云南一些植物特征成分与古夷平面的相关性

生理生态学的原则是随着纬度的升高,物种分布的海拔高度将随之降低。但是,云南一些植物特征成分的分布却与之相反,它们的分布与云南残留的古夷平面的分布相似,即随着纬度的升高,其分布的海拔高度也随之升高。二者的区别是云南古夷平面分布的趋势线的仰角大于那些特征成分分布的趋势线的仰角。可能的原因是：相对于剧烈的地质运动,物种的适应能力总是相对滞后的,并且物种的分布也受到其生长特性的制约;根据分布区形成的原则,这些成分的发生应早于夷平面的隆起。     

浅谈果树病虫害综合防治技术研究

在我国的农业生产的过程中,对于果树的病虫害综合防治是农业生产效益的根本保障,我国是一个农业大国,尤其是在我国的北方,果树的栽培更是有着悠久的历史,在近些年中由于技术的进步果树的品种更新的速度也在不断的加快,但是随之而来的就是果树的病虫害的问题,它对于果树的影响非常的大,直接在经济上给果农带来严重的损失,为了能够让果农的经济效益得到保障,对于果树的病虫害防治就显得极为重要。本文主要是对东北地区的果树病虫害的现状进行简要的分析,并对果树病虫害的综合防治技术进行研究找出适当的对策,希望能有所裨益。     

生物学课类型及其结构改革初探

课堂教学是教师以连续上课的形式进行的。课的类型是上课的具体形式的种类,课堂教学结构是课堂教学的组合形式,或称之为课堂教学环节、课的组成部分,课的结构是课的类型的具体体现。课的类型及其结构的多样化必须根据实现每门课的目的和任务与教材的要求把教学内容和所应完成各项任务进行具体合理的划分,使一系列不同类型的课合理安排,不仅能够保证各项教学任务的全面完成,而且还可以加快教学的进度。由于各类型课所完成的任务不同,生物课结构上具有不同的特点,从而显示出课与课     

分子进化与中立说

生物进化的研究向来是以生物的表型为对象的,如蕨类植物的维管束,马的脚趾,哺乳动物的齿冠等,都是用古生物学方法来研究的。生物的进化当然是由自然选择理论来说明的,不过这些都是定性的说明而已。 用定量方法研究进化论,是从群体遗传学的理论研究开始的。种的进化不仅是个体水平的变化,主要是整个群体的遗传变化。例如某个种的一个基因变化     

面向大海

条条江河归大海,海是宽广的,那辽阔的海包容着众多细小的生命和未知的世界;海是宁静的,尘世的喧嚣在这里隔绝,只余冉冉升起的明月孤寂;海是柔美的,金碧的晚霞辉映,尽显大自然的纯美;海也是壮阔的,那惊涛拍起的海浪,那扑面而来的海风,无不演绎着变幻的莫测和奇迹……     

水稻病虫害的适期防治与生物农药的应用

在科技发达的今天,对于水稻的保护增产不止应该有更高的技术,也应该有更好的产品,以保护农业环境安全和提高水稻的综合抗虫抗病实力为基础的生物农药的预防治疗技术,对水稻病虫害的预防和治疗有着十分重要的意义。本文就水稻的主要病虫害的测试防治方法和对水稻主要病虫害的防治的最佳时期进行了简要的论述。     

问题解答(一)

问:木本植物的茎他是由形成层的细胞分裂增生,向内长木质部,向外长韧皮部,在韧皮部的细胞是否也能分裂来增生纤维和筛管?我们的领会是当韧皮部的细胞硬化以后,即不能有分裂作用了, 但按十年生的树干来说,第一年生成的韧皮部在最外的一圈,这怎样解释呢?(即第一年生成的圈小怎样套下九年的内部,包括九年的韧皮和十年的木质部)。木质部的薄壁细胞,在形成导管以后,即死亡了,韧皮部的细胞能活多的时间?同样的木栓在多年的老树上是否继续加厚?木栓形成层是何时形成的?木本植物的茎逐年加粗时,形成层以外的部分如何适应?答:多年生的木本植物枝干加粗,形成层外边的韧皮部适应力不大,它的细胞不在半径面分裂而增加圆周。最老的韧皮部是被逐渐加粗的木质部挤压,终归于消灭。在有些植物中,韧皮部的射线是可以逐年加宽的。椵树是一个突出的例子,椵树韧皮的本身,后来生出的比早生的宽,所以一块韧皮在横切面成为外窄内宽的楔子形。相反的,韧皮射线则是愈老的部分愈宽,成为外宽内窄的倒楔子形。这样的配合就使圆周加大了,可以适应里面木质部的加粗。     

呼吸机的日常管理与维护

在我国的医疗卫生事业的发展逐渐成熟的情况下,对呼吸机的安全使用已经是一个重要的课题,为能够使得呼吸机得到长久正常的运转,对呼吸机进行日常的管理与维护有着必要性。本文主要就当下的医疗设备呼吸机的日常维护以及管理的问题进行深入的分析探究,希望能够对此领域的发展起到一定的促进作用。     

浅谈计算机网络的应用分析

随着科学技术的快速发展,计算机技术和互联网技术在全球得到了普及,计算机网络已经伸入每个人的生活当中,成为人们生活必不可缺少的内容。网络的应用得到了人们的广泛关注,网络信息资源的共享给人类社会的发展带来的巨大的冲击,在逐渐的改变着人们的生活和生产方式。本文对计算机网络应用的基础做一研究,提出如何使用强大的网络信息系统为人们的生活提供快捷的服务,方便人们的生产生活。人们可以通过网络了解所需的信息,与世界各地自由的交流与沟通,传播自己优秀的文化,做到足不出户而知天下。     

新时期提高林业种苗的发展对策浅析

近年来,我国的林业取得了较快的发展,人们对生态环境的保护意识也在不断的加强,在这种情况下,加大造林绿化的力度,提高造林绿化的质量对于构建良好的环境等都发挥着重要的影响。森林资源的优劣与林业种苗的品种选择有很大的关系,因此,提高种苗质量,加强林业种苗的发展,对优化森林资源以及生态建设的持续发展等都发挥着重要的作用。本文主要从林业种苗的角度出发,分析了林业种苗对森林发展的意义,然后再采取科学的手段进一步去阐述林木种苗的发展。以下是对林业种苗发展的几点看法;     

籼稻颖花分化与退化对不同播期温光的响应

试验以三系杂交籼稻‘五优308’和‘天优华占’以及常规籼稻‘黄华占’为材料,在大田条件下,设置10个播期,研究田间不同温光条件对籼稻生育期天数、颖花分化和退化数的影响.结果表明: 温度对3个籼稻品种生育期的影响比日照长度大,平均温度升高1 ℃,播种-穗分化始期天数平均减少1.5 d,而穗分化历期天数与光照和温度的关系均不密切.不同播期间每穗颖花数和颖花分化数存在显著差异.穗分化期间平均温度、最高温度和最低温度升高,有效积温增加,昼夜温差扩大,光辐射增强,有利于穗分化期干物质积累和颖花分化,各品种趋势一致.穗分化期间有效积温增加50 ℃,颖花分化数增加10.5朵,昼夜温差扩大1 ℃,颖花分化增加14.3朵,总光辐射量增加50 MJ·m^-2,颖花分化数增加17.1朵.颖花退化率与温度呈现二次项相关,极端高温或极端低温的自然条件不利于颖花形成,但低温天气对颖花退化的影响大于高温.温度低于临界温度,颖花退化率大幅增加,穗分化期临界积温为550～600 ℃,日平均温度为24.0～26.0 ℃,日最高温度为32.0～34.0 ℃,日最低温度为21.0～23.0 ℃.适宜高温、昼夜温差大、光照辐射强的自然条件利于颖花分化,并减少颖花退化.     

Selecting temperature for protein crystallization screens using the temperature dependence of the second virial coefficient

Protein crystals usually grow at a preferable temperature which is however not known for a new protein. This paper reports a new approach for determination of favorable crystallization temperature, which can be adopted to facilitate the crystallization screening process. By taking advantage of the correlation between the temperature dependence of the second virial coefficient (B(22)) and the solubility of protein, we measured the temperature dependence of B(22) to predict the temperature dependence of the solubility. Using information about solubility versus temperature, a preferred crystallization temperature can be proposed. If B(22) is a positive function of the temperature, a lower crystallization temperature is recommended; if B(22) shows opposite behavior with respect to the temperature, a higher crystallization temperature is preferred. Otherwise, any temperature in the tested range can be used.     

Effect of temperature on the escape of charged polymer chain from a repulsive nanopore

The effect of temperature on the escape of a charged polymer chain from a repulsive nanopore is studied by Langevin dynamics simulations. The conformation properties of the charged polymer chain are dependent on the temperature as it is in random coil state at high temperature and in compact globule state at low temperature. The scaling behaviour between the escape time and polymer length is independent of temperature, while the escape time decreases with increasing the temperature in an exponential way. Different temperature-dependent behaviours are observed for the escape time in three temperature regimes: low temperature where the polymer is in compact globule state, intermediate temperature around the coil-to-globule transition temperature, and high temperature where the polymer is in the random coil state. We further find that, with a decrease in the temperature, the total number of moving steps for the escape increases sharply in the low-temperature regime while the time duration for each moving step increases sharply in the intermediate temperature regime.     

芸苔链格孢菌丝生长温度的研究

通过对芸苔链格孢[Alternaria brassicae(Berk.)Sacc.]17个单孢系菌丝在PDA培养基上生长温度的研究,结果表明各菌系在相同的温度下,菌丝生长的速度存在着明显的差异。经新复极差分析,其速度可分为三个等级。其间最高与最低可相差4.7倍。对该菌菌丝最适生长温度的研究表明,17个菌系的平均最适温度为25℃。但各菌株间有着明显的差异。作者根据其最适温度的高低及其对温度的敏感性,将这17个单孢系划分为6个温度型。即:不敏感低温型、敏感亚低温型、不敏感亚低温型、敏感中温型、不敏感中温型及不敏感亚高温型等。病菌温度型的划分可作为使用该类病菌进行抗病筛选时确定最适温度的参考。     

The necessity for low temperature treatment on the eggs of Emma Cricket,Teleogryllus emma and the method of increasing the hatching rate after low temperature treatment

The necessity for low temperature treatment of Emma Cricket Eggs, Teleogryllus emma, to dormancy breaking and the method of increasing hatching rate after low temperature treatment were investigated. Emma Cricket Eggs were treated by constant temperature, room temperature, low temperature, step‐down low temperature. As a result, constant temperature treatment was the lowest on hatching rate. The hatching rates of the rest of other temperature treatments were not different statistically (one‐way ANOVA). In other word, low temperature treatment was not necessary to dormancy breaking. But low temperature treatment was necessary to control individual number of Emma Cricket, Teleogryllus emma, on the mass indoor‐rearing system. And the step‐up temperature treatment was necessary to increase hatching rate after low temperature treatment.     

Temperature-Sensitive Behavior of Paramecium caudatum

SYNOPSIS. The effect of temperature on the behavior of swimming cells of Paramecium caudatum has been investigated by photographic analyses of their tracks in uniform temperature, in temperature gradient, or in temperature changing with time. When the cells were placed in the temperature gradient, the frequency of discontinuous directional changes of cells swimming toward the optimal temperature, the temperature of the culture, was much lower than that of the cells swimming in the opposite direction. This difference in the frequency of directional changes explained the observed accumulation of the cells at - the optimal temperature. When the temperature was suddenly changed toward the optimum, a transient decrease of the frequency of directional changes was observed and when the temperature was changed in the reverse direction, a transient increase of the frequency was noted. This transient response to the temperature change was the origin of the dependence of the frequency of directional changes on the swimming direction in the temperature gradient. Finally, the relation between the magnitude of the transient response and the rate of the temperature change was derived.     

Growth of Rhizobium japonicum Strains at Temperatures Above 27 degrees C

A study was conducted to examine the growth responses of different Rhizobium japonicum strains to increasing temperatures, determine the degree of variability among strains in those responses, and identify temperature-related growth characteristics that could be used to select temperature-tolerant strains. Each of 42 strains was grown in liquid culture for 96 h at 19 incubation temperatures ranging from 27.4 to 54.1 degrees C in a temperature gradient apparatus. Growth was estimated by measuring the change in optical density over time. Strains differed in their responses to increasing temperatures. Three characteristic temperatures were determined for each strain: the temperature giving the maximum optical density at 96 h (optimum temperature), the maximum temperature allowing a continuous increase in optical density during the 96-h period (maximum permissive temperature), and the maximum temperature allowing growth of the cultures after they were transferred to a uniform incubation temperature of 28 degrees C (maximum survival temperature). The three characteristic temperatures varied among strains and had the following ranges: optimum temperature, from 27.4 to 35.2 degrees C; maximum permissive temperature, from 29.8 to 38.0 degrees C; and maximum survival temperature, from 33.7 to 48.7 degrees C. Significant positive correlations were found between maximum permissive temperature and optimum temperature and between maximum permissive temperature and maximum survival temperature. Eight strains which had the highest maximum permissive temperature, optimum temperature, and maximum survival temperature were considered tolerant of high temperatures and were able to grow at temperatures higher than those previously reported for the most tolerant R. japonicum strains. The strains were of diverse geographical origin, but the response to high temperatures was not related to their origin. Evaluation of the temperature responses in pure culture may be useful in the search for R. japonicum strains better suited to environments in which high soil temperature is a limiting factor.     

Responses of Paramecium to Temperature Change

SYNOPSIS. The effect of temperature on the swimming velocity of Paramecium was investigated. When paramecia cultured at 25 C were transferred to various temperatures, their swimming velocity was increased immediately and then decreased exponentially with time to a new steady velocity. The relaxation time was about 1 min, independent of the new temperature. At a constant temperature the steady velocity was inversely proportional to viscosity. The velocity acceleration was observed when the sudden temperature change was larger than ± 1 C. Its magnitude became constant when the temperature change was greater than several degrees. The steady velocity as a function of temperature had a sharp maximum at the culture temperature and decreased on both sides of this temperature. Incubation of paramecia at 30 C for several hr after cultivation at 25 C shifted the maximum temperature of the steady velocity to 30 C. The temperature at which paramecia gathered in a temperature gradient cell correlated closely with the temperature of the maximum steady velocity.     

A test of biochemical symmorphosis in a heterothermic tissue: bluefin tuna white muscle

Selective brain cooling (SBC) is defined as a brain temperature cooler than the temperature of arterial blood from the trunk. Surrogate measures of arterial blood temperature have been used in many published studies on SBC. The use of a surrogate for arterial blood temperature has the potential to confound proper identification of SBC. We have measured brain, carotid blood, and rectal temperatures in conscious sheep exposed to 40, 22, and 5 degrees C. Rectal temperature was consistently higher than arterial blood temperature. Brain temperature was consistently cooler than rectal temperature during all exposures. Brain temperature only fell below carotid blood temperature during the final few hours of 40 degrees C exposure and not at all during the 5 degrees C exposure. Consequently, using rectal temperature as a surrogate for arterial blood temperature does not provide a reliable indication of the status of the SBC effector. We also show that rapid suppression of SBC can result if the animals are disturbed.     

No dynamic effector responses to fast changes of core temperature at constant skin temperature

Experiments in conscious goats were done to see whether heat production and respiratory evaporative heat loss show dynamic responses to changing core temperature at constant skin temperature. Core temperature was altered by external heat exchangers acting on blood temperature, while skin temperature was maintained constant by immersing the animals up to the neck in a rapidly circulating water bath. Core temperature was altered at various rates up to 0.9 degrees C/min. Step deviations of core temperature from control values were always followed by a positive time derivative of effector response, but never by a negative time derivative during sustained displacement of core temperature. Ramp experiments showed that the slopes at which heat production or heat loss rose with core temperature deviating from its control level grew smaller at higher rates of change of core temperature. It is concluded that neither heat production nor respiratory evaporative heat loss respond to the rate of change of core temperature. At constant skin temperature, thermoregulatory effector responses appear to be proportional to the degree to which core temperature deviates from its set level.