中国森林碳动态及其对全球碳平衡的贡献

利用我国第一次（１９７３－１９７６年）至第四次（１９８９－１９９３年）森林资源清查资料,依据建立的不同森林类型生物量和蓄积量之间的回归方程,对我国近２０ａ来森林的碳储量进行了推算。结果表明：我国４次森林资源清查中森林的总碳储量分别是３．７５、４．１２、４．０６和４．２０ＰｇＣ,虽然存在一定的波动现象,但总体呈增加的趋势,自第１次森林资源清查末期至第４次清查结束的１７ａ间,我国森林共增加０．４５Ｐｇ     

美国生物圈二号内生长在高CO2浓度下的10种植物气孔导率,蒸腾速率…

报道了美国生物圈二号内生长在高ＣＯ２浓度下（〉２２００μｍｏｌ．ｍｏｌ＾－１）４．５年后的５种热带雨林植物和５种荒漠植物气孔导率,蒸腾速率和水分利用效率的变化,结果表明,热带雨林植物在ＣＯ２浓度为３５０～４００μｍｏｌ．ｍｏｌ＾－１时的气孔导度,蒸腾速率和水分利用效率分别为：（１２７．４±６５．６）ｍｍｏｌ．ｍ＾－２．ｓ＾－１,（２．０４±０．６１）ｍｍｏｌ．ｍ＾－２．ｓ＾－１和（２．９０±０．５     

西双版纳热带季节雨林6种树种幼树在林下的光合作用

本文研究了西双版纳热带季节６种树种幼树在林下的光合作用。６种树种的叶单位重量面积为１６．０２－２８．６７ｍ＾２．ｋｇ＾－１、光合作用光补偿点为３．８－６．５μｍｏｌ．ｍ＾－２．ｓ－１、光量子产率为０．０１８－０．０４４、最大净光合速率为１．９７－４．７１μｍｏｌＣＯ２．ｍ＾－２．ｓ＾－１ ４６．９９－９２．３３μｍｏｌＣＯ．ｋｇ＾－１．ｓ＾－１（以单位叶干重表示）、暗呼吸速率为０．１５－０．３１μ     

加压素(4 -8)对大鼠脑内Ca2+/CaM依赖的蛋白激酶Ⅱ自身磷酸化的影响

大鼠皮下注射加压素（ＡＶＰ）（４－８）１ｈ后,大脑皮层中Ｃａ＾２＋／ＣａＭ依赖的蛋白激酶Ⅱ自身磷酸化程度与对照组比较增高１９２％,Ｐ〈０．００１;海马中增高４０％,Ｐ〈０．０５。ＣａＭＫⅡ的自身磷酸化程度依赖于Ｃａ＾２＋及ＣａＭ浓度。在用抗 ＣａＭＫⅡα单克隆抗体对给药１ｈ组样品和对照组样品进行免疫印迹检测时,发现皮下注射ＡＶＰ（４－８）１ｈ后,大脑皮层中ＣａＭＫⅡα亚基的蛋白量没有明显差异。ＡＶ     

中国森林C汇功能基本估计

根据森林资源消长状况和未来变化趋势,对中国森林因Ｃ的现状和潜力进行了估计和预测．结果表明,中国森林目前Ｃ积累高于Ｃ释放,年平均净固Ｃ量为０．８６２７×１０８ｔ·ａ－１,在未来２０年内中国森林净固Ｃ能力约增加７７３×１０４ｔ·ａ－１．到２０００年,中国森林固Ｃ能力将达到１．４６９７×１０８ｔ·ａ－１．     

新疆呼图壁种牛场地区13种优势植物水溶性盐分的含量特点及数量分析

通过对新疆呼图壁种牛场地区１３种耐盐植物水溶性盐分含量的分析,结果阐述了盐分分布和积累的特点：１）大部分植物在盐分含量水平上是：Ｎａ＾＋〉Ｋ＾＋〉Ｍｇ＾２＋〉Ｃａ＾２＋,Ｃｌ＾－〉ＳＯ４＾２－〉ＨＣＯ３＾－〉ＣＯ３＾２－,Ｎａ＾＋超过２００００μｇ／ｇ,Ｃａ＾２＋不足８００μｇ／ｇ;Ｃｌ＾－达４．１６％,ＣＯ３＾２－仅为０．１１％。全盐量平均为２５．８１％;２）ＣＯ３＾２－、ＨＣＯ３＾－和Ｃａ＾２     

湄洲湾夏季生物有机碳的研究

湄洲弯夏季浮游植物有机碳的调查结果表明,活体有机碳「（ＰＯＣ（Ｂ）」含量为４２．５０－１８５．０μｇ／ｄｍｄｍ＾３,平均值为７７．５ｇ／ｄｍ＾３ＰＯＣ（Ｂ）和叶绿素（Ｃｈｌａ）的转移系数为６２．４;由三磷酸腺苷（ＡＴＰ）计算所得ＰＯＣ（Ｂ）要比由光合作用速率（ＰＲ）所计算的结果大,同时,同化系数（ＰＩ）的变化为０．７８－２．２２ｈ＾－１,它的垂直变化与ＰＯＣ（Ｂ）分布有关。氮是湄洲湾初级生产力的限     

基于NDVI的中国天然森林植被净第一性生产力模型

根据叶面积指数、归一化植被指数（ＮＤＶＩ）建立了中国森林植被净第一性生产力（ＮＰＰ）模型：ＮＰＰ＝－０．６３９４－６７．０６４ｌｎ（１－ＮＤＶＩ）经我国１３组森林植被生产力数据的验证表明,该模型的预测结果与实测值相符较好。通过与Ｃｈｉｋｕｏ模型和综合模型（周广胜等,１９９６）预测结果的比较,该模型在总体上优于Ｃｈｉｋｕｇｏ模型和综合模型。表明基于ＮＤＶＩ的净第一生产力模型对我国森林植被有良好的适应     

血管紧张素Ⅱ对大鼠心肌肌浆网Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+)-ATPase基因转录调节的影响

观察血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡｎｇⅡ）对心肌肌浆网Ｃａ２＋,Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ基因（ＳＥＲＣＡ２ａ）转录调节的影响,评价ＤＭＰ８１１对此效应的干预作用．６周龄雄性ＳＤ大鼠随机分为３组,每组６只．组１：生理盐水输注;组２：ＡｎｇⅡ输注＋ＤＭＰ８１１管饲（３ｍｇ·ｄ－１·ｋｇ－１）;组３：ＡｎｇⅡ输注（２００ｎｇ·ｍｉｎ－１·ｋｇ－１．１周后称其体重,取心脏并称重,提取心脏总ＲＮＡ后采用Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ的方法检测ＳＥＲ－ＣＡ２ａ的转录水平,采用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ检测ＡｎｇⅡ１型受体（ＡＴ１）ｍＲＮＡ水平．实验后,组３心重（ＣＷ）、心重／体重（Ｃ／Ｂ）、ＡＴ１受体转录水平均高于组１（分别增加４．７±０．４％,４．９±０．９％和２４．７±３．５％;Ｐ＜０．０１）,而ＳＥＲＣＡ２ａ基因转录水平显著低于组１（降低２０．１±３．０％,Ｐ＜０．０１）,并且ＳＥＲＣＡ２ａｍＲＮＡ水平与ＡＴ１受体ｍＲＮＡ水平呈负相关（ｒ＝－０．７４,Ｐ＜０．０１）．ＡｎｇⅡ导致的上述改变能被ＤＭＰ８１１完全阻断．ＡｎｇⅡ通过其Ⅰ型受体的介导,诱导了ＳＥＲＣＡ２ａ的转录下调     

不同时期羊草群落光合速率与环境条件之间的关系模型

利用１９８１－１９８５年间,内蒙古典型草原羊草群落光合速率和环境因子观测资料,按４个不同时期进行逐步多元回归,得到４个回归方程如下：１．６月上中旬植物生长初期,群落光合主要与光照强度和温度有关。其回归方程是ｙ＝－０．６８３＋０．４４４ｘ１－０．０３９１ｘ＋０．０７４２ｘ３－０．００１６４ｘ＾２３（式中ｙ为羊草群我合速率ｇＣｏ２／ｍ＾７２．ｈ,ｘ１是光照强度１０ｋｌｘ,ｘ３为空气温度Ｃ）。方程的复相     

华北地区油松林生态系统对气候变化和CO2浓度升高的响应——基于BIOME-BGC模型和树木年轮的模拟

应用BIOME-BGC模型和树木年轮数据模拟1952-2008年华北地区典型油松林生态系统净初级生产力(NPP)动态,探究了树木径向生长和NPP对区域气候变暖的响应以及未来气候情景下油松林生态系统NPP动态变化.结果表明:1952-2008年,研究区油松林生态系统NPP波动于244.12 ～645.31 g C·m-2·a-1,平均值为418.6 g C·m-2·a-1.5-6月的平均温度和上年8月至当年7月的降水是限制该地区油松径向生长和油松林生态系统NPP的主要因子.研究期间,随着区域暖干化趋势的加强,树木径向生长和生态系统NPP均呈下降趋势.未来气候情景下,NPP对温度和降水的单独和复合变化的响应为正向.CO2浓度升高有利于油松林生态系统NPP的增加,CO2的施肥效应使NPP增加16.1％.在生态系统和区域水平,树木年轮是一种理想的指示生态系统动态变化的代用资料,可以检验和校正包括BIOME-BGC模型在内的各种生态系统过程模型.     

中国东北样带植被净初级生产力时空动态遥感模拟

 中国东北样带(Northeast China Transect, NECT)是中纬度半干旱区的国际地圈-生物圈计划(IGBP)陆地样带之一, 是全球变化研究的 重要手段与热点。该研究应用生态系统碳循环过程CASA(Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach)模型分析了NECT从1982~1999年植被净初级生产力 (Net primary productivity, NPP)的时空变异及其影响因子。结果表明, 1) 1982~1999年NECT植被NPP为58 ~ 811 g C·m^–2·a^–1, 平均为426 g C·m^–2·a^–1, 大体上呈现由东向西逐渐递减的趋势; 2)研究时段内NECT的总NPP变异范围是0.218 ~ 0.325 Pg C, 平均为0.270 Pg C (1 Pg = 10¹⁵ g); 3) NECT的总NPP在过去18年内整体呈显著性增加趋势, 其中从1982~1990年样带NPP呈显著性增加趋势, 而后期1991~1999样带NPP没 有显著性变化趋势; 4)沿NECT不同植被类型对气候变化的响应特征是不同的, 在研究时段内, 农田、典型草原和草甸草原表现出最大的NPP增加 量, 而典型草原、荒漠草原对气候变化表现出高的敏感性; 5) NECT植被NPP的空间分布格局是由年降水量的分布格局所决定, 而NPP的时间变异 则由年降水量、年太阳总辐射的变化所影响驱动。     

中国陆地生态系统净初级生产力时空变化特征及影响因素

为揭示气候变化背景下我国各陆地生态系统净初级生产力(NPP)的时空分布特征与驱动机制,引入重心模型分析2000—2017年我国NPP的空间分布格局变化,并利用相关分析方法结合Thornthwaite Memorial模型定量区分气候变化与人类活动影响NPP的相对作用。结果表明：(1)2000—2017年全国NPP均值为325.86 g C/m²,整体呈现出南方高北方低,东南向西北逐渐递减的特点。(2)近18年全国与各陆地生态系统NPP均呈现增长趋势,全国NPP增长速率为4.4597 g C m^-2 a^-1,总净增加约0.391 Pg C。空间上全国与森林、草地、荒漠生态系统的NPP重心向东北方向移动,农田与城市生态系统的NPP重心向西北方向移动,表明NPP在该方向上的增速和增量最大。(3)全国NPP在华北、西北地区与四川盆地主要受降水的影响,在青藏高原与云贵高原的东部主要受气温的影响,各陆地生态系统之间城市生态系统NPP对降水响应的敏感度相对最高,荒漠生态系统NPP对温度响应的敏感度相对最高。(4)气候变化和人类活动对全...     

中国森林植被碳库的动态变化及其意义

利用1949年至1998年间7次森林资源清查资料,结合使用森林生物量实测资料,采用改良的生物量换算因子法,推算了中国50年来森林碳库和平均碳密度的变化,分析了中国森林植被的CO2源汇功能,结果表明,70年代中期以前,主要由于森林砍伐等人为作用,中国森林碳库和碳密度都是减少的,碳储量减少了0．62PgC（Pg＝10^15g),年均减少约0．024PgC。之后,呈增加趋势。在最近的20多年中,森林碳库由70年代末期的4．38PgC增加到1998年的4．75PgC,共增加0．37PgC,年平均增加0．022PgC。这种增加主要由人工造林增加所致。20多年来,由于人工林增加导致碳汇增加0．45PgC,年平均增加吸收0．021PgC／a。人工林的平均碳密度也显增加,共增加了约一倍。这除了人工成林增多外,气温上升和CO2浓度施肥也可能是促进森林生长的重要因子。     

中国陆地生态系统对全球变化的敏感性研究

根据自然植被净第一性生产力综合模型和农业净第一性生产力模型计算了我国自然植被及农作物的净第一性生产力,结果表明:在所有可能的气候条件下,我国陆地生态系统的生产力表现出由东南向西北递减的趋势及明显的条带状分布,并在新疆地区形成明显的低值区。在年平均气温升高2℃且降水不变的情况下,湿润地区生产力增加幅度最大,约增加1～2tDW·hm~(-2)·a~(-1);在年平均气温升高2℃、年降水增加20％的情况下,干旱、半干旱地区生产力增加幅度最大,约增加0.5～3.0tDW·hm~(-2)·a~(-1);在年平均气温升高2℃、年降水减少20％的情况下,湿润地区生产力提高约0.5～1.0tDW·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),干旱、半干旱地区生产力降低约0.5～2.0tDW·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。     

Impacts of tropospheric ozone and climate change on net primary productivity and net carbon exchange of China's forest ecosystems

Aim We investigated how ozone pollution and climate change/variability have interactively affected net primary productivity (NPP) and net carbon exchange (NCE) across China's forest ecosystem in the past half century. Location Continental China. Methods Using the dynamic land ecosystem model (DLEM) in conjunction with 10‐km‐resolution gridded historical data sets (tropospheric O₃ concentrations, climate variability/change, and other environmental factors such as land‐cover/land‐use change (LCLUC), increasing CO₂ and nitrogen deposition), we conducted nine simulation experiments to: (1) investigate the temporo‐spatial patterns of NPP and NCE in China's forest ecosystems from 1961–2005; and (2) quantify the effects of tropospheric O₃ pollution alone or in combination with climate variability and other environmental stresses on forests' NPP and NCE. Results China's forests acted as a carbon sink during 1961–2005 as a result of the combined effects of O₃, climate, CO₂, nitrogen deposition and LCLUC. However, simulated results indicated that elevated O₃ caused a 7.7% decrease in national carbon storage, with O₃‐induced reductions in NCE (Pg C year^?1) ranging from 0.4–43.1% among different forest types. Sensitivity experiments showed that climate change was the dominant factor in controlling changes in temporo‐spatial patterns of annual NPP. The combined negative effects of O₃ pollution and climate change on NPP and NCE could be largely offset by the positive fertilization effects of nitrogen deposition and CO₂. Main conclusions In the future, tropospheric O₃ should be taken into account in order to fully understand the variations of carbon sequestration capacity of forests and assess the vulnerability of forest ecosystems to climate change and air pollution. Reducing air pollution in China is likely to increase the resilience of forests to climate change. This paper offers the first estimate of how prevention of air pollution can help to increase forest productivity and carbon sequestration in China's forested ecosystems.     

华北地区油松林生态系统对气候变化和CO2浓度升高的响应——基于BIOME-BGC模型和树木年轮的模拟

应用BIOME-BGC模型和树木年轮数据模拟1952-2008年华北地区典型油松林生态系统净初级生产力（NPP）动态,探究了树木径向生长和NPP对区域气候变暖的响应以及未来气候情景下油松林生态系统NPP动态变化.结果表明：1952-2008年,研究区油松林生态系统NPP波动于244.12～645.31 g C·m^-2·a^-1,平均值为418.6 g C·m^-2·a^-1.5-6月的平均温度和上年8月至当年7月的降水是限制该地区油松径向生长和油松林生态系统NPP的主要因子.研究期间,随着区域暖干化趋势的加强,树木径向生长和生态系统NPP均呈下降趋势.未来气候情景下,NPP对温度和降水的单独和复合变化的响应为正向.CO₂浓度升高有利于油松林生态系统NPP的增加,CO₂的施肥效应使NPP增加16.1%.在生态系统和区域水平,树木年轮是一种理想的指示生态系统动态变化的代用资料,可以检验和校正包括BIOME-BGC模型在内的各种生态系统过程模型.     

Estimating carbon carrying capacity in natural forest ecosystems across heterogeneous landscapes: addressing sources of error

Evaluating contributions of forest ecosystems to climate change mitigation requires well‐calibrated carbon cycle models with quantified baseline carbon stocks. An appropriate baseline for carbon accounting of natural forests at landscape scales is carbon carrying capacity (CCC); defined as the mass of carbon stored in an ecosystem under prevailing environmental conditions and natural disturbance regimes but excluding anthropogenic disturbance. Carbon models require empirical measurements for input and calibration, such as net primary production (NPP) and total ecosystem carbon stock (equivalent to CCC at equilibrium). We sought to improve model calibration by addressing three sources of errors that cause uncertainty in carbon accounting across heterogeneous landscapes: (1) data‐model representation, (2) data‐object representation, (3) up‐scaling. We derived spatially explicit empirical models based on environmental variables across landscape scales to estimate NPP (based on a synthesis of global site data of NPP and gross primary productivity, n=27), and CCC (based on site data of carbon stocks in natural eucalypt forests of southeast Australia, n=284). The models significantly improved predictions, each accounting for 51% of the variance. Our methods to reduce uncertainty in baseline carbon stocks, such as using appropriate calibration data from sites with minimal human disturbance, measurements of large trees and incorporating environmental variability across the landscape, have generic application to other regions and ecosystem types. These analyses resulted in forest CCC in southeast Australia (mean total biomass of 360 t C ha^?1, with cool moist temperate forests up to 1000 t C ha^?1) that are larger than estimates from other national and international (average biome 202 t C ha^?1) carbon accounting systems. Reducing uncertainty in estimates of carbon stocks in natural forests is important to allow accurate accounting for losses of carbon due to human activities and sequestration of carbon by forest growth.     

China's crop productivity and soil carbon storage as influenced by multifactor global change

Much concern has been raised about how multifactor global change has affected food security and carbon sequestration capacity in China. By using a process‐based ecosystem model, the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM), in conjunction with the newly developed driving information on multiple environmental factors (climate, atmospheric CO₂, tropospheric ozone, nitrogen deposition, and land cover/land use change), we quantified spatial and temporal patterns of net primary production (NPP) and soil organic carbon storage (SOC) across China's croplands during 1980–2005 and investigated the underlying mechanisms. Simulated results showed that both crop NPP and SOC increased from 1980 to 2005, and the highest annual NPP occurred in the Southeast (SE) region (0.32 Pg C yr^?1, 35.4% of the total NPP) whereas the largest annual SOC (2.29 Pg C yr^?1, 35.4% of the total SOC) was found in the Northeast (NE) region. Land management practices, particularly nitrogen fertilizer application, appear to be the most important factor in stimulating increase in NPP and SOC. However, tropospheric ozone pollution and climate change led to NPP reduction and SOC loss. Our results suggest that China's crop productivity and soil carbon storage could be enhanced through minimizing tropospheric ozone pollution and improving nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency.     

Biomass carbon stocks in China’s forests between 2000 and 2050: A prediction based on forest biomass-age relationships

China’s forests are characterized by young forest age, low carbon density and a large area of planted forests, and thus have high potential to act as carbon sinks in the future. Using China’s national forest inventory data during 1994–1998 and 1999–2003, and direct field measurements, we investigated the relationships between forest biomass density and forest age for 36 major forest types. Statistical approaches and the predicted future forest area from the national forestry development plan were applied to estimate the potential of forest biomass carbon storage in China during 2000–2050. Under an assumption of continuous natural forest growth, China’s existing forest biomass carbon (C) stock would increase from 5.86 Pg C (1 Pg=10¹⁵ g) in 1999–2003 to 10.23 Pg C in 2050, resulting in a total increase of 4.37 Pg C. Newly planted forests through afforestation and reforestation will sequestrate an additional 2.86 Pg C in biomass. Overall, China’s forests will potentially act as a carbon sink for 7.23 Pg C during the period 2000–2050, with an average carbon sink of 0.14 Pg C yr⁻¹. This suggests that China’s forests will be a significant carbon sink in the next 50 years.