中国的桃

一、桃的原始、分布和栽培价值桃原产于我国陕西、甘肃等地,海拔900～3,150公尺的高原地带。从前西欧的植物学家看见波斯有很多桃树,就说桃原产在波斯。这是武断的说法。现在植物学家已调查明了,波斯并无野生桃,它的桃是从我国传去的,所以桃的原产地不是波斯,而是我国。     

甘肃南部野生铁线莲属植物种质资源及观赏应用

对甘肃南部野生铁线莲植物的资源状况、分布、生态习性和生物学特性等进行了调查研究,表明甘肃南部有野生铁线莲属植物30种,分布于小陇山、白龙江、西秦岭林区各林场及甘南、陇南、天水地区.花(萼)大色彩艳丽,攀援性、适应性强,观赏价值高,并提出多种观赏利用的形式.     

甘肃陇南中华猕猴桃资源调查及其保护开发利用

甘肃省位于中国西北,深居内陆,东经93.5°~108.5°、北纬33°~43°,面积42万km2。地处秦岭山地、黄土高原、蒙新高原和青藏高原的接触地区,是国内野生植物资源种类比较丰富的省份之一。甘肃野生猕猴桃种质资源丰富,现有中华猕猴桃、狗枣猕猴桃、黑蕊猕猴桃、葛枣猕猴桃、软枣猕猴桃等10个野生种,由于纬度、海拔、气候的差异,大致可分为猕猴桃资源丰富和分散分布两个地带。资源分布丰富地带在徽县、文县、成县、武都、康县五县东南部的碧口、洛塘、阳坝、宋坪、嘉陵等40多个乡。资源分布分散地带在天水、两当、西和、礼县徽成盆地西北部的次生林区。多年来,随着工农业发展和人们对自然资源的不合理开发利用,严重影响了农业野生植物原生境。本文根据查阅、收集资料和实地调查相结合,基本摸清了甘肃野生猕猴桃资源的现状和人为破坏程度,介绍了甘肃省农业野生猕猴桃资源分布概况,建立野生猕猴桃保护点,对保护点做出评估,提出了甘肃省野生猕猴桃保护及开发利用对策。     

九顶山野生猕猴桃资源分布及保护

本文通过对九顶山野山猕桃资源现状调查,郑重探讨九顶山野生猕猴桃资源保护和合理开发利用方法,为政府制定保护措施和开发利用决策提供科学依据。     

野生和人工饲喂条件下甘肃鼢鼠肠道细菌多样性比较

[目的] 肠道微生物在宿主代谢和健康方面发挥着重要的作用,已有报道表明甘肃鼢鼠肠道菌群和地域、性别以及季节等因素有关,但对于野生和人工饲喂条件下,取食不同食物的甘肃鼢鼠肠道菌群是否存在差异尚不明确。[方法] 本研究选取苜蓿、樟子松根、油松根和云杉根对甘肃鼢鼠进行分组饲喂,同时以野生个体作为对照,采用16S rRNA V3-V4高通量测序技术对野生和人工饲喂甘肃鼢鼠肠道细菌进行比较。[结果] 野生和人工饲喂条件下,优势菌门均为Firmicutes和Bacteroidetes,但含量却存在显著性差异。在人工饲喂条件下,樟子松根、油松根和云杉根饲喂的三组甘肃鼢鼠肠道细菌群落结构相似度较高,而与苜蓿组和野生组之间均存在较大差异,樟子松组、油松组和云杉组甘肃鼢鼠肠道细菌多样性高于苜蓿组和野生组。[结论] 野生和人工饲喂条件下甘肃鼢鼠肠道菌群组成和结构存在显著性差异。     

小陇山东岔地区野生药用植物资源调查

对甘肃小陇山东岔地区的药用植物资源进行了系统调查,通过分析整理,共记录81科、211属、308种,药用植物资源绝大多数为野生,分布较为广泛,其中选取以五味子、天麻、猪苓等为代表的9种大宗药材进行重点介绍,同时对该地区药用植物资源的开发及可持续利用进行了讨论。     

栽培与野生化血丹不同部位中两种化学成分含量分析

为探讨并分析栽培与野生化血丹植株中不同部位中两种化学成分的含量差异,该研究采用超声法提取、高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定栽培与野生化血丹根、茎、叶、花、混合样等部位中桃叶珊瑚苷和梓醇的含量,并进行比较。结果表明:(1)桃叶珊瑚苷在栽培与野生化血丹植株内均有分布,含量均以根中最高,其在栽培与野生化血丹植株内的含量表现分别为根叶混合样茎花、根混合样茎花叶,栽培化血丹不同部位中桃叶珊瑚苷的含量均高于野生化血丹。(2)梓醇在栽培化血丹的茎中未检出,在栽培与野生化血丹其他部位均有分布,含量均以叶中最高,其在栽培与野生化血丹植株内的含量分别表现为叶花混合样根、叶混合样茎花根,野生化血丹不同部位中梓醇的含量均高于栽培化血丹。(3)桃叶珊瑚苷和梓醇在栽培和野生化血丹植株不同部位中的含量均存在显著差异(P0.05),栽培与野生同一部位间总体上无显著差异,为该濒危药用植物资源药用部位选择和合理开发利用提供实验参考。     

甘肃省干旱地区抗逆农作物种质资源调查与分析

调查、收集甘肃省干旱地区抗逆农作物种质资源,为甘肃抗逆农作物种质资源保护、研究、利用提供基础材料。2011～2013年采用查阅文献、访问和实地调查相结合的方法,对分布在甘肃干旱地区18个县(市、区)、48个乡(镇)、81个行政村的抗逆农作物种质资源的保存及利用现状进行了调查,并对种质进行了收集。共收集到粮食作物、经济作物、蔬菜及野生资源材料845份,分属16科46属62种,其中抗旱种质27份,耐盐碱种质4份,高抗锈病种质14份。 本文对调查地区抗逆农作物种质资源现状、消长情况及原因和调查、收集到的资源种类及其利用价值进行了分析,并对甘肃省干旱地区抗逆农作物种质资源的保护、开发和利用进行了讨论。     

甘肃河西野生经济植物资源及其利用的研究

甘肃河西地区约有野生经济植物50科200余种（不包括药用植物）。本文列出了该区具有代表性和较高利用价值的野生经济植物38科85种;评价了部分植物的利用价值;对资源的进一步开发利用提出探讨。     

红根甘肃桃根系MYB基因片段的克隆及序列分析

为了明确MYB转录因子在红根甘肃桃抗性分子机制中的作用.通过RT-PCR从红根甘肃桃根系cDNA中克隆了14个MYB基因片段,序列分析表明这些片段与苹果、葡萄、拟南芥、番茄等植物的MYB转录因子高度同源;系统进化分析显示红根甘肃桃的11个PkMYB分别与拟南芥、番茄、杨树、柿等植物中已知功能的MYB转录因子聚在不同的亚类,据此推测它们可能有相似的功能.试验结果为进一步研究MYB基因在红根甘肃桃抗性机制中的作用奠定了基础.     

中国武夷山脉地区野生毛桃资源收集与初步评价

为明确中国武夷山脉地区野生毛桃(Prunus persica(L.) Batsch)资源分布现状,对浙江、江西、福建武夷山脉地区野生毛桃资源进行了系统的考察、收集和评价。此次考察共收集野生毛桃资源244份,来自于武夷山脉地区24个采集点。物候期评价发现这些资源多态性丰富。相关性分析显示,叶芽萌动期、花期与采集点海拔、纬度呈极显著正相关。果实评价显示果实性状多态性丰富。通过2年抗涝性评价,初步筛选出53株较抗涝野生毛桃资源后代单株。净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率与淹水时间相关性分析显示淹水时间与净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率均呈极显著负相关,而净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率三者之间呈极显著正相关关系。     

Population survey of phytoseiid mites and spider mites on peach leaves and wild plants in Japanese peach orchard

A population survey of phytoseiid mites and spider mites was conducted on peach leaves and wild plants in Japanese peach orchards having different pesticide practices. The phytoseiid mite species composition on peach leaves and wild plants, as estimated using quantitative sequencing, changed during the survey period. Moreover, it varied among study sites. The phytoseiid mite species compositions were similar between peach leaves and some wild plants, such as Veronica persica, Paederia foetida, Persicaria longiseta, and Oxalis corniculata with larger quantities of phytoseiid mites, especially after mid-summer. A PCR-based method to detect the ribosomal ITS sequences of Tetranychus kanzawai and Panonychus mori from phytoseiid mites was developed. Results showed that Euseius sojaensis (specialized pollen feeder/generalist predator) uses both spider mites as prey in the field.     

Archaeological Evidence for Peach (Prunus persica) Cultivation and Domestication in China

The cultivated/domesticated peach (Prunus persica var. persica; Rosaceae, subgenus Amygdalus; synonym: Amygdalus persica) originated in China, but its wild ancestor, as well as where, when, and under what circumstances the peach was domesticated, is poorly known. Five populations of archaeological peach stones recovered from Zhejiang Province, China, document peach use and evolution beginning ca. 8000 BP. The majority of the archaeological sites from which the earliest peach stones have been recovered are from the Yangzi River valley, indicating that this is where early selection for favorable peach varieties likely took place. Furthermore, peach stone morphology through time is consistent with the hypothesis that an unknown wild P. persica was the ancestor of the cultivated peach. The oldest archaeological peach stones are from the Kuahuqiao (8000–7000 BP) and Tianluoshan (7000–6500 BP) sites and both stone samples segregate into two size groups, suggesting early selection of preferred types. The first peach stones in China most similar to modern cultivated forms are from the Liangzhu culture (ca. 5300 to 4300 BP), where the peach stones are significantly larger and more compressed than earlier stones. Similar peach stones are reported from Japan much earlier (6700–6400 BP). This large, compressed-stone peach was introduced to Japan and indicates a yet unidentified source population in China that was similar to the Liangzhu culture peach. This study proposes that the lower Yangzi River valley is a region, if not the region, of early peach selection and domestication and that the process began at least 7500 years ago.     

Isolation and Phylogenetic Analysis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Xylella fastidiosa</Emphasis> from Its Invasive Alternative Host,Porcelain Berry

A strain of Xylella fastidiosa was isolated from an invasive alternative host species, porcelain berry. Its genetic relationship with strains isolated from a native alternative host, wild grape; a nonnative alternative host, mulberry; and other economically important hosts including cultivated grape, peach, plum, oak, maple and oleander was determined by using sequence analysis of the 16S–23S rRNA intergenic spacer region. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that the porcelain berry strain is most closely related to the wild grape strain. These two strains are more closely related to the oak, peach, and plum strains than to the mulberry and oleander strains. They are separated from the maple and cultivated grape strains. Our data suggest that suppression of porcelain berry, wild grape, and mulberry in the vicinity of susceptible economically important hosts such as oak, peach, and plum may provide an important control measure for diseases caused by X. fastidiosa.     

Ecological Adaptation of Wild Peach Palm,Its In Situ Conservation and Deforestation-Mediated Extinction in Southern Brazilian Amazonia

Background

The Arc of Fire across southern Amazonia seasonally attracts worldwide attention as forests are cut and burned for agricultural expansion. These forests contain numerous wild relatives of native South American crops, such as peach palm.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Our prospecting expeditions examined critical areas for wild peach palm in the Arc of Fire in Mato Grosso, Pará, Maranhão and Tocantins, as well as areas not previously examined in Amazonas and Amapá states. Recent digitization of the RADAM Brasil project permitted comparison among RADAM''s parataxonomists'' observations, previous botanical collections and our prospecting. Mapping on soils and vegetation types enabled us to hypothesize a set of ecological preferences. Wild peach palm is best adapted to Ultisols (Acrisols) in open forests across the Arc of Fire and westward into the more humid western Amazonia. Populations are generally small (fewer than 10 plants) on slopes above watercourses. In northern Mato Grosso and southern Pará soybean fields and pastures now occupy numerous areas where RADAM identified wild peach palm. The controversial BR-163 Highway is already eroding wild peach palm as deforestation expands.

Conclusions/Significance

Many of these populations are now isolated by increasing forest fragmentation, which will lead to decreased reproduction via inbreeding depression and eventual extinction even without complete deforestation. Federal conservation areas are less numerous in the Arc of Fire than in other parts of Brazilian Amazonia, although there are indigenous lands; these conservation areas contain viable populations of wild peach palm and require better protection than they are currently receiving. Ex situ conservation of these populations is not viable given the relative lack of importance of domesticated peach palm and the difficulty of maintaining even economically interesting genetic resources.     

Xanthan gum and ethanol production by Xanthomonas campestris and Zymomonas mobilis from peach pulp

The wild type of Xanthomonas campestris and a mutant strain of Zymomonas mobilis CP4, tolerant to sucrose up to 40% (w/v), were used to produce either xanthan gum or ethanol, respectively, from peach pulp supplemented with different salts. Both bacteria grew well (2.7 mg/ml for X. campestris and 1.45 mg/ml for Z. mobilis) in fine peach pulp and the production of xanthan gum or ethanol was 0.1–0.2 g/l or 110 g/l, respectively.     

甘肃省药用植物秦艽野生资源现状及开发利用

甘肃省是秦艽的原产地之一,蕴藏着丰富的野生资源.由于不合理的采挖利用,致使资源遭到破坏.对甘肃省秦艽野生资源的种类、分布及生态环境特征、生长情况、采挖与收购现状进行了阐述,并提出了合理开发利用的对策.     

甘肃省药用植物资源及其开发利用现状

甘肃省有着丰富的药用植物资源和悠久的药材种植历史,中药材种植面积及产量位居全国之首。笔者分别对该省近年来已经实施了人工种植的药用植物和尚处于野生状态的药用植物资源的开发利用现状进行了分析,为该省药用植物资源利用及中药产业的进一步发展提供参考。