一种高效构建同源重组DNA片段的方法——融合PCR

融合PCR技术（fusion PCR）采用具有互补末端的引物,形成具有重叠链的PCR产物,通过PCR产物重叠链的延伸,从而将不同来源的任意DNA片段连接起来,此技术在不需要内切酶消化和连接酶处理的条件下实现DNA片段的体外连接,为同源重组片段的构建提供了快速简捷的途径。对原有的融合PCR技术进行改进,以三个同源重组线性DNA片段的构建为例,详细论述了改进的融合PCR技术的反应过程及技术体系。结果表明,改进的融合PCR技术可以同时进行三个片段及四个片段的融合反应,产物长度均在4.5kb以上,各同源重组片段在扩增过程中均无突变发生,获得的片段可以用于后续实验分析。     

嗜线虫致病杆菌Xna基因同源重组载体的构建及遗传转化体系的建立

构建嗜线虫致病杆菌Xna基因的同源重组载体和建立该细菌的遗传转化体系.扩增嗜线虫致病杆菌XNA基因的左右同源片段及质粒PEASY-T1上的卡那抗性基因Km;利用重叠延伸引物PCR法将这3个片段连接起来,然后将其克隆至自杀性载体PJQ200.采用电激法将同源重组载体DNA转化到供体细菌,再利用二亲本结合转移方法将供体细菌中的载体转化到受体细菌CB6菌株.结果成功地扩增了Xna基因的左右同源臂及卡那抗性基因的全长融合片段、构建了Xna基因的同源重组载体,并建立了嗜线虫致病杆菌北京变种的遗传转化体系.     

用长PCR方法检测含有较大缺失或插入的DNA大片段

选择位于19q13.3上的人类肌张力蛋白激酶基因(myotonin protein kina se gene,MT-PK)为靶基因(基因全长为14kb),以G+C含量较高且含有1kb缺失或插入,由基因第8内含子中的Alu±1kb的5'端至第15外显子3'非编码区中的CTG重复序列3'端,即两者间的距离为5.3kb的DNA片段为待扩增靶序列,通过优化DNA聚合酶的组合和反应缓冲体系,点考查了含有Alu-1k b和Alu+1kb缺失或插入的MT-PK等位基因片段共扩增的长PCR方法。本方法可有效地同步扩增6.5kb和5.5kb两个等位基因片段,对6.5kb和5.5kb纯合等 位片段则达到了更有效的扩增。     

通用型转铁蛋白融合表达载体的构建及应用价值

构建通用型转铁蛋白融合表达载体,利用PCR方法扩增编码人转铁蛋白N端半分子的基因片段,通过酶切、连接、转化等分子克隆方法构建通用型转铁蛋白融合表达载体。PCR扩增了一个长约1.1 kb的包含ScaI酶切位点的基因片段,插入pPICZα的PmlI和XbaI酶切位点,转化后进行菌液PCR鉴定,成功获得重组子pPICZα-TfN,测序结果表明载体构建成功,重组质粒pPICZα-TfN能被ScaI酶切。本研究成功构建通用型转铁蛋白融合表达载体,构建的载体可以用于转铁蛋白融合表达载体的构建。     

长臂同源多聚酶链反应法构建变形链球菌comD基因同源重组DNA片段

目的构建变形链球菌UAl59密度感应相关的comD基因同源重组DNA片段,为利用同源重组原理构建基因功能丧失菌株做准备。方法通过NCBI基因数据库获取变形链球菌的DNA序列,利用聚合酶链反应技术分别扩增变形链球菌UA159comD基因上、下游片段及抗红霉素基因片段,再通过长臂同源多聚酶链反应将这3个片段连接起来,形成同源重组DNA片段。结果经过PCR反应和琼脂电泳分析,得到了一个碱基数为3个单片段总和的连接片段,测序结果显示连接片段为预期的comD同源重组片段。结论成功构建了变形链球菌UA159comD基因同源重组DNA片段,可直接用于细菌转化构建comD基因缺陷菌株。     

PCR构建融合基因方法的建立

以聚合酶链式反应为基础的片段拼接技术——融合PCR技术是一种新的基因片段融合技术。以含有马铃薯块茎两种淀粉合成关键酶ssⅡ和ssⅢ基因为模板,利用融合PCR对其进行融合拼接,初步建立以PCR产物(不回收)及一步PCR法融合基因的构建方法,并对融合基因构建时PCR产物(不回收)的使用量及一步PCR法构建融合基因的中间引物浓度等条件进行优化。结果表明,以不回收的PCR产物为模板构建融合基因时PCR产物(不回收)的使用量在10-20 ng范围内为佳;一步PCR法构建融合基因的中间引物浓度在25-1 000 nmol/L为宜。     

马铃薯S病毒外壳蛋白基因的克隆与原核表达

依据马铃薯S病毒 (PotatovirusS ,PVS)外壳蛋白 (CP)基因序列 (885bp)设计合成了两对引物 ,通过RT PCR扩增得到长 0 .8kb的目的片段 ,将目的片段转入大肠杆菌 ,酶切鉴定证明得到了含有目的片段的重组子 ,测定序列结果与其他PVS分离物CP基因的序列比较 ,发现其核苷酸同源性达 95 %左右 ;构建了含PVSCP基因的融合蛋白原核表达载体 ,并在大肠杆菌中得到表达 ,SDS PAGE测定融合蛋白的分子量为 5 8kD。     

耐热DNA聚合酶基因双元载体的初步构建

Taq DNA聚合酶是PCR反应中的重要试剂,它具有结构性稳定和耐高温的特性,有能在90℃以上合成DNA的能力,因此被广泛使用于DNA扩增技术当中,但是国内尚未报道有关Taq DNA聚合酶基因用于转基因的研究.若将此耐热基因转入某些经济作物中培育耐热新品种,将会有很好的前景和实用价值.本试验将初步构建Taq DNA聚合酶的基因表达双元载体.通过引物设计,用PCR法从含有Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase克隆基因的散装Taq DNA 聚合酶中扩增耐热DNA 聚合酶基因,得到约2.5 kb的DNA片段.扩增片段连接到质粒pUC19中测序证实是Taq DNA聚合酶基因,再将该片段重组到双元载体pBin19中,通过蓝白筛选选择重组子,构建耐热DNA聚合酶的基因双元载体pBin19-Taq.对其作进一步的加工,即插入植物启动子和增强子等后,可通过土壤农癌杆菌的介导作用,用作植物转基因之用.     

青鳉p53基因克隆、结构分析及同源重组载体构建

应用“Long PCR”技术 ,用 6对 p5 3引物从青胚胎干细胞基因组DNA中扩增出 6个相互重叠的片段 ,其中最大的片段长达 4 5kb ,这 6个PCR片段覆盖了整个 p5 3基因。序列分析表明青p5 3基因长约 8 7kb ,由 11个外显子和 10个内含子组成。结构比较表明 ,青 p5 3基因在大小上与人和小鼠 p5 3基因存在较大差异。青p5 3基因的内含子 1仅为 0 85kb ,而人和小鼠p5 3基因的内含子 1则分别长达 10kb和 6kb ;青 p5 3基因的外显子 3(86bp)明显大于人和小鼠 p5 3基因的外显子 3(2 2bp) ;外显子 4 (170bp)比人 (2 80bp)和小鼠 (2 6 0bp)的外显子 4小 ;内含子 10 (3 5kb)则比人和小鼠内含子 10 (0 7kb和 0 9kb)大得多。用SVTK neo基因作正选择标记基因 ,用SVTK tk基因作负选择标记基因 ,用青 p5 3基因组片段作同源序列 ,构建了鱼类 p5 3基因同源重组载体。将此载体转染青胚胎干细胞 ,并经G4 18和Ganc药物选择后证明上述正、负选择标记基因在干细胞中能够有效表达 ,并提供对G4 18的抗性和对Ganc的敏感性。     

利用Red系统快速敲除家蚕核型多角体病毒orf60基因

用Red重组系统和最近构建的家蚕核型多角体病毒(BmNPV)bacmid在大肠杆菌BW25113中快速地敲除BmNPVorf60基因。从大肠杆菌BmDH10Bac中提取BmNPVbacmid,将其电转化到含有质粒pKD46(能表达Red重组酶)的大肠杆菌菌株BW25113中,获得了可用于BmNPV基因打靶的菌株BW25113-Bac。设计一对长63bp的引物(5′端为orf60基因的左右同源臂,长45bp;3′端长18bp,为氯霉素抗性基因(cat)的首尾序列),以pKD3质粒(含cat)为模板,PCR扩增携带orf60左右同源臂的cat,即打靶线性化片段。将该线性化片段电转入BW25113-Bac菌株,在Red重组酶的作用下,线性化片段与BmNPVbacmid中的orf60基因发生同源重组。设计3对特异引物,用PCR方法证明cat成功地替换了BmNPVorf60基因。重组bacmid DNA转染BmN细胞后,Western blot分析未检测到orf60基因的表达。     

DNA sequencing by a subcloning-walking strategy using a specific and semi-random primer in the polymerase chain reaction.

In its basic concept, in vitro DNA amplification by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is restricted to those instances in which segments of known sequence flank the fragment to be amplified. Recently, techniques have been developed for amplification of unknown DNA sequences. These techniques, however, are dependent on the presence of suitable restriction endonuclease sites. Here, we describe a strategy for PCR amplification of DNA that lies outside the boundaries of known sequence. It is based on the use of one specific primer, homologous to the known sequence, and one semi-random primer. Restriction sites in the 5' proximal regions of both primers allow for cloning of the amplified DNA in a suitable sequencing vector or any other vector. It was shown by sequence analysis that the cloned DNA fragments represent contiguous DNA fragments that are flanked at one side by the sequence of the specific primer. When omitting the semi-random primer, a single clone was obtained, which originated from PCR amplification of target DNA by the specific primer in both directions.     

丹参ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立与正交优化

利用正交试验设计的方法,从引物浓度、Taq DNA聚合酶浓度、Mg2+浓度、dNTP浓度4种因素3个水平,对丹参ISSR-PCR反应体系进行优化分析,并在此基础上对模板DNA浓度、PCR反应过程中的退火温度进行梯度检测。结果表明:20μL ISSR-PCR反应体系中各因素的最佳浓度为1×PCR buffer、200μmol/L dNTP、1.0μmol/L引物、1.5mmol/L Mg2+和1 U Taq DNA聚合酶,最佳模板DNA浓度为20～60ng,引物UBC 835的最佳退火温度为51.7℃。     

怀地黄SRAP扩增体系的建立与引物的筛选

为建立适合怀地黄SRAP-PCR分子标记技术体系,通过单因子实验分别研究了DNA模板浓度、TaqDNA聚合酶浓度、Mg2+浓度、引物浓度以及dNTP浓度对怀地黄SRAP扩增反应的影响,确立了适合怀地黄SRAP最佳反应体系为:在25μL的反应体系中,模板DNA量20ng/25μL、2.5mmol/LMg2+、0.32μmol/L的上下游引物、0.30μmol/L的dNTP以及2.5UTaq酶,并利用确定的体系从88个引物组合中筛选出12对适合怀地黄SRAP-PCR反应的引物。     

The implications of using mutagenic primers in combination with Taq polymerase having proofreading activity.

Polymerases with proofreading activity provide high fidelity PCR amplifications. In this study we examined the consequences of using a Taq polymerase with proofreading activity, such as Optimase Taq polymerase, in combination with 4 different mutagenic reverse primers for the amplification of a 345-bp FII PCR product. The amplifications were performed with Optimase Taq polymerase (Transgenomic), and Taq DNA polymerase-recombinant (Invitrogen), without proofreading activity. Mutation screening was carried out by DHPLC and restriction fragment analysis. The usage of Optimase Taq polymerase results in complete reversion of the first and second mutated nucleotide introduced at the 3' end of the mutagenic reverse primer. It also partially reverses the missense nucleotide introduced in the third position of the mutagenic primer and leads to misleading DHPLC and restriction fragment analysis patterns. Nevertheless it cannot perform such an activity when an abnormal nucleotide is introduced in the fourth position.     

杂交油菜ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立和优化

利用正交试验设计的方法,对影响ISSR-PCR反应的Mg²⁺、dNTP、引物和Taq DNA聚合酶4个因素进行优化试验,以期建立其最佳反应条件。并在此基础上,对DNA模板浓度和ISSR PCR反应程序中的退火温度进行梯度筛选。结果表明：杂交油菜20 μL ISSR-PCR最佳反应体系包括1.50 mmol·L^-1 Mg²⁺、0.125 mmol·L^-1 dNTP、2.00 μmol·L^-1 primer、0.50 U Taq DNA聚合酶、2.5 μL 10×buffer和40 ng DNA模板;引物UBC891适宜的退火温度为54.2℃。该体系在青杂3号及其父本不同个体中能够扩增出条带清晰、稳定性好的条带。ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立为利用分子标记技术研究杂交油菜品种纯度和真实性鉴定奠定了良好基础。     

Simplified DNA Extraction and Improved PCR Based Detection of Greening Bacterium in Citrus

Citrus greening disease caused by a fastidious bacterium is an important graft transmissible disease in commercial citrus in India and other parts of the world. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a sensitive and convenient method for detection of greening bacterium. A non-phenol chloroform method of DNA extraction was evaluated for DNA quality and PCR based detection of greening bacterium. The method was comparable with a commercial DNA extraction kit (Qiagen) and better than a CTAB based DNA extraction method. To improve the reliability, three primer sets (primers A, B, and C yielding amplicons of 1160 bp, 703 bp and 451 bp, respectively) and two polymerase enzymes (Taq polymerase and Klen Taq polymerase) were evaluated. The primer set C provided better amplification when compared to primer sets A and B. Primer C in combination with Taq polymerase provided amplification band at a DNA template concentration of 100 pg but good amplification band was obtained at still lower DNA template concentration of 0.1 pg when Klen Taq polymerase was used. The standardized PCR protocol combining non-phenol chloroform method of DNA isolation, primer set C and Klen Taq polymerase enzyme was found very effective in detecting greening bacterium in citrus trees. The sequence of cloned amplicon from 16S ribosomal RNA gene had 89–100 % sequence identity with corresponding sequence of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus from China, Brazil, Japan and Pune isolate of India, C. Liberibacter americnus from Brazil and C. Liberibacter africanus from Africa.     

Direct polymerase chain reaction detection of ropy Pediococcus damnosus strains in wine

AIMS: Glucan-producing strains of Pediococcus damnosus are considered as spoilage micro-organisms because synthesis of glucan leads to an unacceptable viscosity of wine. In this report, we present a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure to detect the presence of such strains in wines. METHODS AND RESULTS: We developed a direct DNA isolation method from the wine microflora using polyvinylpyrrolidone in order to decrease the polyphenolic concentration. The sequence of the plasmid involved in glucan production allowed the design of a primer pair usable for a specific and sensitive PCR procedure, leading to the amplification of a 563-bp fragment. CONCLUSION: The detection limit in wine was 102 cfu ml-1. The detection sensitivity could be increased by using a second primer pair in nested PCR assays. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The method proved to be efficient for the early and sensitive detection of ropy Ped. damnosus strains during wine-making. Time-consuming culture and colony isolation steps are no longer needed.     

Tandem PCR: a novel and efficient unit amplification model for the preparation of small DNA fragments

The present DNA marker preparation with PCR amplification, one primer pair for one target DNA fragment, was very tedious and labor intensive. To develop a simple and efficient system for the preparation of small DNA fragments, a novel PCR amplification pattern was designed and tested, of which targeted small DNA fragments were amplified in groups as a unit with a specific synthetic vector as template DNA. The amplified units can be different dependent on the identities of the employed primers and give out variable combinations of small DNA fragments through complete or partial restrictive digestion with EcoRI. The novel pattern made the PCR amplification of small DNA fragments not only more efficient but also more economic than ever before. The tandem PCR pattern, as the most efficient and high throughput method for small DNA fragment preparation, has wide application for the production of various DNA markers and a good complementation to the larger DNA fragment preparation by complex synthetic vector fermentation.     

Identification of fast and slow growing rhizobia nodulating soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr) by a multiplex PCR reaction

Two DNA fragments, a 730-bp and a 900-bp fragment, one homologous to host cultivar specificity genes nolBT of Sinorhizobium fredii and the other one homologous to RSalpha, an insertion-like sequence present in Bradyrhizobium japonicum, were generated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with two pairs of primers. The amount of each fragment generated by the multiplex PCR was proportional to the amount of template DNA present. The amplification of the 900-bp RSalpha fragment was more sensitive, since it was amplified from a smaller amount of template DNA than the 730-bp nolBT fragment. By running the multiplex reaction in the presence of template DNA isolated from different sources, we confirmed that the reaction can discriminate between S. fredii, Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Sinorhizobium xinjiangensis.     

黄皮SRAP反应体系优化正交实验研究

以黄皮(Clausena lansium)‘甜黄皮’品种为试材,利用正交设计L₁₆(4⁵)对黄皮SRAP-PCR反应体系中的5因素(Taq聚合酶、Mg²⁺、模板DNA、dNTPs、引物)在4个水平上进行优化试验。结果表明,不同因素对黄皮SRAP反应体系影响从大到小的顺序为:Mg²⁺和Taq聚合酶> 模板DNA> 引物> dNTPs;初步确立了适合黄皮的SRAP-PCR扩增体系为:在25 μl反应体系中,包括10×PCR buffer 2.5 μl、Taq DNA聚合酶0.75U、Mg²⁺ 2.0 mmol/L、模板DNA 60 ng、dNTPs 0.2 mmol/L、引物0.2 μmol/L。