桑寄生植物繁殖物候研究概述

桑寄生植物是一类自身可以进行光合作用的半寄生性灌木, 作为森林和林地的关键性资源可为鸟类等动物分类群提供重要的食物资源和巢址, 并影响当地的生物多样性。桑寄生植物隶属于檀香目, 包括5科88属约1,600种, 除极地、部分高寒和干旱沙漠地区外均有分布。桑寄生植物繁殖物候的研究对于了解“寄主植物-桑寄生植物-传粉/种子散布者系统”中物种相互作用网络的维持机制、生态系统结构的稳定性具有重要意义。本文综述了桑寄生植物在景观、群落和种群尺度上繁殖物候的表现类型, 发现桑寄生植物主要通过繁殖物候异步的方式延长物候期, 维持与传粉/种子散布者持久的互惠关系以保障自身种群的繁衍。该领域经过近年的发展, 已从单一地描述繁殖物候的表现类型到探究系统中寄主植物、传粉/种子散布者以及桑寄生植物自身生物学特性等因素的分析。通过前人的研究发现桑寄生植物繁殖物候对于该系统内相互作用的双方或多方有重要的适应意义, 今后首先应该对桑寄生植物的基础生物学背景进行研究, 然后还应加强实验验证, 进行多因素综合分析等来探讨桑寄生植物繁殖物候的生态学意义。     

中国桑寄生科花粉形态研究

本文报道用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察中国桑寄生科45个分类群的花粉形态,综合分析其外部特征,参考内部结构及化学成分方面的资料,探讨本科各属的分类和系统发育。 研究结果表明,中国桑寄生科植物花粉明显区分为两种类型,而且各自有其演化规律。我们也支持将我国的桑寄生科区分为两个独立的科,即 Loranthaceae A.Juss.(1808)和Visca-ceae Miers(1851),使其更全面反映自然系统发育。 过去国产桑寄生亚科种类,发表的新分类群往往当作桑寄生属(Loranthus)植物,据花粉形态研究表明,它们在花粉粒的大小,萌发器官的细微结构以及外壁纹饰方面,可以区分成几个类型,支持应将我国原隶于 Loranthus Linn.属的植物分成6个属的观点。而桑寄生属(Lo-ranthus Jacq.)与梨果寄生属(Scurrula Linn.)这二属的花和花粉形态彼此有明显的区别,是不应将 Scurrula Linn.视作 Loranthus Jacq.(保留属名)的异属名的。     

寄主植物对桑寄生植物叶片功能性状的影响

为了解寄生植物叶片功能性状的差异及其影响因素,研究了西双版纳地区寄主植物对3种桑寄生植物叶片功能性状的影响,并分析了桑寄生植物与寄主植物叶片功能性状的相关性。结果表明,不同寄主植物的相同寄生植物叶片功能性状存在显著差异,来自7种寄主植物的五蕊寄生(Dendrophthoe pentandra)的叶片含水量(61.2%～70.1%)、氮含量(9.6～16.0 g/kg)、碳氮比(30.8～48.5)以及缩合单宁含量(3.3%～11.0%)等性状的差异较大;从4种寄主植物上获取的澜沧江寄生(Scurrula chingii var.yunnanensis)的叶片含水量(60.0%～71.7%)、碳含量(431.3～502.3 g/kg)和缩合单宁含量(3.8%～9.9%)等性状也呈现较大种间差异,而在2种寄主植物上的离瓣寄生(Helixanthera parasitica)的叶片功能性状没有显著差异。桑寄生植物与寄主植物的叶片含水量、总碳含量、总氮含量、碳氮比和缩合单宁含量呈显著的正相关。寄主植物作为桑寄生植物营养物质的主要来源,会影响桑寄生植物叶片的相应功能性状。桑寄生植物能从寄主植物获...     

四川雅安地区13种凤仙花属植物花粉形态及其分类学意义

采用扫描电镜观察了中国四川雅安地区13种凤仙花属植物的花粉形态,并对其花粉形态进行了主成分分析和聚类分析,基于孢粉学和SRAP聚类结果的比较,讨论不同孢粉学特征对分类结果的影响。结果显示:(1)雅安地区13种凤仙花属植物花粉粒均为中等大小,花粉粒形状从超扁到扁球形变化,花粉粒极面观形状从矩形和椭圆形到四边形、圆形、三角型变化,且只有湖北凤仙、峨眉凤仙和匙叶凤仙是三沟花粉粒,其余种均为四沟花粉粒;外壁纹饰仅扭萼凤仙和齿萼凤仙为细小网状,其余均为网状纹饰。(2)依据不同指标进行的孢粉学聚类均将13种凤仙花属植物划分为3个类群,而SRAP聚类结果则将13种凤仙花属植物划分为5个类群;不同孢粉学聚类结果的相似率只有30.77%。(3)孢粉学聚类并未与分子聚类显示严格的对应关系,以花粉大小和形状、外壁纹饰为指标进行的孢粉学分类与SRAP分类的相似率最高(69.23%)。研究认为,选择不同的花粉形态特征作指标对分类的准确性影响较大,花粉大小和形状、外壁纹饰这2个指标对凤仙花属植物分类具有意义,而萌发沟的特征则很难作为分类的依据,花粉形态特征在分类上有局限性;进行该属植物孢粉学分类需要选择有价值的分类指标,并结合形态学、分子生物学等综合研究。     

北桑寄生种群的分布格局及其寄生特性

北桑寄生(Loranthus tanakae)是桑寄生科桑寄生属的落叶灌木,多以壳斗科植物为寄主。辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)是黄土高原主要的优势种和建群种,也是北桑寄生的主要寄主植物。本研究调查了寄主植物辽东栎和寄生植物北桑寄生的生长状况、北桑寄生和辽东栎的空间分布格局、北桑寄生的寄生行为偏好。结果显示:(1)在调查的851株辽东栎个体中有358株(占总辽东栎个体的42.1%)被感染,共调查1112个北桑寄生个体,每株辽东栎上感染的北桑寄生个数范围为1~20个。(2)辽东栎在0~60 m尺度上呈聚集分布,在≥60 m尺度上呈随机分布;北桑寄生在0~100 m尺度上均呈聚集分布。(3)有964个北桑寄生个体生长在辽东栎上端1/2高度内,北桑寄生吸根周长大小与其寄主枝的周长呈极显著正相关(r=0.713,P0.01)。较高和较大的辽东栎个体更容易被感染,北桑寄生倾向于寄生在寄主辽东栎个体更高的位置上。     

Host-mediated effects on the reproductive phenological asynchrony of a generalist mistletoe in China

一种泛性桑寄生植物繁殖物候异步性的寄主介导效应 寄主介导效应被认为会导致半寄生性的桑寄生植物的繁殖物候异步性，并由此为与桑寄生植物互惠共生的传粉者和种子散布者提供更长时间的食物资源供应，但目前关于此方面的研究还缺乏相关的实证数据。本研究以广泛分布于中国西南西双版纳地区的一种泛性桑寄生科植物五蕊寄生(Dendrophthoe pentandra)为材料，每周监测其开花、结果物候，检测了其开花和结果物候是否呈季节性格局，量化了五蕊寄生繁殖物候的异步程度，并检测了影响该植物始花期早晚的因素。最后，本研究还检验了五蕊寄生繁殖物候的异步性随寄主种类数量变化的效应。研究结果表明：(i)在连续两年的物候观测中五蕊寄 生的花期和果期都呈单峰分布格局；(ii)始花期显著受到植物大小和光照强度的影响，即冠幅越大和受光程度越高的植物个体有更早的始花期和更长的花期和果期；(iii)不同的寄主种类对五蕊寄生的繁殖物候有显著的影响，但与假设相反的是，随着寄主种类数量的增加，五蕊寄生繁殖物候的异步性没有显著提高。这项研究表明，在解释泛性桑寄生植物的繁殖物候异步性及寄主种类的数量对其影响的生态学意义还需进行更深入的探究。     

重寄生属植物及其寄主的地理分布

通过对重寄生属植物及其寄主的地理分布状况的讨论,对重寄生属植物可能的起源时间、地点与迁 移进行了分析。重寄生属植物主要寄生在桑寄生科(Loranthaceae)植物上,重寄生属植物的分布区与其寄主 的基本一致,均主要分布在东南亚和中国南部的热带与亚热带地区;重寄生属植物可能起源于第三纪之前某 一时期的华南热带地区,随后向周边地区扩散。在第三纪,重寄生属植物的祖先偶然寄生在桑寄生科某些寄 生植物祖先上,经过几千万年的协同进化,形成了今天比较稳定的寄生与寄主关系。     

云南10种杜鹃属植物的叶片覆被物特征及其系统学意义

采用扫描电子显微镜对云南10种杜鹃属植物叶片毛被与鳞片特征进行了研究,并结合已报道的中国45种杜鹃属植物毛被与鳞片特征进行了聚类分析,探讨叶表皮毛被与鳞片在该属植物中的系统学意义。结果表明:(1)常绿杜鹃亚属的8种植物叶背面具毛被却无鳞片结构,杜鹃花亚属的2种植物叶背面均具鳞片结构。(2)基于叶表面毛被与鳞片特征对55种杜鹃属植物进行聚类分析显示,有鳞片杜鹃与无鳞片杜鹃分别聚为2类,聚类结果与杜鹃属植物在亚属水平上的传统分类基本一致,表明叶表面毛被与鳞片特征在杜鹃属植物各亚属的分类中具有较好的参考价值。(3)从亚组水平看,55种杜鹃属植物的聚类结果对云锦杜鹃亚组、有鳞大花亚组、露珠杜鹃亚组具有较好的分类学界定,但在三花杜鹃亚组、高山杜鹃亚组、大理杜鹃亚组、大叶杜鹃亚组、树形杜鹃亚组存在明显的交叉现象,表明叶表皮覆被物特征不足以作为这些亚组在分类处理上的关键性状。(4)该研究聚类结果表明,糙叶杜鹃与其他有鳞杜鹃之间亲缘关系较近,支持糙叶杜鹃归并到杜鹃花亚属。     

中国地茶属地衣的分类及地理分布研究

通过形态解剖、化学显色反应(CT)及薄层层析法(TLC)对中国地茶属地衣:地茶(Thamnolia vermicularis(Sw.)Ach.ex Schaer.)和雪地茶(Thamnolia subuliformis(Ehrh.)W.L.Culb.)及其种下变型进行了形态分类和特征化合物研究。结果显示,2个变形在形态上均与原变形之间无明显界限,存在过渡形态,并且化学成分也均与原变形一致,因此合并了2个种下变型。通过分析地茶属地衣的分类特征,对地茶属2个种的分类界限进行了重新界定,讨论了我国地茶属的地理分布。     

蜈蚣衣科的中国地衣新记录

我们在进行新疆地衣分类的过程中, 采用微量化学结晶法(MCT), 薄层色谱法(TLC) 等方法检测地衣物质, 通过观察子囊盘结构和颜色和对地衣次生产物的分析, 并对采自于新疆昭苏卡音德、昭苏木扎特、察布查尔县所采集的蜈蚣衣科(Physciaceae) 400余号标本进行了整理及分类, 发现中国新记录地衣4 种(Phaeophyscia cernohorskyi, Ph decolor,Ph pusilloides, Physconia elegantula), 对此4种新记录地衣进行简要的描述。本文所引用标本均保存于新疆大学资源植物标本室。     

Identification of some Bioactive Metabolites in a Fractionated Methanol Extract from Ipomoea aquatica (Aerial Parts) through TLC,HPLC, UPLC‐ESI‐QTOF‐MS and LC‐SPE‐NMR Fingerprints Analyses

Introduction

The plant species Ipomoea aquatica contains various bioactive constituents, e.g. phenols and flavonoids, which have several medical uses. All previous studies were executed in Asia; however, no reports are available from Africa, and the secondary metabolites of this plant species from Africa are still unknown.

Objective

The present study aims finding suitable conditions to identify the bioactive compounds from different fractions.

Methodology

Chromatographic fingerprint profiles of different fractions were developed using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and then these conditions were transferred to thin‐layer chromatography (TLC). Subsequently, the chemical structure of some bioactive compounds was elucidated using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole time of flight‐tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐QTOF‐MS) and liquid chromatography‐solid phase extraction‐nuclear magnetic resonance (LC‐SPE‐NMR) spectroscopy.

Results

The HPLC fingerprints, developed on two coupled Chromolith RP‐18e columns, using a gradient mobile phase (methanol/water/trifluoroacetic acid, 5:95:0.05, v/v/v), showed more peaks than the TLC profile. The TLC fingerprint allows the identification of the types of chemical constituents, e.g. flavonoids. Two flavonoids (nicotiflorin and ramnazin‐3‐O‐rutinoside) and two phenolic compounds (dihydroxybenzoic acid pentoside and di‐pentoside) were tentatively identified by QTOF‐MS, while NMR confirmed the structure of rutin and nicotiflorin.

Conclusion

The HPLC and TLC results showed that HPLC fingerprints give more and better separated peaks, but TLC helped in determining the class of the active compounds in some fractions. Bioactive constituents were identified as well using MS and NMR analyses. Two flavonoids and two phenolic compounds were tentatively identified in this species for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The chemotaxonomic significance of root anthraquinones and pre-anthraquinones in the genus Lomatophyllum (asphodelaceae)

The roots of seven species of Lomatophyllum were analysed by TLC and HPLC for the presence of nine different anthraquinones and pre-anthraquinones which are all known to be characteristic constituents of the subterranean metabolism of Aloe. Chrysophanol and asphodelin were detected in all the samples analysed. In addition, the 1-methyl-8-hydroxyanthraquinones aloesaponarin I, aloesaponarin II and laccaic acid -methyl ester, together with the corersponding pre-anthraquinones were detected in all seven species. The results support the inclusion of Lomatophyllum in Aloe.     

Studies on the efficiency of different extraction procedures on the anti microbial activity of selected medicinal plants

Many doubts still persist even today when it comes to selection of the solvents for extracting the active constituents from various Indian medicinal plants. This study was aimed at assessing and establishing the best solvent for extracting the active constituents from 10 plant extracts. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used to separate and establish the active constituents present in each of the medicinal plants. Active constituents from each plant were extracted by using three different solvent systems namely diethyl ether, chloroform and hexane and were tested against three species of gram negative and three species of gram positive bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aureginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Aeromonas hydrophila, Staphylococcus aereus, Bacillus cereus) by means of agar well diffusion assay. Studies on the antioxidant activity studies were also carried out for these plant extracts by using Diphenylpicryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) method. For the antimicrobial activity, the study revealed that among the selected plants, Azadiracta indica, Pongamia pinnata, Aloe barbadensis had the maximum antibacterial activity. Among the extraction procedures diethyl ether was found to be the best solvent that could be used for the extraction procedure. On the antioxidant activity part, Coleus amboinicus and Calotropis procera were found to have high antioxidant activity of 91.64% and 88.72% respectively and the further results are reported and discussed.     

麝香中脂溶性成分的提取与麝香质量鉴别

采用薄层层析和气相色谱技术,比较了超声、冷浸和热回流3种提取方法及乙醇、乙醚、正己烷3种溶剂对麝香提取液中脂溶性成分及麝香酮含量的影响。结果显示用不同提取方法和溶剂提取的麝香脂溶性成分经薄层层析后均呈现6或7个斑点。而经气相色谱分析,其结果却有较大的差别,麝香乙醚提取液的色谱峰较乙醇和正己烷更丰富,超声提取的效果较冷缦和热回流好,色谱峰达到20个。麝香酮的定量分析显示冷浸法提取的麝香酮含量高于超声和热回流提取。通过薄层层析和气相色谱分析,对10个麝香样品的质量进行了鉴别。     

Studies on the Constituents of Typha L.—IV. A Preliminary Study of Chemosystematics of Typha L.

From pollen grains of Typha davidiana, T. latifolia, T. angustata the same eight flavonoids have been isolated. They are identified as naringenin I, isorhamnetin II, quercetin III, isorhamnetin-3-O-(2^G-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-rutioside IV, quercetin-3-O-(2^G-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-rutinosida, V, isorhamnetio-3-O-rutinoside VI, isorhamnetino-3-O-neohesperidoside VII, kampferol-3-O-neohesperidoside VIII. Flavonoids of pollen grains of five species of Typha, including the above three species, were analysed by TLC with the result showing that the constituents in the pollen grains of the five species are very similar. The chemical comparison among Typha and Sparganium and 16 possibly related families shows that Typha is different from Pandanaceae or Pandanales and is similar to Restionaceae, Flagellariaceae, Juncaceae and Cyperaceae in some respects. Typha and Sparganium are very similar in many respects, and they could be treated in the same family, Typhaceae, which merit the rank of order, Typhales.     

滇黔金腰、大叶金腰和锈毛金腰挥发油的化学成分

从贵州省宽阔水自然保护区采集滇黔金腰、大叶金腰和锈毛金腰,采用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取挥发油,用气相色谱—质谱联用技术对挥发油化学成分进行分析,共鉴定出85种成分,主要为十六烷酸、烷烃类、肉豆蔻酸和叶绿醇等化合物。其中,在滇黔金腰中共鉴定出48种化学成分,主要有十六烷酸(10.29%)和月桂酸(7.54%)等;在大叶金腰中共鉴定出50种化学成分,主要有邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己)酯(10.91%)和二十七烷(7.29%)等;在锈毛金腰中共鉴定出58种化学成分,主要有十六烷酸(12.66%)和三十二烷(8.15%)等。不同种金腰属植物挥发油的主要成分种类比较接近,但各自挥发油化合物组成又都含有其特有化学成分。     

不同品种桉树叶挥发性成分的GC-MS分析

对不同品种的桉树叶挥发性成分进行了气质联用成分分析。采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取桉树叶片中的挥发性成分,并用气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析鉴定。在被鉴定的成分中,桉叶油素和4-松油烯醇为窿缘桉、尾巨桉、粗皮桉、尾叶桉、大叶桉五种桉树叶片的共有成分;柠檬桉叶的主要挥发成分为(L)-香茅醛和乙酸香茅酯。结果表明,不同品种桉树叶挥发性成分种类及其含量存在差异。     

新疆天山大峡谷地衣的地理成分及其生态特征分析

对新疆天山大峡谷地衣进行调查研究,查阅相关资料,初步对该地区地衣进行分类和整理。结果表明：该区地衣有81种,隶属5目,15科,26属,其中地卷属,石蕊属和蜈蚣衣属种类最多,分别占14.81%,12.35%和9.87%。我们将新疆天山大峡谷地理区系划分为世界广布区、环北极广布区、欧亚-北美分布区、环北极-高山分布区、环北方分布区、欧亚-北非分布区、地中海-西亚和中亚分布区、北温带分布区和中国特有等9种类型。研究还发现该地区岩树枝及树皮生地衣与朽木生地衣占主导地位。     

Application of microemulsion thin layer chromatography for the fingerprinting of licorice (Glycyrrhiza spp.)

Microemulsion thin layer chromatography (ME-TLC) has been developed for the fingerprinting of aqueous extract of licorice (Glycyrrhiza spp.). The separation conditions and operational processes of the method have been optimized, and its chromatographic characteristics compared with conventional TLC. The ME-TLC system is easier to operate, and with higher resolution and better reproducibility than the conventional TLC. The separation mechanism and retention behavior of ME-TLC are found to differ significantly from conventional TLC. The technique has been applied to the analysis of different licorice species including G. uralensis, G. glabra and G. inflata; and to monitor the dynamic accumulation of active ingredients in licorice plant harvested at different times during its growing cycle in a Good Agriculture Practice (GAP) research farm. Results show that without post-chromatographic derivatization, the ME-TLC fingerprinting images of different species appear as clear, well resolved bands and with strong intensities to reveal distinctively different compositional features of the samples. The technique has also been applied successfully to monitor the dynamic accumulation of active components in licorice plant as a function of growing time in an experimental licorice farm. The study demonstrates the potential of ME-TLC technique as a rapid fingerprinting tool for the authentication and quality assessment of licorice as well as other herbs.     

Dynamics of antibacterial activity in three species of Caribbean marine algae as a function of habitat and life history

Antibacterial activity of lipid extracts from three species of Caribbean marine algae, Spyridia filamentosa, S. hypnoides and Wrangelia bicuspidata was evaluated monthly for one year. Activities were tested for whole plant extracts and TLC-separable zones. Whole plant extracts demonstrated monthly variability in activity with respect to both habitat and life history phase in addition to periods of similarity. No consistency was seen regarding activity against different microorganisms. TLC analyses of the extracts led to the identification of twenty-seven chromatographically distinct regions (TLC zones) each from both S. filamentosa and S. hypnoides and twenty-five from W. bicuspidata, which demonstrated antimicrobial activity. Between these species, twenty-one active TLC zones appeared to be shared based on their similar chromatographic characteristics. Individual TLC zones also demonstrated variable activity throughout the sampling period with respect to habitat and life history phase as well as periods of similarity. Algal antibiosis in these species is recognized as being highly complex, involving numerous chemical compounds, each of which is highly variable in terms of its presence and/or probable concentration.