新疆准噶尔盆地东缘猎隼的繁殖生态

猎隼（Falco cherrug）主要繁殖于我国西部省区,为国家Ⅱ级重点保护动物。2005年在新疆准噶尔盆地东缘采用野外调查方法研究了其繁殖生态。猎隼繁殖期为4—7月;窝卵数平均为(4.0±0.63) (3—5)枚;卵长径为（55.40±3.06）mm,卵短径为（41.11±1.70）mm;猎隼的孵化率、雏鸟成活率和繁殖力分别为70.8%、64.7%和1.8;巢成功率为83.3%雏鸟体重、跗蹠长的生长符合逻辑斯谛曲线增长。食物的可利用性是限制新疆猎隼窝卵数和生殖力的主导因素。要有效保护猎隼首先应保护栖息环境和猎物的多样性及丰富度。     

电子微芯片皮下注射技术在猎隼繁殖及迁徙研究中的应用快报

采用电子微芯片皮下注射技术在新疆北部对13只猎隼幼鸟进行微芯片注射.微芯片的编号代表了大量生物学信息.微芯片注射技术是研究鸟类迁徙及获取繁殖生物学的重要手段.希望回收到ID信息者及时与中国猎隼研究小组（新疆）联系.     

中国的猎隼及其相关种

根据查阅的文献资料,结合作者多年来非连续性的野外观察资料和研究结果,对珍稀濒危物种猎隼、阿尔泰隼、矛隼在有关地理分布、亚种划分、生活习性和繁殖行为等方面内容,进行了概括性叙述。     

绿鹭的繁殖习性观察

2001年4－9月在合肥市对绿鹭（Butorides striatus)的繁殖习性进行了观察。绿鹭营巢生境主要选择在建筑物附近的高大阔叶树上,常一树一巢,未见与其他鹭类混群营巢。每巢产3－5枚卵,孵卵期21d,育雏期41d,42日龄后幼鸟离巢飞走,出飞存活率62．5％。育雏期雏鸟主要食物为小型鱼类。在4所大学校园及1处公园统计到有效巢56个,推算绿鹭224只。绿鹭在合肥繁殖属首次记录。     

北热带石灰岩地区红耳鹎的繁殖生态和巢址选择

热带鸟类的生活史进化策略与温带鸟类的不同,而迄今国内对热带鸟类的研究却非常缺乏,红耳鹎(Pycnonotus jocosus)在我国北热带地区分布广泛,是较为理想的研究对象。2010年至2014年春夏季,对北热带石灰岩地区红耳鹎的繁殖生态和巢址选择进行了研究。采用系统搜寻法并根据亲鸟行为寻巢,应用方差分析和主成分分析对相关数据进行处理。结果显示,红耳鹎的产卵期集中在4月中旬至5月下旬,喜筑巢于灌木和人工种植的苹婆(Sterculia nobilis)树。平均窝卵数为(3.4±0.5)枚(3~4枚),卵重(2.59±0.29)g,卵大小(21.10±1.73)mm×(15.35±1.50)mm(n=31)。总的繁殖成功率为36.16%,繁殖失败的主要原因是天敌捕食、弃巢和人为干扰。一年繁殖一次和较低的繁殖成功率是研究地的红耳鹎有较大窝卵数的主要原因。红耳鹎在巢址选择时主要考虑避雨因子、避敌因子和灌木因子。     

若尔盖湿地骨顶鸡的繁殖生态及适应性探讨

本文研究了四川省若尔盖湿地骨顶鸡Fulica atra的繁殖生态,讨论了骨顶鸡繁殖特征对高原的适应性。结果表明:若尔盖骨顶鸡平均筑巢期为6.73 d±0.36 d,平均巢底距水面距离平均为7.83 cm±0.64 cm,未发现对旧巢重复利用的现象;平均窝卵数5.83枚±2.15枚,平均卵质量31.90 g±0.37 g,平均孵卵时间26.64 d±2.83 d。与低海拔平原湿地相比,高寒湿地繁殖的骨顶鸡窝卵数更少、孵化期更长,并偏好在植被盖度适中、紧邻植被且草高较高的生境中营巢。主成分分析结果显示,影响研究区域骨顶鸡巢址选择的主要因子是安全因子,其次是交通因子与种内竞争因子。与平原地区繁殖的骨顶鸡相比,若尔盖地区骨顶鸡在繁殖生态特征上呈现出对安全因子高度偏好的特点,可能是其对高原多变气候环境和较高捕食压力的一种适应和选择策略。     

新疆欧夜鹰繁殖生态初报

欧夜鹰(Caprimulgus europaeus)属夜行性鸟类.广泛分布于新疆荒漠地区,如乌鲁木齐、阿勒泰、克拉玛依、昌吉州、吐鲁番、哈密、阿克苏、库尔勒、喀什等地区(Ma,2001).凶其繁殖行为极其诡秘,国内仅见较少研究资料(Tan et al,2003).     

白喉噪鹛的繁殖生态

白喉噪鹛Pterorhinus albogularis是一种典型的森林鸟类,其基础生态学资料十分匮乏。2022—2023年繁殖季（4—9月）,在云南乌蒙山国家级自然保护区小岩方片区内,对白喉噪鹛的繁殖生态进行了初步研究。共记录了20群89只次白喉噪鹛,区域种群密度为（28.3±12.2）只/km²。发现的4个白喉噪鹛巢均在筇竹Qiongzhuea tumidinoda上。巢呈杯状,隐蔽度高。4个巢的窝卵数均为3枚,卵呈暗蓝色。白喉噪鹛具有合作繁殖行为。该鸟类偏好在高大乔木数量多、盖度高和植被总盖度大的栖息地活动。Logistic回归分析表明：乔木因子和植被总盖度是影响白喉噪鹛活动区选择的关键生态因子。本研究结果丰富了白喉噪鹛的生态生物学资料。     

四川瓦屋山金色林鸲的巢址选择和繁殖记录

2010~2011年4~7月,在四川省瓦屋山自然保护区对金色林鸲(Tarsiger chrysaeus)的繁殖生态和巢址选择进行了研究。共发现26巢,金色林鸲2010年和2011年的繁殖成功率分别为43.8%和44.4%,孵化率分别为52.5%和60.0%;育雏成功率分别为85.7%和100.0%。主成分分析表明,影响金色林鸲巢址选择的主要因子包括巢位因素、苔藓盖度因素和乔木郁闭度因素。步道两侧的土坎为金色林鸲巢址选择提供了适宜条件。在瓦屋山,人类活动是影响金色林鸲繁殖、巢址选择、巢的分布和数量的重要因素,并存在两面性;人行步道的修建为金色林鸲提供了更多适宜的巢址,而游客的频繁活动限制了金色林鸲的繁殖活动。     

杭州城市环境中白头鹎的繁殖生态

白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensis)是一种中国南方城市分布广泛、种群数量丰富的鸟类。其对环境变化和人类活动的适应能力已引起关注。2012年3—7月,在杭州城市环境下,对白头鹎的繁殖生态进行了系统调查,共记录到白头鹎繁殖鸟巢117巢。结果显示,在杭州市区,白头鹎主要在居民小区、行道树和绿化带的树冠层筑巢,主要营巢植物为桂树(Osmanthus fragrans),占总数的84.6%(n=117)。所有繁殖巢距地面均高(3.16±0.91)m(n=117)。3月底开始筑巢产卵,产卵高峰集中在4月11—25日。窝卵数为(3.37±0.48)枚(n=103),孵化期为(11.34±1.12)d(n=32),育雏期为(11.85±1.12)d(n=47)。孵化率为68.3%(n=111),离巢率为52.1%(n=117),总繁殖成功率为34.7%(n=111)。繁殖失败原因主要包括卵及雏鸟被捕食、人为干扰等。     

Trapping of Saker Falcon Falco cherrug and Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus in Saudi Arabia: Implications for biodiversity conservation

The numbers of Falco cherrug and Falco peregrinus trapped during their migration over the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) were investigated from published reports and through interviews with well-known trappers and dealers over several years (1989–2013). The number of trapped individuals increased for both species over a 23 year period, which is probably related to an enhanced trapping effort. Time series analysis suggests that the number of Saker Falcons being trapped is likely to be stable with annual fluctuations in the coming ten-year period, whereas the number of trapped Peregrine Falcons will probably decline with a small fluctuation initially. Using the population viability analysis suggests a high extinction rate for the Saker Falcon population migrating through KSA during the coming 10 and 20 years; whereas Peregrine Falcons probably take more than 100 years to reach the extinction threshold. However, the increase in the trapping period, especially in the spring, that has been observed during the last five years could increase the number of falcons trapped in the future. As both falcon species are migratory, implementing conservation actions across all range states is important to ensure a favourable conservation status for the Saker and Peregrine Falcons. Both species will benefit through the implementation of the Global Action Plan (GAP), developed by the Saker Falcon Task Force.     

斑翅山鹑巢址选择的研究

１９９１－１９９３年在山西宁武县对斑翅山鹑的巢址选择进行了研究,野外工作中共发现６０个巢,其中绝大多数位于远离林地的农田或灌丝地带,６６．６７％的巢位于向阳的东南坡和西南坡上,对巢址与随机选取的非巢样点所进行的对比分析发现,在１２个栖地参数中,影响巢址选择的５个因素依次为：落叶的数量、地缘宽度、干草的数量、灌丛宽度和梯田高度,判别分析的结果表明,落叶的数量和干草的数量是区别巢址与非巢样点的两个最重     

Breeding ecology and nest site selection in allopatric mainland Citril Finches Carduelis[citrinella] citrinella and insular Corsican Finches Carduelis[citrinella] corsicanus

The breeding ecology and nest site selection of mainland Citril Finches and insular Corsican Finches have been studied throughout their limited range. For many years both endemic forms were considered to be two sub-species; however, based on evidence from more recent molecular studies they have been split into two species. This study provides data on the variations in breeding ecology and nest site selection in the different sub-populations of these little studied species. A secondary aim was to search out evidence of ecological differentiation between mainland Citril Finches and insular Corsican Finches. We found that the studied sub-populations of both species largely overlapped in breeding ecology. Our data confirms the close similarity of Citril Finches and Corsican Finches, both which are, similar to mountain birds, well adapted to the local habitat conditions of their different mountain systems. Several differences were identified within the studied sub-populations of the two (sub-) species with respect to nest site selection, probably caused by environmental conditions and local predators. One of the main differences between the two species is that Citril Finches breed mainly in half-open conifer forests (especially pine forests), while Corsican Finches breed in the more open scrubby mountains of the Mediterranean islands dominated mainly by the Tree Heath as an adaptation to the different landscapes on the islands. In contrast to Citril Finches, this preference of the Corsican Finches for Tree Heath as nesting plants – even if suitable pines are available – is typical of the species. These behavioural changes result in a niche expansion into open habitats at lower altitudes. We suggest that the observed niche expansion and behavioural variations are not suitable criteria for taxonomic status, a proposal in contrast to that of Sangster [Ibis 142:487–490 (2000)]. We further suggest that the few ecological differences found in this study between the two (sub-)species are the result of the so-called insular syndrome, which includes changes in life history traits such as morphology, demography and behaviour.     

Illegal wildlife trade in the Himalayan region of China

The Himalayan region of China, with its rich biodiversity, used to be important for hunting and collecting of medicinal plants. In the past decades, conservation attitudes and legislation for wildlife conservation have developed rapidly in China. Increasing numbers of species are listed in the state protection list and local protection lists. In the Himalayan region, the area of natural reserves is high accounting for 70% of total area of natural reserves in China. However, wildlife in Himalayan region is suffering from illegal hunting and trade even after China has enforced the China Wildlife Protection Law (CWPL). The illegal wildlife trade and smuggling across Sino-neighbouring country borders and illegal wildlife trade related to domestic use flourish in the region. Although domestic illegal trade has declined in the past ten years, international illegal trade and smuggling continue, and are even expanding, thereby threatening survival of many endangered species such as the Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsoni), Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug). Illegal wildlife trade in the region is attributed to four factors. First, the CWPL is still imperfect, especially concerning illegal trade and smuggling across borders. Second, CWPL is not fully enforced. Third, infrastructure in many nature reserves is undeveloped and human resources are lacking. Fourth, protection is hampered by differences in the laws of neighbouring countries, differences in penalties and in degrees of protection. Furthermore, national legislation is often not fully enforced in areas that are inhabited mainly by tribal and minority communities.     

Local distribution of two swallows of genusHirundo,and breeding success ofH. rustica

Population Ecology - The distribution of nests of the swallows was investigated in 1957, 1962 and 1963 at Koriyama, Nara Prefecture. Roughly speaking, the nest ofHirundo rustica was located in the...     

The effects of pollination distance on seed production in three populations of Amianthium muscaetoxicum (Liliaceae)

Summary We examined the effects of varying pollination distances on seed production and its components in three populations of the perennial lily Amianthium muscaetoxicum. We performed hand pollinations using pollen from near neighbors and from plants separated by 5, 15, and 60 meters. Pollination by near neighbors reduced fruit set and the numbers of seeds per fruit in comparison to other treatments in two of the three populations; variation in pollination distance beyond near-neighbor pollination produced no effect. In the third population, in which nearneighbor pollination did not affect seed production, nearneighbor pollination reduced seed weight by 11%, compared to other pollination distances. Seed weights from the 5-, 15-, and 60-m pollination treatments did not differ, and pollination distance did not affect seed weight in the other two populations. The effects of pollination-distance treatments explained a very small proportion of the variance in seed production and seed weight. Heterogeneity among individual plants, despite full hand pollination of every plant, accounted for much more variance (by one to two orders of magnitude) than variation in pollination distance.