喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤矿物质的组成特征与作用

基于喀斯特峰丛洼地农作区、人工林、次生林、原生林4类典型生态系统动态监测样地(200 m×40 m)土壤矿质养分因子(7个)、植被(9个)、地形(4个)、土壤理化性状(10个)共计30个指标的全面调查取样分析,采用经典统计分析、主成分分析和典范相关分析探讨了土壤矿物质的组成特征、作用以及与植被、地形、其他土壤性状的耦合关系.结果表明： 喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤矿物质组成以SiO2、Al2O3、K2O、Fe2O3为主,明显低于全球土壤平均背景值和同区域地带性红壤,CaO、MgO含量居中,MnO含量很低;不同生态系统土壤矿物质组成和变异不同,土壤的发育程度也不同,植被和土壤的原生性呈同比正相关,均有潜在的石漠化风险;4类生态系统景观异质性高,主成分分析的降维效果不好,土壤矿物质均为各生态系统的主要影响因子,且与植被、地形、其他土壤性状的关系非常密切,特别是SiO2、CaO和MnO,其中对植被的影响主要是物种多样性,对土壤则为有机质、全氮、全钾等主要养分.土壤矿物质是影响喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤肥力和植物生长发育的限制因子之一,有效利用矿物质资源、合理施用矿质养分对喀斯特退化生态系统的恢复与重建作用重大.     

喀斯特峰丛洼地小流域表层土壤矿物的空间异质性

基于网格取样(80 m×80 m),利用经典统计学和地统计学方法分析了典型喀斯特峰丛洼地小流域163个表层(0～20 cm)土壤样点矿物质(SiO₂、Fe₂O₃、CaO、MgO、Al₂O₃、MnO、TiO₂)的空间变异特征.结果表明: 研究区土壤7种矿物含量的差异及变异系数均较大,平均含量大小顺序为SiO₂>Al₂O₃>CaO>MgO>Fe₂O₃>TiO₂>MnO,平均变异程度依次为CaO>MgO>Fe₂O₃>TiO₂>SiO₂>Al₂O₃>MnO.7种矿物占土壤总质量的69.4%,不同矿物质具有不同的空间结构和最佳拟合模型,7种矿物元素均呈强烈空间自相关,变程均较短,空间依赖性均较强.SiO₂、Fe₂O₃、Al₂O₃、MnO、TiO₂的Kriging等值线图大致相似,表现为南部高、北部低、东部高、西部低、洼地高、坡地低,CaO和MgO的Kriging等值线图则与之相反.自然条件(植被、裸岩率、坡度、坡向等)和人为干扰是土壤矿物质空间异质性的主要影响因素.     

西南峡谷型喀斯特坡地土壤养分的空间变异特征

基于网格(20 m×20 m)取样,采用经典统计学和地统计学方法,研究了西南峡谷型喀斯特坡地土壤养分的空间异质性和分布格局.结果表明:峡谷型喀斯特坡地土壤养分含量为中等和强变异,变异性大小顺序为:速效磷全钾有机质碱解氮全氮全磷速效钾,pH值表现为弱变异,有机质表现为中等程度的变异;不同土壤养分具有良好的空间自相关性,其自相关函数均表现出由正相关向负相关方向发展,拐点为80~100 m,其中全钾和速效磷的Moran I较小,其他指标较大;不同土壤养分的空间变异特征不同,全钾和速效磷最佳拟合模型为指数模型,块金值与基台值的比值[C0/(C0+C)]和变程(A)很小,分形维数(D)较高,空间相关性强烈;其他土壤养分指标的最佳拟合模型均为球状模型,C0/(C0+C)、A和D均呈中等程度的空间相关;Kriging分析表明,pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷和碱解氮呈凹型分布,速效磷和速效钾呈斑块状分布.植被、地形、人为干扰和高异质性的微生境是造成峡谷型喀斯特坡地土壤养分格局差异的主要因素.     

西南峡谷型喀斯特坡地土壤微生物量C、N、P空间变异特征

土壤微生物是陆地生态系统中最活跃的成分,它推动着生态系统的能量和物质循环,被公认为土壤生态系统变化的预警及敏感指标。以西南峡谷型喀斯特坡地为研究对象,基于网格法取样,结合经典统计学和地统计学方法,揭示了土壤微生物生物量的空间分布与格局及其主要影响因子。结果表明,西南峡谷型喀斯特坡地土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)、磷(MBP)、碳氮比(MBC/MBN)、碳磷比(MBC/MBP)适宜,MBC、MBN、MBP变异均很大;空间自相关性明显,除MBP最佳拟合模型为球状模型外,其他指标均为指数模型。C0/(C0+C)均25%(4.9%—6.2%),呈强烈的空间相关,这主要由结构性变异引起。Kriging等值线图表明,MBC、MBN的高值区集中在坡中上部;MBP的格局明显不同,高值区集中在坡脚;MBC/MBN斑块较大,变化缓和;MBC/MBP的空间分布规律不明显,斑块多而破碎。西南峡谷型喀斯特坡地土壤微生物量空间分布的影响因子很多,其中,影响土壤微生物量碳和氮的主要因子有土层厚度、pH、碱解氮。西南峡谷型喀斯特坡地土壤微生物不仅存在着小尺度的空间分布格局,而且不同土壤微生物属性的空间分布不同。因此,应采取适宜措施,激活土壤微生物活性。     

不同土地利用方式下喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤微生物群落特征

基于对喀斯特峰丛洼地6种土地利用类型(坡耕地、草丛、灌丛、人工林、次生林、原生林)的土壤微生物、养分、矿物质和植被4组变量35个指标的调查分析,研究了不同土地利用方式下土壤微生物种群数量、微生物生物量C、N、P及其分形特征,以及土壤微生物与植被、土壤养分、矿物质的关系.结果表明:不同土地利用方式下喀斯特峰丛洼地的土壤微生物种群数量及组成不同.微生物种群数量均以原生林和坡耕地最高,人工林最低;3种森林土壤的细菌比率较大,坡耕地、草丛、灌丛的放线菌比率较大,真菌的比率均很小;土壤微生物生物量C、N、P的含量均很高,其中原生林最高;土壤微生物生物量碳与土壤微生物种群数量具有良好的分形关系,而土壤微生物生物量氮、磷与种群数量不存在分形关系;土壤微生物与植被、土壤养分、土壤矿物质显著相关,其中土壤微生物生物量碳与乔木层的Shannon指数、土壤速效氮、Fe₂O₃、CaO含量显著相关.     

喀斯特峰丛洼地不同生态系统的土壤肥力变化特征

基于喀斯特峰丛洼地坡耕地、草丛、灌丛、人工林、次生林、原生林6种典型生态系统的土壤主要养分、矿质养分和微生物这3组变量共计20个指标的调查、取样和分析,运用多重比较分析、主成分分析和典范相关分析探讨了其土壤肥力变化特征、主要影响因子及两两之间的相互关系。结果表明,喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤pH值为6.60—7.75,土壤主要养分、微生物种群数量和微生物生物量明显高于同纬度地区地带性红壤,矿质养分含量相对较低,其中SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3占矿质全量的90%以上。土壤肥力的总体趋势为原生林>次生林>灌丛>草丛>坡耕地>人工林。喀斯特石漠化地区实行林草结合的退耕还林还草模式更有利于土壤生态系统的环境改善,坡耕地应多施有机肥和氮肥,人工林应多施氮肥。原生林植物与养分之间达到了良好的平衡状态,主要应加强森林抚育管理,改善森林环境,保障植物、土壤养分及微生物之间的良好协调关系。确保土壤资源的合理利用,促进喀斯特峰丛洼地乃至整个西南喀斯特区域植被的迅速恢复和生态重建。     

喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤有机质的空间变化及其对干扰的响应

通过网格(10 m×10 m)取样,运用地统计学方法研究了喀斯特峰丛洼地4类典型干扰区表层土壤（0～20 cm）有机质的空间变异、分布,及其生态学过程和机制.结果表明:随着干扰强度降低,植被由农作物(Ⅰ)—人工林(Ⅱ)—次生林(Ⅲ)—原生林(Ⅳ)顺向演替,土壤有机质逐步提高,且达到了显著水平(P＜0.05).4类干扰区均具有良好的空间自相关性,不同干扰区空间变异特征不同,除Ⅲ类干扰区土壤有机质半变异函数优化符合指数模型外,其他3类干扰区均符合高斯模型;Ⅰ类区土壤有机质的空间自相关呈中等程度,C₀/(C₀+C)值达26.5%,其他3类干扰区C₀/(C₀+C)值在9.0%～22.6%,呈强烈的空间相关性;由于人类干扰强烈,Ⅰ和Ⅱ类区呈低能量匀质状态,变程及空间自相关范围较大,Ⅳ类区植被覆盖率较高,变程也较大;Ⅲ类区干扰强度中等,植被类型多且分布不均,变程最小;Ⅱ和Ⅳ类区的分维数（D）值较小,土壤有机质的空间依赖性较强;而Ⅰ和Ⅲ类区D值较大, 土壤有机质空间分布的随机变异较大;Ⅰ和Ⅱ类区土壤有机质呈单峰分布,Ⅲ类区土壤有机质呈凹型分布,Ⅳ类区呈凸型分布.减少干扰是喀斯特峰丛洼地脆弱生态系统土壤质量改善、植被迅速恢复及生态重建的重要保障.     

喀斯特峡谷区土壤水分特征及其影响因素研究

土壤水分是喀斯特峡谷区植被建设的限制性因子。分析喀斯特峡谷区土壤水分特征及其影响因素, 对该地区的植被建设有重要意义。以贵州花江喀斯特峡谷区为研究区, 运用原位监测和冗余分析法, 研究喀斯特峡谷区土壤水分特征并揭示其影响因素。结果表明: (1)监测期间, 喀斯特峡谷区土壤水分特征表现为南坡较北坡低, 表层较深层低, 乔木较灌木低。(2)喀斯特峡谷区土壤水分主要受海拔、坡向、坡度等地形因子影响, 其次为枯落物厚度、叶面积等植被因子。(3)0—5 cm、20—40 cm土层土壤水分的主控因素为气温, 5—10 cm土层土壤水分的主控因素为坡度, 10—20 cm土层土壤水分的主控因素为海拔。喀斯特峡谷区土壤水分主要受地形、气温、降雨影响。根据地形、土壤厚度、枯落物特征选择不同的灌溉方式, 以及依据不同土层土壤水分的主控因素种植根系深度不同的植物, 制定对应的农业水资源管理策略, 是后续提升喀斯特峡谷区植被建设效果的重要途径。     

森林不同土壤层全氮空间变异特征

应用经典统计学和地统计学方法,分析了八达岭地区土壤全氮(TN)在不同层次(A,B,C)的空间变异特征。同时结合地理信息系统(GIS),分析了该地区植被类型和土壤TN之间的关系。应用分类回归树模型(classification and regression trees,CART)分析了土壤TN和海拔与植被分布格局的关系。得到以下结论:(1)TN在A、B、C层平均值分别为2.94、1.30,0.63 g/kg,变异系数(CV)分别为33%、33%、45%,都表现为中等变异。(2)TN在不同土层的变异函数理论模型符合球状模型,TN在A层为弱空间相关,在B、C层为中等空间相关。(3)泛可里格插值表明,TN在不同层次都表现出了明显的空间分布趋势。不同植被类型所对应土壤全氮的空间分布则各不相同。(4)CART研究结果表明,该区植被类型分布格局可大致划分为四大部分。可初步确定海拔725m,TN含量4.23 g/kg和5.69 g/kg为影响该区植被分布格局的重要参考值。     

喀斯特峰丛洼地不同森林表层土壤有机质的空间变异及成因

基于动态监测样地(200 m×40 m)的网格(10 m×10 m)取样,以农作区为对照,用地统计学方法研究了喀斯特峰丛洼地人工林、次生林和原生林3类典型森林生态系统表层土壤(0—15 cm)有机质的空间变异,通过主成分分析和相关分析,探讨了其生态学过程和机制。结果表明:喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤有机质很高,沿着农作区-人工林-次生林-原生林的恢复梯度,土壤有机质显著提高,变异系数逐步增大;农作区和3类森林土壤表层有机质均具有良好的空间自相关性;农作区试验半变异函数C0/(C0+C)值为26.5%,呈中等程度的空间相关性;3类森林的C0/(C0+C)值为9.0%—22.6%,呈强烈的空间相关性;农作区和人工林土壤有机质呈单峰分布,次生林呈凹型分布,原生林呈凸型分布;不同森林的主导因子不同,农作区的主导因子为主要土壤养分,人工林为地形和物种多样性,次生林为森林结构和物种多样性,原生林为地形和物种多样性,且同一因子在不同森林与土壤表层有机质的正负作用关系和相关程度也不同。因此,农作区和3类森林应根据其土壤表层有机质的空间变异及主要影响因子制定相应的固碳措施。     

Soil Enzyme Activities and Their Relationship with Soil Physico-Chemical Properties and Oxide Minerals in Coastal Agroecosystem of Puducherry

The objectives of our research were to assess the soil enzyme activities in relation with soil physicochemical and oxide minerals in the coastal agroecosystem of Puducherry region, India. Soils from nine farms in organic (ORG), sustainable (SUS), and conventional (CON) farming were sampled. Organically managed farming system soils contain significantly higher amounts of soil total N, organic carbon, and a higher level of microbial biomass C and N. Urease, protease, β-glucosidase, cellulose, saccharase, xylanase, and alkaline phosphatase enzyme activities were higher in organic farming system soils compared to sustainable and conventional farming soils. In addition, silt, clay, Al₂O₃, CaO, Fe₂O₃, K₂O, MgO, MnO, Na₂O, and P₂O₅ oxides were higher in organic farming soil and they showed a significant positive correlation with soil enzyme activities. Our study revealed that soil enzyme activities and soil minerals were significantly affected by farm management practices. The organic farming system had improved the soil health, enzyme activities, and plant available nutrients in coastal agro-ecosystem.     

Plant community characteristics and their relationships with soil properties in a karst region of southwest China

In this study, we analyzed plant community characteristics and the relationship between plant and soil properties based on forest successional stages in depressions between karst hills. The secondary forests showed the maximum number of species, genera, and families with important values >5 and the highest species diversity, and primary forest was the optimal community structure. The arboreal layer played a dominant role in determining fragile karst ecosystem status, followed by shrubs, Al₂O₃, and Fe₂O₃. A close relationship existed between species diversity and soil organic C, total N, total P, Fe₂O₃, MnO, microbial biomass C, and microbial biomass P. Plant characteristics could be explained by the soil nutrient factors (21.6%), soil microbes (17.1%), soil mineral components (10.2%), and interactions among these variables (29.3%).     

Transesterification of Nannochloropsis oculata microalga’s lipid to biodiesel on Al2O3 supported CaO and MgO catalysts

In this study, we present the activities of Al₂O₃ supported CaO and MgO catalysts in the transesterification of lipid of yellow green microalgae, Nannochloropsis oculata, as a function of methanol amount and the CaO and MgO loadings at 50 °C. We found that pure CaO and MgO were not active and CaO/Al₂O₃ catalyst among all the mixed oxide catalysts showed the highest activity. Not only the basic site density but also the basic strength is important to achieve the high biodiesel yield. Biodiesel yield over 80 wt.% CaO/Al₂O₃ catalyst increased to 97.5% from 23% when methanol/lipid molar ratio was 30.     

Characterization of Gaseous Ozone Decomposition in Soil

Laboratory scale batch experiments were performed to investigate the decomposition characteristics of gaseous ozone in porous media. The decomposition rates of gaseous ozone in several solid media were determined, and the relationship of moisture content with sorbed ozone molecules was evaluated. Ozone decomposition in control and glass beads packed columns followed second-order reaction kinetics, while ozone consumption in a sand-packed column demonstrated first-order kinetics with a rate constant of 0.0109 min^?1 and half-life of 1.0 h. The presence of typical metal oxides in the soil resulted in ozone consumption rates in the following order: hematite (Fe₂O₃) > silica-alumina (SiO₂Al₂O₃) > alumina (Al₂O₃) > silica (SiO₂). Ozone decomposition was highly dependent upon soil moisture content. Over 90% of the total ozone mass decomposed in the field soil with moisture content at less than 1 wt%, whereas as low as 5–15% of the total ozone mass degraded with moisture content at more than 2 wt%. In conclusion, ozone decomposition in soils was primarily controlled not only by soil organic matter but also by reactive metal oxides on the soil surface. These two factors were shown to be highly dependent upon soil moisture content.     

Geochemical Modifications in a Calcic Cambisol by the Impact of an Old Foundry (Coimbra,Central Portugal)

A great number of potentially toxic elements are introduced into soils by numerous anthropogenic activities, such as the foundry industry and may have negative consequences on the environment and subsequently on human health. This paper reports the characterization of soil samples collected at the facilities of an old foundry, already demolished, that operated during the last century in an industrial area in the Center of Portugal, Coimbra. The mineralogy, physicochemical parameters, and geochemistry of the soil foundry's area, were studied and compared with regional soil parameters to understand the impact of the foundry's activity on the soil. The enrichment and degree of contamination in the factory soil were also assessed, according to public guidelines. Foundry soil was found to exhibit higher average contents of Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃(t), SiO₂, TiO₂, Zr, Sr, Rb, Pb, Zn, Cu, V, Nb, and Bi, than the corresponding regional baseline values. Specifically, the soil in the foundry area is polluted with Cu, Pb, and Zn. PCA analysis allowed to distinguish the natural soil from the foundry contaminated soil and the contribution of the spent sands and iron slags in the modification of the geochemistry of the regional soil. The contaminants and pollutants are not uniformly distributed as they show the higher concentrations in places of local storage, disposal, and finishing of materials used in the foundry.     

Thermal Characteristics of Hyperaccumulator and Fate of Heavy Metals during Thermal Treatment of Sedum plumbizincicola

Thermal treatment is one of the most promising disposal techniques for heavy metal- (HM)-enriched hyperaccumulators. However, the thermal characteristics and fate of HMs during thermal treatment of hyperaccumulator biomass need to be known in detail. A horizontal tube furnace was used to analyze the disposal process of hyperaccumulator biomass derived from a phyto-extracted field in which the soil was moderately contaminated with heavy metals. Different operational conditions regarding temperature and gas composition were tested. A thermo-dynamic analysis by advanced system for process engineering was performed to predict HM speciation during thermal disposal and SEM-EDS, XRD and sequential chemical extraction were used to characterize the heavy metals. The recovery of Zn, Pb and Cd in bottom ash decreased with increasing temperature but recovery increased in the fly ash. Recovery of Zn, Pb and Cd fluctuated with increasing air flow rate and the metal recovery rates were higher in the fly ash than the bottom ash. Most Cl, S, Fe, Al and SiO₂ were found as alkali oxides, SO₂, Fe₂(SO₄)₃, iron oxide, Ca₃Al₂O₆, K₂SiO₃ and SiO₂ instead of reacting with HMs. Thus, the HMs were found to occur as the pure metals and their oxides during the combustion process and as the sulfides during the reducing process.     

Stokes–Einstein violation and fragility in calcium aluminosilicate glass formers: a molecular dynamics study

A series of classical molecular dynamics simulations of calcium aluminosilicate (CAS) (CaO–Al₂O₃)_1–x(SiO₂)_x melts with varying silica content x, along the CaO/Al₂O₃ concentration ratio R = 1, have been performed for the purpose of studying (i) the evolution of fragility with silica content and (ii) the temperature and composition evolution of self-diffusion coefficients, viscosity and α-relaxation times. Our results indicate a decrease in the fragility of the CAS systems along R = 1 from calcium aluminate to pure silica. It is found that upon cooling, the Stokes–Einstein relation breaks down at a temperature significantly higher than the critical temperature of the mode-coupling theory T_C for all compositions and also above the melting point.     

Assessing the in vitro toxicity of the lunar dust environment using respiratory cells exposed to Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> or SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> fine dust particles

Prior chemical and physical analysis of lunar soil suggests a composition of dust particles that may contribute to the development of acute and chronic respiratory disorders. In this study, fine Al₂O₃ (0.7 μm) and fine SiO₂ (mean 1.6 μm) were used to assess the cellular uptake and cellular toxicity of lunar dust particle analogs. Respiratory cells, murine alveolar macrophages (RAW 264.7) and human type II epithelial (A549), were cultured as the in vitro model system. The phagocytic activity of both cell types using ultrafine (0.1 μm) and fine (0.5 μm) fluorescent polystyrene beads was determined. Following a 6-h exposure, RAW 264.7 cells had extended pseudopods with beads localized in the cytoplasmic region of cells. After 24 h, the macrophage cells were rounded and clumped and lacked pseudopods, which suggest impairment of phagocytosis. A549 cells did not contain beads, and after 24 h, the majority of the beads appeared to primarily coat the surface of the cells. Next, we investigated the cellular response to fine SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ (up to 5 mg/ml). RAW 264.7 cells exposed to 1.0 mg/ml of fine SiO₂ for 6 h demonstrated pseudopods, cellular damage, apoptosis, and necrosis. A549 cells showed slight toxicity when exposed to fine SiO₂ for the same time and dose. A549 cells had particles clustered on the surface of the cells. Only a higher dose (5.0 mg/ml) of fine SiO₂ resulted in a significant cytotoxicity to A549 cells. Most importantly, both cell types showed minimal cytotoxicity following exposure to fine Al₂O₃. Overall, this study suggests differential cellular toxicity associated with exposure to fine mineral dust particles.     

桂北喀斯特峰丛洼地植物群落特征及其与土壤的耦合关系

基于喀斯特峰丛洼地草丛、灌丛、次生林、原生林4个生态系统24个样地(20 m × 20 m)的系统取样调查, 研究了喀斯特峰丛洼地不同生态系统群落的结构组成与生物多样性特征, 选取代表植物群落和土壤性质的35个指标, 对不同生态系统及整个喀斯特脆弱生态系统植物群落与土壤主要养分、土壤矿质养分和土壤微生物间的相互关系进行了主成分分析与典范相关分析。结果表明: 沿草丛、灌丛、次生林、原生林的顺向演替发展, 重要值(importance value, IV)>10.00的科、属、种及物种多样性最大值出现在次生林, 群落结构最佳值出现在顶级群落原生林; 喀斯特峰丛洼地景观异质性高, 各生态系统影响因子不同, 土壤微生物在喀斯特脆弱生态系统处于主导地位, 其次为灌丛; 不同集团因子的典范相关分析表明, 植物多样性指标与土壤氮素、Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃、土壤微生物生物量碳(C_mic)、真菌和细菌关系密切。因此, 在喀斯特脆弱生态系统恢复与重建过程中, 应针对不同生态系统制定相应的培育管理措施。     

Immobilization ofKluyvera citrophila penicillins acylase on controlled-pore ceramics

Penicillin acylase was purified fromKluyvera citrophila and immobilized on glutaraldehyde derivatives of silanized controlled-pore ceramics. The behaviour of the enzyme attached to TiO₂, Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ in the hydrolytic reaction are compared with that of the native enzyme as well as of the enzyme bound to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. The enzyme immobilized on TiO2 shows an efficiency of about 95% on the basis of protein bound. The penicillin acylase attached to SiO₂, unlike the enzyme immobilized on TiO₂, Al₂O₃ and Sepharose looses activity markedly in every cycle of use.