冷暴露对中缅树鼩褐色脂肪组织中解偶联蛋白1含量的影响

自备抗血清采用酶联免疫法测定了中缅树鼩(Tupaia belangeri)在(5±1)℃冷暴露0 d、7 d、14 d、21d、28 d时,褐色脂肪组织(BAT)中解偶联蛋白1(UCP1)的含量.结果表明,随着冷暴露时间的延长,中缅树鼩的体重、褐色脂肪组织重量均表现出了增加的趋势,BAT线粒体总蛋白和UCP1的含量也呈增加的趋势,其中UCP1的含量在28 d时达到极显著水平,比对照组增加了55.9%.说明冷暴露能够诱导中缅树鼩UCP1表达增加,从而使其适应性产热增加.     

鲢鱼解偶联蛋白2全长cDNA序列的克隆及其组织表达

从淡水食毒藻鱼类鲢鱼(Hypophthalmichthysmolitrix)肝脏,通过简并引物克隆解偶联蛋白2(un-couplingprotein2,UCP2)cDNA核心序列,应用5′RACE和3′RACE技术分别扩增该序列的5′末端和3′末端序列,最后通过序列拼接获得鲢鱼肝脏UCP2cDNA全序列。序列分析结果表明,鲢鱼肝脏UCP2cDNA全长1452bp,其中5′-UTR长337bp,3′-UTR长182bp,编码区933bp,编码310个氨基酸,推测的氨基酸序列包含线粒体内膜载体蛋白3个特征结构及解偶联蛋白(UCPs)的特征序列。对鲢鱼不同组织UCP2的表达调控研究发现,鲢鱼组织UCP2基因在肠道、肝脏、肌肉、脂肪组织均大量表达,而在脑组织表达量较低,这与鲢鱼体内微囊藻毒素在这几个组织的分布完全一致,表明UCP2的功能可能与抑制微囊藻毒素引发过量活性氧(ROS)生成有关。     

鲢鱼解偶联蛋白2全长cDNA序列的克隆及其组织表达

从淡水食毒藻鱼类鲢鱼(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)肝脏，通过简并引物克隆解偶联蛋白2(uncoupling protein 2，UCP2) cDNA核心序列，应用5′RACE和3′RACE技术分别扩增该序列的5′末端和3′末端序列，最后通过序列拼接获得鲢鱼肝脏UCP2 cDNA全序列。序列分析结果表明，鲢鱼肝脏UCP2 cDNA全长1 452 bp，其中5′-UTR长337 bp，3′-UTR长182 bp，编码区933 bp，编码310个氨基酸，推测的氨基酸序列包含线粒体内膜载体蛋白3个特征结构及解偶联蛋白(UCPs)的特征序列。对鲢鱼不同组织UCP2的表达调控研究发现，鲢鱼组织UCP2基因在肠道、肝脏、肌肉、脂肪组织均大量表达，而在脑组织表达量较低，这与鲢鱼体内微囊藻毒素在这几个组织的分布完全一致，表明UCP2的功能可能与抑制微囊藻毒素引发过量活性氧(ROS)生成有关。     

冷驯化对中缅树鼩褐色脂肪组织适应性产热的影响

目的探讨环境温度对中缅树鼩体重、褐色脂肪组织(BAT)产热活性及解偶联蛋白1含量的影响,为建立树鼩肥胖模型提供理论依据。方法将40只体重相似的成年中缅树鼩随机分为5组(每组8只):对照组(0 d),置于(25±1)℃,12 L/12 D条件下饲养;以及置于(5±1)℃,12 L/12 D条件下分别驯化7、14、21 d和28d组。驯化结束后测定动物的体重、非颤抖性产热(NST)、褐色脂肪组织重量以及解偶联联蛋白1(UCP1)的含量。结果与对照组(0 d)相比,冷驯化组中缅树鼩的体重、NST、BAT重量以及UCP1含量都显著增加,BAT颜色也明显加深,冷驯化28 d后,体重增加了26.32%,NST增加了20.65%,BAT重量增加了53.85%,UCP1含量增加了43%。UCP1含量与BAT重量和NST显著正相关。结论中缅树鼩可能通过冷驯化诱导BAT组织增生和UCP1表达上调,从而增强BAT产热活力以增加能量支出,推测BAT可能作为以能量学途径治疗肥胖的靶器官。     

斑鳢肝脏解偶联蛋白2cDNA核心片断的克隆及分析

解偶联蛋白2(uncouplingprotein 2,UCP2)可使氧化磷酸化解偶联。本研究首次成功从斑鳢(Channa maculata)肝脏通过简并引物克隆获得UCP2基因cDNA核心序列,该片段长502bp,编码167个氨基酸残基。使用vector NTI suite 6.0软件进行氨基酸同源性序列比较分析表明,斑鳢UCP2与真鲷、鲤鱼、草鱼、斑马鱼UCP2同源性高达91%、73%、72%、71%,与人、大鼠、小鼠UCP2同源性较高为70%、71%、70%。UCP2编码区在鱼类、哺乳类中均具有较高保守性,提示着脊椎动物UCP2可能在线粒体有氧呼吸代谢过程中承担某种最基本的生命功能。     

大绒鼠解偶联蛋白1基因部分序列扩增与分析

解偶联蛋白1（Uncoupling protein 1,UCP1）是位于褐色脂肪组织线粒体内膜上的一种解偶联蛋白,该蛋白可以诱导质子漏从而产热。通过设计简并引物进行RT-PCR从大绒鼠BAT中获得UCP1基因cDNA核心序列,RTPCR所得产物长约458 bp,包含的开放阅读框（open reading frame,ORF）为456 bp,编码151个氨基酸。通过BLAST搜索,所得大绒鼠UCP1基因cDNA氨基酸序列与黑线仓鼠、橙腹草原田鼠、金黄仓鼠、小家鼠和褐家鼠等哺乳动物的UCP1氨基酸序列同源性均在80%以上,而与鱼类和两栖类的氨基酸序列同源性在61%以下。研究结果表明UCP1在哺乳类中高度保守。同时,通过NJ方法以UCP1序列构建系统进化树表明大绒鼠与橙腹草原田鼠聚成一支,构成田鼠类分支。     

基于细胞色素b基因探讨昆明禄劝地区树鼩的分类意义

通过对云南省昆明市禄劝地区30只中缅树鼩(Tupaia belangeri)细胞色素b(Cytochrome b,Cyt b)基因全序列(1 140 bp)的遗传分析,对禄劝地区中缅树鼩;Cyt b基因特征进行初步探讨.结果表明,禄劝地区中缅树鼩Cyt b基因包含32个核苷酸变异位点,占全序列的2.81%,其转换/颠换为10.4.基于Cyt b基因的遗传距离构建的分子系统树显示,本实验研究的中缅树鼩是一个独立的分类单位而非普通树鼩(T.glis)的亚种;同时显示攀鼩目(Scandentia)与皮翼目(Dermoptera)亲缘关系较近.     

真鲷肝脏解偶联蛋白2(UCP2)基因及其功能的探讨

从真鲷(Pagrus major)肝脏通过简并引物PCR克隆解偶联蛋白2(UCP2)cDNA部分序列。该片段长674bp,编码224个氨基酸残基。推测的此部分氨基酸序列包含线粒体载体蛋白的特征结构,并与其它脊椎动物UCP2氨基酸序列同源性在72．8％以上。对变温动物色类UCP2组织表达调控研究表明：与哺乳类UCP2基因不同,真鲷UCP2基因在肝脏大量表达,而在腹腔肠系膜脂肪组织则仅有痕迹量表达,两者表达水平相差20倍以上。饲料中添加10％绿鳕油或48h饥饿对真鲷肝脏UCP2基因的表达水平均无显著影响,表明UCP2基因在脂肪含量高的鱼类肝脏表达十分稳定,为维持其基本功能所必需。真鲷肝脏和腹腔肠系膜脂肪组织UCP2基因表达水平的强烈反差,与鱼类这两种贮脂器官完全不同的氧化活性相一致[动物学报49(1)：110—117,2003]。     

中缅树鼩肝在冷适应条件下的产热特征

中缅树鼩(Tupaia belangeri)为东洋界特有小型哺乳动物。本研究测定了中缅树鼩冷驯化实验组(7d、14d、21d、28d)与对照组(0d)中肝线粒体蛋白含量、呼吸状态Ⅲ和状态Ⅳ的变化,探讨中缅树鼩对不同冷环境的适应情况以及肝产热的机理。结果表明,在冷驯化条件下,中缅树鼩产热显著增加,与对照组相比,实验组肝总蛋白含量、肝线粒体蛋白含量、呼吸状态Ⅲ和状态Ⅳ有着显著的提高,在28d后分别增加了39.9%、39.3%、84.9%、181.1%,因此,肝在中缅树鼩冷适应产热过程中具有重要的作用。同时,从生理生态方面为树鼩的岛屿起源学说提供依据。     

解偶联蛋白2在心血管疾病发生发展中作用的研究现状

解偶联蛋白2(uncoupling protein 2,UCP2)是线粒体内膜质子载体蛋白,广泛存在多种组织和器官中。其通过降低线粒体内膜质子梯度,使呼吸作用中氧化磷酸化过程解偶联,从而发挥调控能量代谢、糖脂代谢和氧化应激等作用。近年来的研究发现,UCP2在心力衰竭、冠心病、高血压、肺动脉高压等疾病中也发挥重要作用。本文将对UCP2在心血管系统疾病发病中可能作用的研究现状作一综述。     

Karyotype Analysis of Gossypium arboreum × G. bickii by Genome in situ Hybridization

By using genome in situ hybridization (GISH) on root somatic chromosomes of allotetraploid derived from the cross Gossypium arboreum × G. bickii with genomic DNA (gDNA) of G. bickii as a probe, two sets of chromosomes, consisting of 26 chromosomes each, were easily distinguished from each other by their distinctive hybridization signals. GISH analysis directly proved that the hybrid GarboreumxG. bickii is an allotetraploid amphiploid. The karyotype formula of the species was 2n = 4x = 52 = 46m (4sat) + 6sm (4sat). We identified four pairs of satellites with two pairs in each sub-genome. FISH analysis using 45S rDNA as a probe showed that the cross G. arboreumxG. bickii contained 14 NORs. At least five pairs of chromosomes in the G sub-genome showed double hybridization (red and blue) in their long arms, which indicates that chromatin introgression from the A sub-genome had occurred.     

Synthesis and characterization of platinum(IV) complexes with N,S and S,S heterocyclic ligands

The reactions of [PtMe₃(OAc)(bpy)] (4) with the N,S and S,S containing heterocycles, pyrimidine-2-thione (pymtH), pyridine-2-thione (pytH), thiazoline-2-thione (tztH) and thiophene-2-thiol (tptH), resulted in the formation of the monomeric complexes [PtMe₃(-κS)(bpy)] ( = pymt, 5; pyt, 6; tzt, 7; tpt, 8), where the heterocyclic ligand is coordinated via the exocyclic sulfur atom. In contrast, in the reactions of [PtMe₃(OAc)(Me₂CO)_x] (3, x = 1 or 2) with pymtH, pytH, tztH and tptH dimeric complexes [{PtMe₃(μ-)}₂] (μ- = pymt, 9; pyt, 10; tzt, 11) and the tetrameric complex [{PtMe₃(μ₃-tpt-κS)}₄] (12), respectively, were formed. The complexes were characterized by microanalyses, ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy and negative ESI-MS (12) measurements. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of [PtMe₃(pymt-κS)(bpy)] (5) exhibited a conformation where the pymt ligand lies nearly perpendicular to the complex plane above the bpy ligand that was also confirmed by quantum chemical calculations on the DFT level of theory.     

Diversity of Babesia and Theileria species in symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs in Croatia

Babesiosis, the disease caused by tick-borne hematozoan parasites of the genus Babesia, is particularly common in dogs, and is caused by several “large” species of Babesia, as well as by an increasing number of “small” species of Babesia, some of which appear to be more closely related to members of the genus Theileria. In this work, blood samples were collected from 848 randomly selected, asymptomatic dogs and from 81 symptomatic dogs, microscopically positive for Babesia, and characterised by PCR and sequence analysis of a fragment of the ssrRNA gene. A prevalence of 3.42% (29 of 848) was found in asymptomatic dogs and sequence analysis revealed the presence of Babesia canis canis in 20 dogs (69%), Babesia gibsoni in six dogs (21%), Babesia canis vogeli in two dogs (7%) and Theileria annae in one dog (3%). In the group of symptomatic dogs, which were all positive by PCR, B. canis canis was the predominant species (78 dogs, or 96%), followed by single infections with B. canis vogeli, Babesia caballi and Theileria equi. Our study has confirmed that dogs are infected with a wide range of both large and small piroplasm species and subspecies, including B. caballi and T. equi, two parasites usually found in horses. The detection of the pathogenic species B. canis canis and B. gibsoni in asymptomatic dogs indicates that the relationship between parasite species/subspecies and clinical signs of infection in dogs deserves further investigation. Finally, the identities of the tick vectors transmitting T. annae and B. caballi remain to be elucidated.     

Species delimitation in the European species of Clavulina (Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) inferred from phylogenetic analyses of ITS region and morphological data

The identification of the conventionally accepted species of Clavulina (Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) in Europe (Clavulina amethystina, Clavulina cinerea, Clavulina cristata, and Clavulina rugosa) is often difficult and many specimens are not straightforwardly assignable to any of those four species, which is why some authors have questioned their identity. In order to assess the status of those species, a morphological examination was combined with the molecular analysis of the ITS region. The same six major clades were obtained in the Bayesian and parsimony phylogenetic analyses, and all six clades were well-supported at least by one of the analyses. Morphological characters, such as the overall branching pattern, the presence and intensity of grey colour, the cristation of the apices, and basidiospore size and shape were to various extents correlated with the phylogenetic signal obtained from the ITS region. The congruence between the molecular analyses and morphology, rather than geographical origin, suggests the existence of several species that can be delimited using a combined phylogenetic and morphological species recognition. The analyses revealed that C. cristata and C. rugosa are well-delimited species. In contrast, more than one taxa could be subsumed under the names C. amethystina and C. cinerea, the taxonomical complexity of which is discussed. The ITS region is proved to be adequate to separate phylogenetic species of Clavulina.     

Local immune response against larvae of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in Bos taurus indicus and Bos taurus taurus cattle

Bos taurus indicus cattle are less susceptible to infestation with Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus than Bos taurus taurus cattle but the immunological basis of this difference is not understood. We compared the dynamics of leukocyte infiltrations (T cell subsets, B cells, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-expressing cells, granulocytes) in the skin near the mouthparts of larvae of R. microplus in B. t. indicus and B. t. taurus cattle. Previously naïve cattle were infested with 50,000 larvae (B. t. indicus) or 10,000 larvae (B. t. taurus) weekly for 6 weeks. One week after the last infestation all of the animals were infested with 20,000 larvae of R. microplus. Skin punch biopsies were taken from all animals on the day before the primary infestation and from sites of larval attachment on the day after the first, second, fourth and final infestations. Infiltrations with CD3⁺, CD4⁺, CD8⁺ and γδ T cells followed the same pattern in both breeds, showing relatively little change during the first four weekly infestations, followed by substantial increases at 7 weeks post-primary infestation. There was a tendency for more of all cell types except granulocytes to be observed in the skin of B. t. indicus cattle but the differences between the two breeds were consistently significant only for γδ T cells. Granulocyte infiltrations increased more rapidly from the day after infestation and were higher in B. t. taurus cattle than in B. t. indicus. Granulocytes and MHC class II-expressing cells infiltrated the areas closest to the mouthparts of larvae. A large volume of granulocyte antigens was seen in the gut of attached, feeding larvae.     

Mycobiota associated with the ambrosia beetle Scolytodes unipunctatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae)

Ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) are associated with strictly entomochoric and mutualistic fungi. We studied the mycobiota associated with Scolytodes unipunctatus, ambrosia beetles that infest Cecropia trees in Central America. Isolates were characterized using morphology and rDNA sequences (ITS region, LSU, and SSU rDNA). Four species are described here: Raffaelea scolytodis sp. nov. (Ophiostomatales), Gondwanamyces scolytodis sp. nov., Custingophora cecropiae sp. nov., and Graphium sp. (Microascales). The genus Custingophora is emended to include Knoxdaviesia anamorphs of Gondwanamyces based on uniformity of DNA sequences and phenotype.     

Classification of Achromobacter genogroups 2, 5, 7 and 14 as Achromobacter insuavis sp. nov., Achromobacter aegrifaciens sp. nov., Achromobacter anxifer sp. nov. and Achromobacter dolens sp. nov., respectively

The phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of seventeen Achromobacter strains representing MLST genogroups 2, 5, 7 and 14 were examined. Although genogroup 2 and 14 strains shared a DNA–DNA hybridization level of about 70%, the type strains of both genogroups differed in numerous biochemical characteristics and all genogroup 2 and 14 strains could by distinguished by nitrite reduction, denitrification and growth on acetamide. Given the MLST sequence divergence which identified genogroups 2 and 14 as clearly distinct populations, the availability of nrdA sequence analysis as a single locus identification tool for all Achromobacter species and genogroups, and the differential phenotypic characteristics, we propose to formally classify Achromobacter genogroups 2, 5, 7 and 14 as four novel Achromobacter species for which we propose the names Achromobacter insuavis sp. nov. (with strain LMG 26845^T [= CCUG 62426^T] as the type strain), Achromobacter aegrifaciens sp. nov. (with strain LMG 26852^T [= CCUG 62438^T] as the type strain), Achromobacter anxifer sp. nov. (with strain LMG 26857^T [= CCUG 62444^T] as the type strain), and Achromobacter dolens sp. nov. (with strain LMG 26840^T [= CCUG 62421^T] as the type strain).