophan, PW, motif were identified. RbCyt B showed closest phylogenetic distance to Dicentrarchus labrax cystatin B, and shared up to 73% amino acid identity and 90% amino acid similarity with known cystatin B genes. RbCyt B mRNA expression was detected in nine different tissues and was highly expressed in liver, spleen, gill, brain, intestine, kidney, head kidney, and blood, as compared with muscle. In vivo immune stimulation with Edwardsiella tarda bacteria caused significant up-regulation of RbCyt B mRNA in head kidney and spleen at 24h post-infection (P<0.05). Recombinant RbCyt B was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the purified protein demonstrated 82% papain inhibitory activity at 500 × 10(-3) μg μL(-1) in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that RbCyt B is a member of family 1 cystatin with high homology to cystatin B, and is a biologically active protein possessing papain inhibitory activity and potentially involved in immune responses against invading Gram-negative bacteria in rock bream.     

Comparison of the responses of peritoneal macrophages from Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) against high virulent and low virulent strains of Edwardsiella tarda

In vivo infection studies in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) demonstrated that the number of viable cells of the virulent strain (NUF251) of Edwardsiella tarda increased gradually in kidney and hepato-pancreas after intraperitoneal injection, but the low virulent strain (NUF194) did not. To gain insight into the virulence factors of E. tarda, in vitro responses of Japanese flounder (P. olivaceus) peritoneal macrophages to these strains were compared in terms of phagocytosis, bactericidal activity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation as measured by chemiluminescence (CL) responses. Microscopic observation revealed that these two strains of E. tarda were phagocytosed by the peritoneal macrophages, and there was no significant difference in the mean numbers of ingested bacteria per macrophage between these strains. A gradual increase in the number of viable cells of the highly virulent strain within macrophages was observed during 9h post-phagocytosis, whereas no significant replication of the low virulent strain within macrophages was detected. These results suggest that the virulent strain of E. tarda has an ability to survive and replicate within macrophages, while the low virulent strain has no such ability. When the peritoneal macrophages were exposed to the opsonized low virulent E. tarda strain, a rapid increase in CL response was induced. However, the highly virulent strain caused only background level of CL response. By the subsequent stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate, the macrophages exposed to the virulent E. tarda strain showed extremely higher CL response than that of the one exposed to the low virulent E. tarda strain. These results suggest that the virulent E. tarda prevents the activation of ROS generation system during phagocytosis, though the system is still capable of responding to other stimulation. The virulent strain significantly reduced the CL response induced by xanthine/xanthine oxidase system, while the low virulent strain had almost no effect. Furthermore, the virulent strain showed greater resistance to H(2)O(2) than the low virulent strain. Our results suggest that the virulent strain of E. tarda is highly resistant to ROS, and such ability might allow the organism to survive and multiply within phagocytes, and may serve to disseminate E. tarda throughout the host during in vivo infection.     

日本鳗鲡TLR21基因的鉴定、免疫应答与启动子分析

为研究TLR21（Toll like receptor 21）在低等脊椎动物中的功能及表达调控机制,我们扩增获得了日本鳗鲡TLR21（AjTLR21）cDNA序列,其编码的蛋白具有TLR家族的共同特征。AjTLR21基因结构与其他鱼类和两栖类TLR21相同,由单个外显子编码。荧光定量结果显示,AjTLR21在血液、鳃、脾脏、中肾等11个组织/器官中转录表达,其中在血液中表达量最高。经Poly I:C诱导后8h,AjTLR21在脾脏和中肾中的表达量显著性上调;诱导后16h,AjTLR21在血液、鳃、肠和脾脏中的表达量显著性上调（P < 0.05）。双荧光素酶报告基因结果显示,在AjTLR21 5'上游调控序列-1179 bp到+117 bp存在Poly I:C调节的正调控元件。经Edwardsiella tarda诱导后16h和72h,AjTLR21分别在血液和中肾组织的表达量显著性上调,表明AjTLR21同时也参与了抗细菌免疫应答,其在机体免疫系统中的功能具有多样性。研究对于理解日本鳗鲡AjTLR21的免疫学功能具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。     

Sensitive and rapid detection of edwardsiellosis in fish by a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method

Here we report a rapid and sensitive method (using loop-mediated isothermal amplification [LAMP]) for the diagnosis of edwardsiellosis, a fish disease caused by Edwardsiella tarda, in Japanese flounder. A set of four primers was designed, and conditions for the detection were optimized for the detection of E. tarda in 45 min at 65 degrees C. No amplification of the target hemolysin gene was detected in other related bacteria. When the LAMP primers were used, detection of edwardsiellosis in infected Japanese flounder kidney, and spleen and seawater cultures was possible. We have developed a rapid and sensitive diagnostic protocol for edwardsiellosis detection in fish. This is the first report of the application of LAMP for the diagnosis of a fish pathogen.     

饲料中维生素D3的添加水平对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长和Toll样受体TLR18、TLR19和TLR21的影响

为了探讨饲料中维生素D₃添加水平对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)生长和Toll样受体的影响, 研究设计了5个不同浓度梯度的维生素D₃饲料(1120、2260、3950、8030和16600 IU/kg), 对体重为(5.0±0.2) g的黄颡鱼进行了为期12周的生长实验, 并在生长实验结束后进行鮰爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella ictaluri)攻毒72h。于攻毒前(0)和攻毒后(72h)采样, 每个饲料组分别取6尾鱼的脾脏、头肾、肝脏和前肠四个组织, 检测不同浓度维生素D₃处理对攻毒前和攻毒后TLR18、TLR19和TLR21基因表达量的影响。同时另取6条新鲜黄颡鱼的肌肉、头肾、肾脏、皮肤、脑、鳃、脾脏、胃上皮、小肠和肝脏, 检测TLR18、TLR19和TLR21基因在黄颡鱼中的组织分布。结果表明: 不同的维生素D₃添加水平会显著影响黄颡鱼幼鱼的生长性能; TLR18、TLR19和TLR21基因在所检测的组织中均有表达, 但在脾脏中表达量最高; 饲料中不同维生素D₃含量在攻毒前后均会显著影响TLR18、TLR19和TLR21在头肾、脾脏、肝脏和前肠中的表达, 攻毒后基因的表达显著高于攻毒前; TLR18、TLR19和TLR21在不同组织中的表达和饲料中维生素D₃的浓度相关, 研究结果表明饲料中添加合适剂量的维生素D₃, 可以促进相关免疫基因的表达, 从而增强黄颡鱼对病原微生物的抵抗力。     

日本鳗鲡IFN-γ基因的鉴定、表达模式及启动子活性分析

为揭示鱼类IFN-γ的生物学功能, 研究从日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)中克隆获得了IFN-γ基因, 命名为AjIFN-γ。AjIFN-γ具有脊椎动物IFN-γ的典型特征: 包括4外显子/3内含子的基因结构、C端的IFN-γ特征性氨基酸基序和1个核定位信号, 以及6个α-螺旋反向平行构成的二级结构。AjIFN-γ在日本鳗鲡所有组织中均低水平转录表达, 其中肝脏中表达量最高, 其次是皮肤和头肾。Poly I:C刺激和迟缓爱德华氏菌感染均可显著诱导AjIFN-γ在鳃、头肾、体肾和(或)脾脏中的转录表达, 表明AjIFN-γ能够参与日本鳗鲡抗菌和抗病毒的免疫过程。此外, 研究还克隆了AjIFN-γ基因的5′调控区序列共1536 bp, 并构建了一系列Aj IFN-γ 5′调控区删节突变体, 分析其启动子活性, 结果表明, 上游–240/+136区域中含有起始AjIFN-γ转录的关键启动子调控元件, –1062/–814区域存在转录的正调控元件, 而–1252/–1062区域存在转录的负调控元件。上述结果进一步丰富了鱼类IFN-γ的基础知识。     

Detection of different quorum-sensing signal molecules in a virulent Edwardsiella tarda strain LTB-4

Aims:  The aim of this study was to elucidate the potential quorum-sensing (QS) signal molecules of an emerging pathogen ( Edwardsiella tarda strain LTB-4) of cultured turbot ( Scophthalmus maximus ).
Methods and Results:  A sensitive and rapid double-layer plate method using biosensor strain Agrobacterium tumefaciens KYC55 was developed to detect the N-acylhomoserine lactone (AHL)-related compounds in bacteria. LTB-4 was found to have two QS systems, one was based on the AHLs and the other was based on the autoinducer-2 (AI-2). The AI-2 activity produced by LTB-4 was growth phase dependent and topped at OD₆₀₀ of 1·0. The protocol to detect cholerae autoinducer 1 (CAI-1) activity in bacteria was modified, lowering the background luminescence of biosensor strain Vibrio harveyi JAF375. CAI-1 activity could not be detected in LTB-4.
Conclusion:  Edwardsiella tarda LTB-4 produced at least four kinds of AHLs during its whole growth phase. In comparison with the AHL-inducing QS, AI-2 may be the first predominant signal, functioning at early exponential phase. LTB-4 did not produce any CAI-1 activity.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  Different QS signal molecules of Edw. tarda LTB-4 were clarified by improved bioassays. In contrast to earlier studies detecting two types of AHLs, strain LTB-4 produced at least four kinds of AHLs, which seemed to be C₄-HSL, C₆-HSL, 3-oxo-C₆-HSL and an uncharacterized AHL molecule.