成纤维细胞直接重编程为心肌细胞的研究进展

最近有研究通过直接重编程的方法,采用心脏特异的转录因子和miRNA的不同组合形式,成功地将人和小鼠成纤维细胞转化为心肌样细胞,这些细胞具有与心肌相似的基因表达模式和肌节结构,甚至有少量可以跳动的细胞。直接心肌细胞重编程可将心脏原位成纤维细胞转换成有功能的心肌细胞,成为心血管再生医学的一个全新的方法。该文综述了小鼠和人类成纤维细胞在体内、外直接重编程为心肌细胞研究的发展和现状,对其研究价值、重编程方法、研究过程中的教训、存在的问题及采用这些方法获得的细胞的启示与不足进行了比较分析。     

细胞直接重编程:从一种终末分化细胞直接重编程为另一种终末分化细胞

细胞的直接重编程是指将一种终末分化细胞直接转变为另一种终末分化细胞,这一转变不经过诱导多能干细胞阶段和去分化、再分化等过程。最近的一系列研究结果已经证明了这一研究方法的可行性,这些研究进展不仅为重编程的分子机制研究提供了新视角,也为加速重编程细胞的临床应用带来了希望。本文综述了将成纤维细胞直接重编程为神经细胞、肝细胞、心肌细胞及造血细胞的研究进展,探讨了这一研究方法存在的问题以及将来在该领域的研究方向。     

基于转录组数据分析小鼠心肌细胞直接重编程的分子机制

本研究旨在从分子水平揭示小鼠成纤维细胞直接重编程为心肌细胞的机制,为诱导心肌细胞再生提供新思路。在公共基因芯片数据库(GEO)中下载小鼠(Mus musculus)心肌细胞直接重编程相关的基因芯片数据,其中成纤维细胞样本数24例,诱导性心肌细胞样本数43例。利用统计软件R3.1.1采用Rankprod算法(p0.05,|lg FC|1)获得心肌细胞直接重编程过程中的差异表达基因,利用DAVID、Topp Gene和STRING等在线工具对差异表达基因进行生物信息学分析。最终分析筛选出210个心肌细胞直接重编程过程的差异表达基因,包括115个表达上调,95个表达下调。生物信息学分析发现Cybb、C1qa和Fabp4等基因以及横纹肌收缩等信号通路在心肌细胞直接重编程过程中起着重要作用。     

提高神经细胞直接重编程效率的研究进展

近年来，神经细胞直接重编程技术已经成为潜在的细胞替代治疗新手段。体内直接重编程利用与缺失细胞相邻的内源细胞再生目标细胞进行替换，可避免由外部细胞移植引起的免疫排斥反应，有效降低致癌风险，具有良好的应用前景。但同时，神经细胞直接重编程也面临着诸多挑战，如重编程后的神经元存活困难、需要损伤或疾病期间丢失的特定神经元亚型的再生、重编程效率低下等。如何实现高效的在体神经细胞直接重编程，是目前需要克服的难题。该综述主要对如何提高神经细胞直接重编程的效率进行概述，主要包括抗氧化剂、铁死亡抑制剂和抗凋亡蛋白的应用、激活神经元富含的线粒体基因、运用表观遗传因子和转录因子组合等，这些将为更好地发挥神经细胞直接重编程的效用提供参考。     

直接重编程用于心脏再生治疗的研究进展

心脏再生治疗有望改变现有的心血管病治疗局面,直接重编程领域的研究为实现这一目标提供了新的有力工具。直接重编程是近年来广泛应用于细胞修复及器官移植研究的一项技术,可绕过诱导多功能干细胞中间阶段,直接将一种终末分化细胞转化为其他种类的终末分化细胞。总结了直接重编程用于心脏再生治疗的研究进展,探讨直接重编程技术尚存的问题和障碍,并展望其未来在再生医学领域的应用。     

诱导型细胞的研究进展

胚胎干细胞(ES细胞)和诱导型多能干细胞(iPS细胞)的研究进展为生物学基础研究注入了新的活力,然而免疫排斥、致瘤性以及诱导效率低等缺陷制约其进一步快速发展和临床应用．最近,科学家借鉴iPS细胞诱导技术和传统的诱导体系,将终末分化细胞直接诱导为功能性细胞,如心肌细胞、神经细胞和肝脏细胞,称为诱导型细胞．这些研究进展极大地促进了细胞分化、重编程和表观遗传学的研究,也为人类再生医学的研究提供了新的途径．     

体细胞直接重编程为神经元和神经干细胞

体细胞直接重编程是由已分化细胞类型不经过诱导型多能干细胞(Induced pluripotent stem cells,i PSCs)中间阶段,直接转换为另一种细胞类型的重编程过程。体细胞直接重编程避免了i PSC技术存在的重编程效率低下、引入致癌基因等多种缺陷,并为细胞替换治疗和个性化医药研发设想贡献了新的实现途径。现代医学对于诸如神经退行性疾病、神经遗传疾病和外伤导致的神经细胞受损等一些神经系统疾病一直没有有效的治疗手段。而体细胞直接重编程为治疗这些疾病提供了另一种治疗途径,因此体细胞直接重编程为神经细胞相关领域迅速成为研究热点。回顾了体细胞重编程为诱导型神经元(Induced neurons,i Ns)和诱导型神经干细胞(Induced neural stem cells,i NSCs)的最新研究进展,并探讨i Ns和i NSCs在临床应用上的各自优势、局限性及应用前景。     

细胞命运转变——谱系重编程技术研究进展

体细胞核移植和诱导多能干细胞技术表明已分化的体细胞可以转变命运。最近的研究再一次验证了成熟体细胞可以通过外源转录因子的导入,直接重编程为其他类型的体细胞或祖细胞。这种重编程技术称为谱系重编程(Lineage reprogramming)。这项技术不仅在再生医学领域具有广阔的应用前景,而且在动物生物技术中也应用广泛。它不但避免了伦理争议,还提供了便利的重编程方法,同时也为基因表达调控的研究提供了重要的手段。文章从谱系重编程的方式、谱系重编程的特点及应用前景等3个方面进行了综述,旨在对相关领域的研究人员起到借鉴作用。     

心脏修复的新方法

美国加州大学格拉德斯通心血管疾病研究所通过对成纤维细胞进行重新编程,直接变成心肌细胞的新方法来修复受损的心脏。现已将老鼠心脏内的成纤维细胞直接变成心肌细胞。此法一旦在人体试验中获得成功,再生的心肌组织将可用以修复因自然衰老和心搏停止导致的损伤,同时还可避免干细胞疗法的安全隐患。     

心脏修复的新方法

美国加州大学格拉德斯通心血管疾病研究所通过对成纤维细胞进行重新编程,直接变成心肌细胞的新方法来修复受损的心脏。现已将老鼠心脏内的成纤维细胞直接变成心肌细胞。此法一旦在人体试验中获得成功,再生的心肌组织将可用以修复因自然衰老和心搏停止导致的损伤,同时还可避免干细胞疗法的安全隐患。     

Cell fate plug and play: direct reprogramming and induced pluripotency

Building on the discovery that MyoD expression reprograms fibroblasts into muscle, three papers (Vierbuchen et al., 2010; Ieda et al., 2010; Szabo et al., 2010) recently reported the reprogramming of fibroblasts into neurons, cardiomyocytes, and blood cell progenitors without first passing the cells through a pluripotent state. Here we discuss the advantages and challenges of harnessing this direct reprogramming method for regenerative medicine.     

Isolation of bovine cardiomyocytes for reprogramming studies based on nuclear transfer

The goal of this study was to establish and validate a protocol for preparing bovine cardiomyocytes from slaughterhouse material for nuclear transfer experiments. The cardiomyocyte was selected because it is a terminally differentiated cell and strongly expresses a unique subset of genes which can be monitored during the reprogramming period. A total of 39 trials were conducted, and an optimized protocol was developed yielding individual contractile cardiomyocytes from 3-5-month-old bovine fetuses The basic protocol involves stabilization of bovine heart tissue for transportation from the slaughterhouse to the laboratory by perfusion with Custodiol. This was followed by an enzymatic dissociation with collagenase in calcium-free medium and yielded individual contractile rod-shaped cardiomyocytes. Subsequent addition of Ca2+ caused the cardiomyocytes to round up which was an essential pre-condition for drawing them into glass transfer pipettes for delivery into the perivitelline space and for efficient electrofusion with cytoplasts derived from in vitro matured bovine oocytes. The use of cardiomyocytes maintained at 37 degrees C in nuclear transfer, resulted in a significantly reduced proportion of blastocysts compared to adult fibroblasts (14.0% versus 32.7%). Storage of cardiomyocytes at 4 degrees C prior to nuclear transfer was not compatible with blastocyst development. It is expected that this system will be valuable for investigating the reprogramming of gene expression which occurs after somatic cell nuclear transfer.     

多能干细胞诱导分化及体细胞转分化为心肌细胞的研究进展

心血管疾病是威胁人类健康的重大疾病,而心肌细胞数量逐渐减少,甚至衰竭是其核心病变。心肌细胞补偿性替代治疗是未来用于治疗这类疾病的重要手段,因此,心肌细胞的来源和有效治疗将成为关键。目前,心肌细胞构建的主要方法有多能干细胞诱导分化成心肌祖细胞或心肌细胞、心源性心肌祖细胞,以及体细胞重编程等。其中,多能干细胞向心肌细胞分化是最常用的方法;而体细胞转分化技术相较于传统的诱导多潜能干细胞衍生心肌细胞缩短了时间窗,为潜在的心血管疾病治疗提供了另一种思路。随着获取心肌细胞效率及其质量的提升,未来心血管疾病的治疗将有望获得重大突破。     

What's in a cardiomyocyte – And how do we make one through reprogramming?

Substantial progress is being made in the field cardiac reprogramming, and those in the field are hopeful that the technology will be formulated for therapeutic use. Beyond the excitement around generating a revolutionary new approach for treating ischemic heart diseases, cardiac reprogramming has delivered provocative findings that challenge common notions of cell fate and cell identity. Have we really made de novo cardiomyocytes? To answer this question, the essential characteristics of this unique and important cell type must first be defined. In this review, we walk through the history of scientific inquiry into cardiomyocytes, and then we examine the core features of cardiomyocytes as detailed in modern definitions. Informed by this, we turn to cardiac reprogramming to analyze the various screening approaches and ultimate factor combinations used in each study. We follow this with a dissection of the evidence used to support the authors' claims of successfully creating cardiomyocytes, and we end by discussing what is known about the molecular mechanisms of cardiac reprogramming. Through this analysis, we find interesting differences between the study designs and their results, but it becomes clear that the field at large is generating cells that closely match the textbook definition cardiomyocyte. However, the differences noted between the results of each study are largely unexplained, reflecting the need for further research in both cardiac reprogramming and in native cardiomyocyte biology. Knowledge gained from future research will help move the field towards better reprogramming techniques and technologies.     

GM-CSF and MEF-conditioned media support feeder-free reprogramming of mouse granulocytes to iPS cells

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are characterised by their ability to differentiate into any cell type of the body. Accordingly, iPSCs possess immense potential for disease modelling, pharmaceutical screening and autologous cell therapies. The most common source of iPSCs derivation is skin fibroblasts. However, from a clinical point of view, skin fibroblasts may not be ideal, as invasive procedures such as skin biopsies are required for their extraction. Moreover, fibroblasts are highly heterogeneous with a poorly defined developmental pathway, which makes studying reprogramming mechanistics difficult. Granulocytes, on the other hand, are easily obtainable, their developmental pathway has been extensively studied and fluorescence activated cell sorting allows for the isolation of these cells at high purity; thus iPSCs derivation from granulocytes could provide an alternative to fibroblast-derived iPSCs. Previous studies succeeded in producing iPSC colonies from mouse granulocytes but with the use of a mitotically inactivated feeder layer, restricting their use for studying reprogramming mechanistics. As granulocytes display poor survival under culture conditions, we investigated the influence of haematopoietic cytokines to stabilise this cell type in vitro and allow for reprogramming in the absence of a feeder layer. Our results show that treatment with MEF-conditioned media and/or initial exposure to GM-CSF allows for reprogramming of granulocytes under feeder-free conditions. This work can serve as a basis for future work aimed at dissecting the reprogramming mechanism as well as obtaining large numbers of iPSCs from a clinically relevant cell source.