miRNA378*表达对柯萨奇B3病毒感染乳鼠心肌细胞凋亡、网腔钙结合蛋白、内质网应激伴侣蛋白表达的影响

目的：研究沉默miRNA378^*表达对柯萨奇B3病毒（CVB3）感染心肌细胞凋亡、内质网应激、网腔钙结合蛋白（calumenin）影响。方法：原代培养乳鼠心肌细胞分为：对照组（正常细胞）、柯萨奇病毒感染组（正常细胞+柯萨奇B3病毒）、miRNA378^*沉默对照组（正常细胞+柯萨奇B3病毒+转染miRNA378^*空质粒）、miRNA378^*沉默组（正常细胞+柯萨奇B3病毒+转染miRNA378^*沉默质粒）,各组细胞分别转染和感染处理后置37℃、CO₂培养箱中培养3 d。检测细胞α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-SMA）、细胞凋亡率、网腔钙结合蛋白、葡萄糖调节蛋白78（GRP78）及内质网应激信号通路因子激活转录因子6（ATF6）、转录因子C/EBP同源蛋白（CHOP）的表达。结果：通过检测ɑ-SMA蛋白,证实分离乳鼠细胞为心室肌细胞。TUNEL法检测不同组心室细胞凋亡情况发现,柯萨奇病毒感染组心室肌细胞凋亡明显,与柯萨奇病毒感染组心肌细胞相比较,miRNA378^*沉默组心肌细胞凋亡细胞量明显减少。与柯萨奇病毒感染组比较,Calumenin表达减少（P<0.01）,而GRP78、ATF6、CHOP表达增加（P<0.01）。结论：CVB3病毒感染心肌细胞作用与miRNA378^*,引发内质网应激并激活信号通路因子,心肌细胞凋亡增加。     

内质网应激

内质网应激表现为内质网腔内错误折叠与未折叠蛋白聚集以及Ca^2 平衡紊乱,可激活未折叠蛋白反应、内质网超负荷反应和caspase-12介导的凋亡通路等信号途径,既能诱导糖调节蛋白(glucose-regulated protein 78kD,GRP78)、GRP94等内质网分子伴侣表达而产生保护效应,亦能独立地诱导细胞凋亡。内质网应激直接影响应激细胞的转归,如适应、损伤或凋亡。     

内质网应激介导的细胞凋亡

内质网是细胞内重要的细胞器,内质网功能的损伤引起ER应激(ERS).内质网通过激活未折叠蛋白质反应(UPR)以保护由内质网应激所引起的细胞损伤,恢复细胞功能,包括暂停早期蛋白质合成、内质网分子伴侣和折叠酶的转录激活、内质网相关性降解(ERAD)的诱导.长期过强的内质网应激诱导内质网相关性细胞凋亡,清除受损细胞,包括内质网应激诱导CHOP/GADD153表达、JNK的激活以及caspase-12蛋白水解酶的活化等一系列生物学效应.     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病细胞凋亡的内质网应激启动机制

内质网应激反应,是由于某些因素导致内质网的生理功能紊乱引起的一种细胞自我防御保护机制.内质网应激所诱导的细胞凋亡是近年来新被认识的一种凋亡途径,它不同于既往经典线粒体、死亡受体介导的细胞凋亡.当短暂性内质网应激时,通过激活未折叠蛋白反应来增强机体自我保护及生存能力;而持续性应激状态下,如非酒精性脂肪性肝病所诱导的内质网应激启动一系列凋亡途径如CHOP、JNK、Caspase等,上述凋亡途径可以加速诱导肝细胞凋亡,使NAFLD向肝纤维化方向甚至肝硬化发展.     

内质网应激与急性肺损伤的研究进展

正内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERs)表现为内质网腔内错误折叠与未折叠蛋白聚集以及钙离子平衡紊乱,可激活未折叠蛋白反应、内质网超负荷反应和caspase-12介导的凋亡通路等信号途径,既能诱导葡萄糖调节蛋白78(glucose regulated protein 78kD,GRP78)、GRP94等内质网分子伴侣表达而产生保护效应,亦能独立诱导细胞凋亡。内质网应激直接影响应激细胞的转归,如适应、损伤或凋亡。急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)是在严重感染、休克、创伤及烧伤等非心源性疾病过程中,肺毛细血管内皮细胞和肺     

CHOP双重调控衣霉素诱导的DU-145细胞凋亡及自噬的研究

目的研究内质网应激分子CHOP调控细胞凋亡与自噬的作用和机制。 方法利用衣霉素诱导DU-145细胞产生内质网应激,Western Blot法检测内质网应激相关分子Grp78、Grp94、p-eIF2α和CHOP及自噬蛋白LC3Ⅱ、Atg5和Beclin1的表达;用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡水平;沉默CHOP基因,用Western Blot法检测凋亡蛋白PARP、Caspase3的表达,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;并利用免疫荧光检测自噬标志性蛋白LC3B的表达。 结果衣霉素诱导DU-145细胞内质网应激能诱导一定程度的细胞凋亡,衣霉素处理8、12、24?h的细胞凋亡率分别为3.27﹪±1.02﹪,8.97﹪±0.71﹪和11.67﹪±1.41﹪,处理12?h及24?h的细胞凋亡率与对照组相比差异具有统计学意义（P < 0.01）。同时也能通过抑制PI3K/AKt/mTOR信号通路激活DU-145细胞自噬。CHOP基因沉默抑制细胞凋亡,shCtrl组细胞凋亡率为32.17﹪±3.93﹪,shCHOP-1组细胞凋亡率为23.53﹪±3.41﹪,两组相比差异具有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。且CHOP基因沉默能促进细胞自噬分子LC3B的表达。 结论衣霉素诱导DU-145细胞内质网应激状态下,CHOP在细胞凋亡与自噬之间发挥双重调控作用。     

高糖诱导滋养层细胞内质网应激及凋亡

目的探讨高糖对滋养层细胞系HTR-8内质网应激及凋亡的影响。方法用不同浓度的含糖培养基培养人滋养层细胞系HTR-8细胞24小时,实时定量PCR检测细胞中内质网应激相关分子CHOP、GRP78、ATF6、XBP-1 mRNA的表达水平;Western blot检测CHOP、GRP78蛋白表达水平;流式细胞术检测细胞早期凋亡率。结果实时定量PCR结果显示,与正常血糖及渗透压对照组相比,高糖组CHOP及XBP-1 mRNA表达水平显著升高,GRP78 mRNA表达降低,ATF6表达无差异;Western blot检测显示,CHOP蛋白表达水平升高,GRP78蛋白表达水平降低;流式细胞术检测显示,高糖组细胞早期凋亡率增加。正常血糖组与渗透压对照组相比,CHOP、GRP78、ATF6、XBP-1 mRNA、蛋白表达水平及细胞早期凋亡率均无差异。结论高糖能激活滋养层细胞HTR-8内质网应激,并诱导细胞凋亡。     

未折叠蛋白应答与疾病的关系

在Ca2 稳态平衡紊乱、葡萄糖饥饿、错误折叠蛋白质的表达、蛋白质糖基化的抑制或胆固醇合成超载等胁迫条件下,会导致内质网内积累大量的未折叠蛋白质,形成内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS),对细胞产生根本性的危害。在应激条件下,内质网会产生未折叠蛋白应答(unfolded protein responseUPR),通过改变细胞的转录和翻译过程来缓解内质网应激,维持细胞功能;但是,如果细胞长时间处于UPR条件下,则会诱导细胞凋亡。     

内质网应激的细胞效应分子机制

内质网应激（endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERs）是内质网腔内错误折叠蛋白聚积的一种适应性反应,适度ERs通过激活未折叠蛋白反应起适应性的细胞保护作用,而过高和持久的ERs则通过诱导转录因子CHOP表达、激活caspase-12和c—Jun氨基末端激酶（JNK）等导致细胞凋亡。近年来,越来越多的研究提示内质网应激是神经退行性病变、2型糖尿病以及肥胖等疾病发生过程中的重要环节。对内质网应激的细胞效应分子机制进行综述。随着对ERs机制理解的深入,有可能会发现新的分子标志物或新的诊疗策略。     

不同程度内质网应激对巨噬细胞自噬的影响

目的：采用ox-LDL诱导巨噬细胞泡沫化模型,通过不同剂量衣霉素诱导巨噬细胞不同程度内质网应激,观察对其自噬的影响。方法：不同剂量衣霉素作用于小鼠巨噬细胞系RAW264．7,通过TUNEL染色检测其凋亡率,Westernblot检测内质网应激蛋白GRP78,以及自噬标志蛋白P62的表达水平。结果：与ox-LDL组和大剂量衣霉素组相比,小剂量衣霉素组可以显著减少巨噬细胞的凋亡（P〈0．01）;与ox-LDL组相比,小剂量衣霉素组上调内质网应激蛋白GRP78表达的同时,自噬标志蛋白P62适度下降（P〈0．01）;大剂量衣霉素组更为显著地上调了内质网应激蛋白GRP78表达,但同时自噬标志蛋白P62也显著增加（P〈0．01）。结论：小剂量衣霉素引起一定程度的内质网应激,可以激活适度的自噬,从而减少巨噬细胞的凋亡,可能有助于降低动脉粥样硬化的程度。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒研究进展

传染性法氏囊病(Infection bursal disease, IBD)是由鸡传染性法氏囊病毒(Infectious bursal disease virus, IBDV)引起的鸡和火鸡的一种高度接触性传染病,给世界各国的禽养殖业带来了巨大损失.自IBDV发现至今新的变异株不断出现,分子结构的改变导致病毒致病力的改变及宿主对疫苗应答的改变,使得传统的疫苗已不能控制其流行,因此各国学者对其基因组结构和功能进行了广泛深入的研究,并积极研制新型有效的疫苗以达到防治的目的.     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).