自噬在抵御微生物免疫反应中的功能

在发现初期,自噬被认为是细胞降解自身成分、适应饥饿应急的代谢机制。进一步研究发现自噬对许多生命过程行使重要的调节作用,其中可以调节机体的免疫防御系统。自噬可以直接捕获并清除感染的微生物病原体,也能够与模式识别受体信号通路相互作用,调节天然免疫反应,抵御微生物感染。而且,自噬可通过调节抗原递呈和T细胞的激活,促进抗原特异的获得性免疫。本文旨在讨论自噬调节机体免疫防御的机制,集中于三方面的功能:直接清除微生物;调节天然免疫反应;以及促进获得性免疫的产生。     

Toll样受体(TLRs)的信号转导与免疫调节

Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLRs)是进化中比较保守的一个受体家族,至少包括10个成员.TLRs能特异地识别病原相关的分子模式(PAMPs),不仅在激活天然免疫中发挥重要的作用,而且还调节获得性免疫,是连接天然免疫和获得性免疫的桥梁.近年来,TLRs信号转导的研究,特别是在负调控研究领域,进展非常迅速.对TLRs信号通路新进展以及TLRs在抗感染免疫中的作用进行了综述.     

内源性抗生素肽──天然免疫的重要介质

天然免疫在发生学上是古老的抗感染防御系统。由于对以克隆选择为基础的获得性免疫研究的长足进展,人们把主要注意力集中在获得性免疫上,以致忽略了天然免疫的重要性,甚至常常把天然免疫系统看成是一个"废弃"的器官,天然免疫的研究似乎已不再叫做"免疫学"。新近对天然免疫分子机制研究的进展以及天然免疫与获得性免疫反应之间重要功能联系的发现,上述传统观念受到挑战［１－４］。在分子水平上认识天然免疫机制,可能为一些重要感染性疾病的防治开辟新路。内源性抗生素肽是近１０年来在天然免疫分子机制研究方面所获得的重要进展之一［…     

重组腺相关病毒载体诱导的天然免疫反应及机制

重组腺相关病毒(rAAV)已成为基因治疗领域应用最广泛的载体之一。临床前研究显示其具有很高的安全性,但人体免疫毒性仍是制约其临床疗效的关键,因此有关rAAV免疫机制的研究成为近期热点。尽管天然免疫在获得性免疫反应中发挥重要作用,但与rAAV有关的天然免疫研究过去一直未被重视。直到最近,才确认有至少3种人体细胞(树突状细胞、巨噬细胞和内皮细胞)参与了rAAV的天然免疫,作用机制为可识别载体基因组的TLR9或病毒衣壳TLR2所介导,NF-κB或干扰素调节因子(IRFs)信号通路被激活,导致各种炎性因子及I型干扰素的大量表达。自身互补型rAAV诱导的TLR9依赖性天然免疫较单链rAAV更为强烈。本文重点对近期发现的激活天然免疫反应的宿主与rAAV的相互作用、涉及的信号通路、天然免疫对获得性免疫以及转基因表达的影响进行综述。     

免疫佐剂作用机制及CpG ODN作为新型佐剂的研究

免疫佐剂通过免疫调节作用等5种方式发挥功能,借助佐剂的非抗原特异性的多克隆激活是天然免疫细胞可能的作用机制.大部分佐剂通过直接参与天然免疫事件而间接/直接影响获得性免疫应答,不同的佐剂可针对不同的事件发挥作用.CpG ODN作为佐剂的优势在新近的研究中被逐渐发现.     

Toll样受体与树突状细胞介导的天然免疫和获得性免疫

树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DCs)作为迄今所发现的抗原提呈功能最强的一类抗原提呈细胞,是联结天然免疫和获得性免疫的桥梁。Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLRs)是一类进化保守的胚系编码的模式识别受体,在DCs的抗原识别、递呈及激活T细胞等方面具有重要作用,是机体受外来抗原入侵后作出适当免疫反应的调控点。现就TLRs在不同DCs亚群中的分布、与DCs介导的天然免疫和获得性免疫的关系及DCs功能可塑性的分子基础作一综述。     

泛素样蛋白ISG15在抗病毒天然免疫中的作用

干扰素刺激基因15(ISG15)编码的蛋白是抗病毒天然免疫通路中的重要调节因子,病毒感染和干扰素刺激均可强烈诱导ISG15的表达。ISG15是最早发现的泛素样蛋白,可对细胞内多种蛋白进行修饰并调节蛋白功能,但不介导蛋白质的降解,在机体抗病毒天然免疫反应中发挥重要作用,其机制尚未完全明确。近几年对ISG15的研究有所突破,发现了ISG15在抗病毒天然免疫反应中的新功能。我们简要概述了泛素样蛋白ISG15的概况、修饰酶系统及ISG15在抗病毒天然免疫反应中功能的研究进展。     

细胞内模式识别受体NOD2信号转导及其调节

近年新发现的NOD2被证实是一细胞内模式识别受体,广泛参与宿主对病原体的多种免疫和炎症应答。与Toll样受体一样,它在调节天然免疫和获得性免疫方面具有重要意义,是联系天然免疫与特异性免疫的重要桥梁。该文着重介绍NOD2识别的配体及其方式、NOD2信号转导通路及其调节机制方面的有关进展。     

趋化因子及其受体在连接天然免疫与获得性免疫中的作用

病原侵入组织引起天然免疫中巨噬细胞(Mφ)分泌趋化因子,趋化因子／趋化因子受体的表达与非成熟树突状细胞(DC)的迁移、成熟、归巢以及获得性免疫应答密切相关。整个过程涉及许多趋化因子和趋化因子受体的表达变化,正是这种表达变化的精细调节启动了免疫细胞的定向迁移、归巢和游走,搭起天然免疫和获得性免疫的桥梁。本文综述了趋化因子和趋化因子受体在连接天然免疫和获得性免疫应答中的重要作用。     

DC-SIGN与免疫调节

树突状细胞(DC)是目前所知体内功能最强大的专职抗原递呈细胞,它既能启动初始免疫应答,也能负向调控免疫反应,具有独特的免疫调节功能。DC-SIGN属于DC表面C型凝集素受体超家族成员,它既是DC病原体模式识别和黏附受体,又作为DC特征性多功能免疫分子,参与DC免疫调节作用。DC-SIGN在调节DC黏附迁移及炎症反应,激活初始T细胞及启动免疫应答,以及病原体与肿瘤的免疫逃逸等诸多方面发挥重要作用,已日益受到人们的关注。而对DC-SIGN在天然免疫和获得性免疫中调节作用及其相关机制的更深入研究,可为临床相关疾病机制探讨与防治进一步提供新的有力依据和干预途径。     

病原DNA识别及其诱导天然免疫调节机制研究进展

机体天然免疫系统拥有一系列可以探测和抵制微生物侵袭的机制.目前,关于病原RNA的细胞内识别机制有了较为深入的研究和相关报道,但细胞内病原DNA的识别和相应的天然免疫应答机制仍未完全被揭示.阐明上述机制有助于了解和治疗一系列微生物感染相关的疾病,包括病毒和细菌感染类疾病、病毒相关的肿瘤、自身免疫性疾病等.近年来,细胞内多个充当"DNA传感器"的分子和干扰素调节分子被认为在细胞质DNA诱导宿主天然免疫反应过程中起着关键性调节作用.综述了对细胞内病原DNA的主要识别分子、信号通路以及相关的天然免疫调控机制.     

Innate recognition of microbial-derived signals in immunity and inflammation

Microbes generate a vast array of different types of conserved structural components called pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs),which canbe recognized by cells of the innate immune system.This recognition of "nonself" signatures occurs through host pattern recognition receptors(PRRs),suggesting that microbial-derived signals are good targets for innate immunity to discriminate between self- and nonself.Such PAMP-PRR interactions trigger multiple but distinct downstream signaling cascades,subsequently leading to production of proinflammatory cytokines and interferons that tailor immune responses to particular microbes.Aberrant PRR signals have been associated with various inflammatory diseases and fine regulation of PRR signaling is essential for avoiding excessive inflammatory immune responses and maintaining immune homeostasis.In this review we summarize the ligands and signal transduction pathways of PRRs and highlight recent progress of the mechanisms involved in microbe-specific innate immune recognition during immune responses and inflammation,which may provide new targets for therapeutic intervention to the inflammatory disorders.     

Toll样受体（TLR）介导的天然免疫间的相互调节

模式识别受体（PRR）在宿主细胞识别与抵御微生物病原体中起到了重要作用。Toll样受体（TLR）是研究比较清楚的一类PRR,可以识别多种病原体成份,启动天然免疫反应。此外,近来发现了几类其他模式识别受体,如C型凝集素受体（CLR）,核苷酸寡聚结合域（NOD）样受体（NLR）和视黄酸诱导基因I（RIG—I）样受体（RLR）,表明机体的天然免疫反应受到多种机制的精密调控。本文着重综述TLR与其他PRR在识别病原体和介导天然免疫信号通路间的相互关系。     

Innate signaling in the inflammatory immune disorders

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of innate immune cells recognize the conserved molecular signatures on pathogens, termed pathogen-associated molecular patterns. PRRs also recognize endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns. Following pathogen infection or tissue damage, the stimulation of PRRs activates distinct but shared signaling pathways that lead to effector mechanisms in innate host defense. PRR signaling is strictly and finely tuned to ensure the appropriate duration and strength to prevent damaging inflammation to the host. Here we attempt to provide a brief background on the agonists and signal transduction pathways of PRRs and summarize the mechanisms underlying the control of PRR signaling, with a particular focus on the recent progress of the involvement of PRR signaling in the inflammatory immune disorders.     

鱼类模式识别受体的研究进展

天然免疫（innate immunity）是基于对病原微生物成分的非克隆性识别而启动的快速防御反应。天然免疫系统可通过胚系编码的模式识别受体（pattern-recognition receptors,PRR）识别恒定不变的病原基元,即病原相关分子模式（pathogen-associated molecular patterns,PAMPs）,启动信号级联转导,最终PRRs信号激活宿主免疫和前炎性基因的表达,引发针对所识别病原的免疫反应。目前PRRs主要分为5类,即C-型Lectins、Toll样受体（Toll-like receptors,TLRs）、视黄酸诱导基因I样受体（retinoic acid inducible gene I-like receptors,RLRs）、包含核苷酸结合区和亮氨酸富集区蛋白（the nucleotide-binding domain,leucine-rich repeatcontaining proteins,NLRs,也称NOD样受体）和最近发现的AIM样受体（absent in melanoma（AIM）-like receptors,ALRs）。近年来,随着5种鱼类基因组序列草图的完成,大量鱼类PRRs基因被发现,一些PRRs的配体特异性及其相关信号途径正在逐渐明晰。为此,将对鱼类Toll样受体（TLRs）、视黄酸诱导基因I样受体（RLRs）和NOD样受体（NLRs）的研究进展进行综述。     

Roles of IκB kinase ε in the innate immune defense and beyond

IκB kinase ε (IKKε) is a non-canonical IκB kinase that is extensively studied in the context of innate immune response. Recently, significant progress has been made in understanding the role of IKKε in interferon (IFN) signaling. In addition to its roles in innate immunity, recent studies also demonstrate that IKKε is a key regulator of the adaptive immune response. Specifically, IKKε functions as a negative feedback kinase to curtail CD8 T cell response, implying that it can be a potential therapeutic target to boost antiviral and antitumor T cell immunity. In this review, we highlight the roles of IKKε in regulating IFN signaling and T cell immunity, and discuss a few imminent questions that remain to be answered.     

Vpu mediates depletion of interferon regulatory factor 3 during HIV infection by a lysosome-dependent mechanism

HIV has evolved sophisticated mechanisms to avoid restriction by intracellular innate immune defenses that otherwise serve to control acute viral infection and virus dissemination. Innate defenses are triggered when pattern recognition receptor (PRR) proteins of the host cell engage pathogen-associated molecule patterns (PAMPs) present in viral products. Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) plays a central role in PRR signaling of innate immunity to drive the expression of type I interferon (IFN) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), including a variety of HIV restriction factors, that serve to limit viral replication directly and/or program adaptive immunity. Productive infection of T cells by HIV is dependent upon the targeted proteolysis of IRF3 that occurs through a virus-directed mechanism that results in suppression of innate immune defenses. However, the mechanisms by which HIV controls innate immune signaling and IRF3 function are not defined. Here, we examined the innate immune response induced by HIV strains identified through their differential control of PRR signaling. We identified viruses that, unlike typical circulating HIV strains, lack the ability to degrade IRF3. Our studies show that IRF3 regulation maps specifically to the HIV accessory protein Vpu. We define a molecular interaction between Vpu and IRF3 that redirects IRF3 to the endolysosome for proteolytic degradation, thus allowing HIV to avoid the innate antiviral immune response. Our studies reveal that Vpu is an important IRF3 regulator that supports acute HIV infection through innate immune suppression. These observations define the Vpu-IRF3 interface as a novel target for therapeutic strategies aimed at enhancing the immune response to HIV.     

DNA模式识别受体研究进展

固有免疫系统利用模式识别受体识别病原相关分子模式。近期研究发现,外源DNA能够被宿主细胞中多种DNA受体识别,激活多种信号通路,上调Ⅰ型干扰素和促炎性细胞因子的表达。基于DNA的免疫识别在激活宿主抗感染免疫过程中起重要作用,因此仅对现已报道的DNA受体进行概述,同时对DNA的免疫识别与自身免疫病之间的关系进行探讨。     

Recognition of Streptococcus pneumoniae by the innate immune system

Streptococcus pneumoniae is both a frequent colonizer of the upper respiratory tract and a leading cause of life-threatening infections such as pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis. The innate immune system is critical for the control of colonization and for defence during invasive disease. Initially, pneumococci are recognized by different sensors of the innate immune system called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which control most subsequent host defence pathways. These PRRs include the transmembrane Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as well as the cytosolic NOD-like receptors (NLRs) and DNA sensors. Recognition of S. pneumoniae by members of these PRR families regulates the production of inflammatory mediators that orchestrate the following immune response of infected as well as neighbouring non-infected cells, stimulates the recruitment of immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages, and shapes the adaptive immunity. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the function of different PRRs in S. pneumoniae infection.