菊糖的提取及纯化

菊糖是一种水溶性的功能性天然多糖,可用热水从菊芋中提取.本实验对菊糖的提取工艺进行了研究,比较了提取温度、固液比、提取次数、提取时间四个因素对提取率的影响,并采用正交设计法优化提取条件,确定了最佳的提取工艺,且对菊糖的纯化作了较为深入的研究.     

葡萄皮色素提取条件的综合研究

利用葡萄饮料厂生产加工的废料葡萄皮提取天然色素,并对影响色素提取率的因素如:提取溶剂的选择、提取剂用量、提取温度、提取时间及提取pH等条件进行研究,初步确定获得最大提取收率的条件,即:以无水乙醇为提取剂,葡萄皮重(g)与提取剂的用量(mL)之比为1 7,提取温度60~80℃,时间为70min,pH为2~4。同时对提取次数进行了研究,结果表明提取2次较好。     

柞蚕蛹油的提取研究

以柞蚕蛹为原料进行柞蚕蛹油提取的研究。对影响蚕蛹油提取率的因素如:提取溶剂的选择、提取温度、提取时间及提取料液比等条件进行研究,并进行了正交试验。确定了获得最大提取率的条件。即:以石油醚(60~90)作提取剂;提取温度65℃;提取时间为5 h;提取料液比为1:10。并对提制的蚕蛹粗油进行精制,得到透明浅黄色,略带蚕香味的柞蚕蛹油。     

响应面分析法优化超声波辅助酶法提取南五味子多糖工艺的研究

为了建立超声波辅助酶法提取南五味子多糖的方法,并研究其提取工艺。按照Box-Benhnken中心组合试验设计原理,以多糖得率为响应值,以单因素实验数据为基础,进行响应面分析实验,考察提取pH、提取温度和提取时间对多糖得率的影响。结果显示：最佳提取工艺条件为：提取pH为4.8、提取温度57℃、提取时间66 min、复合酶用量为3.0%,最佳工艺条件下南五味子多糖得率为8.73%±0.25%。研究结果表明,该提取方法可减少多糖提取时间和提取溶剂用量,降低温度,有效提高了多糖的提取得率,可应用于南五味子多糖的制备。研究结果为南五味子多糖的开发应用提供了较好的依据。     

荷叶黄酮的溶剂热提取及其抗氧化作用研究

研究利用溶剂热法提取荷叶中黄酮类化合物的最佳工艺条件,考察了提取温度、时间、料液比、乙醇的体积分数及提取级数5个单因素对荷叶黄酮提取率的影响,并在单因素的基础上进行正交实验得到荷叶黄酮提取的最佳工艺条件:料液比1:40、乙醇体积分数为60%、提取2.5 h、提取温度80℃,提取2次。并研究了荷叶提取物在新榨豆油中的抗氧化作用,效果良好。     

响应面优化绿穗苋多糖的提取工艺

本研究旨在对热水工艺提取绿穗苋多糖的条件进行优化。在单因素实验基础上,筛选得到三个主要对绿穗苋多糖提取率相关的因素,其分别为:提取料液比、提取时间和提取温度。采用响应面试验设计软件,以提取料液比、提取时间和提取温度3因素作为试验的自变量,绿穗苋多糖提取率作为因变量,运用Box-Behnken实验设计和响应面分析法,得到了热水提取绿穗苋多糖工艺的最佳条件:料液比1:42.08(g/mL),提取温度92.30℃,提取时间219.01 min有最大多糖提取率。提取率为16.68%,与试验模型预测提取率为16.81%相近。本研究对绿穗苋多糖提取优化的研究为进一步探讨绿穗苋多糖生物活性的的研究提供了材料基础。     

红柄白鹃梅叶中黄酮类物质的提取研究

采用乙醇提取,用分光光度法测定的方法,以红柄白鹃梅为原料,通过正交试验研究了乙醇浓度,提取温度,提取时间和料液比4个因素对提取红柄白鹃梅叶片中总黄酮含量的影响。研究结果表明,各试验因素对红柄白鹃梅叶中黄酮类物质提取量的影响依料液比、提取温度、乙醇浓度、提取时间因素顺次降低,当提取温度为70℃、提取时间为2 h、料液比为1∶20时,提取效果最好,黄酮类物质提取量为22.412 mg/g。     

肾指海绵中蛋白质的提取及抑菌活性的研究

在海绵水相研究中,本文以活性为导向对来自大连周边海域的肾指海绵中蛋白质提取进行了研究,对8种不同的水溶性提取溶剂在提取过程中蛋白质含量、抑菌活性以及蛋白质成份等方面做了对比研究,并确认了提取液活性是否是由蛋白质产生。     

甘灵茶抗氧化成分的提取工艺研究

为了开发甘灵茶的应用价值,采用DPPH法对甘灵茶提取液的抗氧化性进行了研究。以提取液清除DPPH的效果为评价指标,采用单因素试验和正交试验,研究了甘灵茶的提取温度、pH值、提取时间、甘灵茶用量对抗氧化物质提取效果的影响,获得了提取的最佳工艺参数。结果显示：提取甘灵茶抗氧化物质的最优水平组合为提取温度为60℃、溶剂pH值为8.5、提取时间为15min、甘灵茶用量为3%,此条件下DPPH清除率为86.24%,多酚含量为0.187mg/mL,多糖含量为0.244mg/mL。     

马齿苋多糖微波提取条件的优化

本文对微波辅助法提取马齿苋多糖的工艺进行了研究,分析了提取温度、提取时间、料液比对马齿苋多糖得率的影响,确定了微波辅助提取马齿苋多糖的最佳工艺条件为60℃,料液比1 g/30 mL,提取10min。在此条件下的多糖得率为13.87%。     

Regulation of the distribution of carotenoid droplets in goldfish xanthophores and possible implication to secretory processes

In goldfish xanthophores, the formation of pigment aggregate requires: 1) that a pigment organelle (carotenoid droplet) protein p57 be in the unphosphorylated state; 2) that self-association of pigment organelles occur in a microtubule-independent manner; and 3) that pigment organelles via p57 associate with microtubules. In the fully aggregated state, the pigment organelles are completely stationary. Pigment dispersion is initiated by activation of a cAMP-dependent protein kinase, which phosphorylates p57 and allows pigment dispersion via an active process dependent on F-actin and a cytosolic factor. This factor is not an ATPase, and its function is unknown. However, its abundance in different tissues parallels secretory activity of the tissues, suggesting a similarity between secretion and pigment dispersion in xanthophores. The identity of the motor for pigment dispersion is unclear. Experimental results show that pigment organelles isolated from cells with dispersed pigment have associated actin and ATPase activity comparable to myosin ATPase. This ATPase is probably an organelle protein of relative molecular mass approximately 72,000, and unlikely to be an ion pump. Isolated pigment organelles without associated actin have 5x lower ATPase activity. Whether this organelle ATPase is the motor for pigment dispersion is under investigation. The process of pigment aggregation is poorly understood, with conflicting results for and against the involvement of intermediate filaments.     

The Existence of Chlorophyll c in the Chl b-Containing,Light-Harvesting Complex of the Green Alga Mantoniella squamata (Prasinophyceae)

The prasinophycean alga Mantoniella contains, in addition to Chl a and b, at least a third green pigment which is functionally active in the light-harvesting antenna. This third Chl was isolated in order to elucidate its chemical structure. The absorption and fluorescence spectra were measured not only from the purified pigment but also from its pheophytin and its methylpheophorbide. The spectra were compared with those of authentic Chl c-1 and c-2, which were isolated from the diatom Nitzschia sp. and with Mg-DVPP (purified from Rhodobacter). The results show that the pigment from Mantoniella compares best with Chl c-1. In order to clarify the spectral data, Chl c-1 and c-2, Mg-DVPP, and the pigment from Mantoniella were subjected to a chromatographic system that is able to separate these porphyrins. The chromatographic analysis clearly shows that the pigment from Mantoniella co-migrates with Chl c-1 and not with the bacterial pigment. Mantoniella is the first organism which has been demonstrated to contain Chl a, b, and authentic c.     

Morphological Characterization of Three Phenotypes of the Isopod Armadillidium vulgare

The morphological characteristics and ommochrome quantity in the integument of red, white, and wild type (black-grey) Armadillidium vulgare were studied. The red phenotype was found to possess two kinds of immature ommochrome pigment granules within its pigment cells, in addition to mature pigment granules. The immature granules seemed to contain uniformly distributed fibrilles, or to have an electron-dense central region surrounded by an electron-lucent outer edge. Since these immature pigment granules were typically observed to be distributed along with the mature ones, and were also more easily extractable than the wild type's, it is hypothesized that ommochrome granule maturation in the red phenotype may occur slowly due to a defect in the pigment granule internal process which combines pigments with matrix proteins. Regarding the white phenotype, although its pigment cells were undeveloped, several large-sized vesicles containing a small amount of electron-dense material appeared in the pigment cell cytoplasm. The wild and red type males of A. vulgare were found to have an ommochrome content twice as large as that of the corresponding females, with no ommochrome pigment being detected in the white phenotype. The genetic relationship between the white and red phenotypes was discussed using as a basis the observed pigment granule structure.     

The pKa of the protonated Schiff bases of gecko cone and octopus visual pigments.

A visual pigment is composed of retinal bound to its apoprotein by a protonated Schiff base linkage. Light isomerizes the chromophore and eventually causes the deprotonation of this Schiff base linkage at the meta II stage of the bleaching cycle. The meta II intermediate of the visual pigment is the active form of the pigment that binds to and activates the G protein transducin, starting the visual cascade. The deprotonation of the Schiff base is mandatory for the formation of meta II intermediate. We studied the proton binding affinity, pKa, of the Schiff base of both octopus rhodopsin and the gecko cone pigment P521 by spectral titration. Several fluorinated retinal analogs have strong electron withdrawing character around the Schiff base region and lower the Schiff base pKa in model compounds. We regenerated octopus and gecko visual pigments with these fluorinated and other retinal analogs. Experiments on these artificial pigments showed that the spectral changes seen upon raising the pH indeed reflected the pKa of the Schiff base and not the denaturation of the pigment or the deprotonation of some other group in the pigment. The Schiff base pKa is 10.4 for octopus rhodopsin and 9.9 for the gecko cone pigment. We also showed that although the removal of Cl- ions causes considerable blue-shift in the gecko cone pigment P521, it affects the Schiff base pKa very little, indicating that the lambda max of visual pigment and its Schiff base pKa are not tightly coupled.     

山蓝色素前体的分子组成和化学变化

山蓝色素前体是很不稳定的化合物。用液相色谱-核磁共振谱联用的技术,结合紫外光谱的变化,研究山蓝色素前体的分子组成及化学变化。表明山蓝色素前体分子有由2个紫蓝氨酸残基和1个氨基酚残基键合而成的片段,在室温下放置后,氨基酚结构转变为醌结构。研究结果为山蓝色素前体、山蓝色素及其相关化合物的结构测定提供了重要数据,为山蓝色素的化学、山蓝色素形成机理的阐明起到了关键作用。     

A tissue-specific inhibitor of the cell proliferation of the retinal pigment epithelium in chick embryos

The salt extract of the nuclear fraction of a homogenate of the retinal pigment epithelium from 12-15 day old chick embryos inhibits selectively the proliferative activity in the retinal pigment epithelium of 3-5 day old embryos. The inhibiting effect of the nuclear factor is found within 20 h after its introduction into the egg. The nuclear extract from the pigment epithelium does not affect the level of proliferation in retina and lens anterior epithelium.     

The formation of a blue pigment in the bacterial oxidation of isonicotinic acid

Summary A pseudomonad was isolated from soil which can utilize isonicotinic acid as its sole carbon source. Growth on this substrate leads to the accumulation of a compound with absorption maxima at 240 and 345 m which was isolated and identified as citrazinic acid. Subsequent to citrazinic acid formation a soluble blue pigment is produced. This pigment was crystallized and shown to be identical to one formed by the chemical oxidation of citrazinic acid. The pigment, although similar in properties, is distinct from those arising during the metabolism of 2-hydroxypyridine, nicotinic acid and nicotine by other bacteria. The possible structure of the pigment is discussed and a pathway of its formation from isonicotinic acid is suggested.     

Isolation of oligomers of 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid from the eye of the catfish

The reflecting material of the tapetum lucidum of the sea catfish (Arius felis) was chromatographed on Sephadex LH-20 in methanol–dimethyl sulphoxide–formic acid. Two components were present: one, showing an absorption maximum at 330nm, was tapetal pigment; the other, at 257nm, was an associated nucleoside. The tapetal pigment was extracted in methanol–HCl and isolated by adsorption chromatography on Sephadex LH-20. It yielded a methoxy methyl ester on treatment with diazomethane, and permanganate oxidation gave pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid. From the information provided by u.v. and i.r. spectra of the pigment and its methoxy methyl ester, from elemental analyses and from the oxidation products, we suggest that the tapetal pigment is derived from oxidative coupling of 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid. A molecular-weight determination and chromatography of the methoxy methyl ester indicate that the pigment is a mixture of oligomers, among which the tetramers probably predominate. We consider that the monomers are joined mainly by C-C linkages at positions 4 and 7. A synthetic pigment having spectral properties nearly identical with those of the natural pigment was prepared by enzymic oxidation of 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid with mushroom tyrosinase. The identity of the tapetal pigment with the synthetic pigment was further confirmed by comparing u.v. and i.r. spectra of their methoxy methyl esters. Formation of the tapetal pigment from tyrosine and relationships of the tapetal pigment to melanin are discussed.     

The Luminosity Curve of the Protanomalous Fovea

Threshold spectral sensitivities (in the dark, or against bright colored backgrounds) are identical in the red-green range for both protanopes (dichromats) and protanomalous trichromatic color defectives. The latter, however, must have an additional photolabile cone pigment in the red-green range, and its presence is revealed by heterochromatic brightness matching through the spectrum (i.e. luminosity curves). The absorption spectrum of the anomalous cone pigment can be inferred from the protanomalous and protanopic luminosity curve, given reasonable assumptions as to how the different cone mechanisms pool their responses. Depending upon these assumptions, the pigment inferred is either (a) dilute solution of the normal red pigment (assumed density 1.0 for the deuteranope) or (b) similar in its absorption spectrum to the normal green pigment but shifted slightly toward the long wave end of the spectrum. Experimental attempts to choose between these alternatives have so far proved equivocal though (b) seems more likely on the basis of indirect evidence.     

红凤菜红色素水溶液的稳定性试验

从红凤菜（Gynura bicolor DC.）地上部分提取了红色素水溶液。在350－700nm范围内的扫描结果显示,该色素有2个吸收峰,位于543nm和598nm附近。在pH2.2-6.0的范围内色素较稳定。加热使其吸收峰值增大,但波长基本不变。0.2mmol/L Fe^3 引起色素溶液变色并产生大量沉淀;Al^3 也能使其产生沉淀;Cu^2 对该色素的影响较小;Zn^2 、对其无影响。氧化剂（H2O2）与还原剂（Na2SO3）均能使该色素褪色。光照对该色素无明显影响。