基于层次分析法的三川河健康评价

为评价三川河流域的健康状况, 采用层次分析法构建了包含生态功能、防洪功能、利用功能、服务功能和景观环境功能5 个准则层的河流健康评价体系, 同时综合考虑指标的重要性、普遍性、可量化性、易获取性, 筛选出揭示三川河流域健康状况的14 项主要指标, 使得指标体系整体结构简单、意义明确、相互间独立性容易保证。最后计算出河流健康综合指数值, 并对照相应规范判断三川河健康状况。结果表明, 三川河健康状况为差, 具有诊断的必要性与迫切性。     

基于可变模糊评价模型的东山湾生态系统健康评价

根据东山湾海域环境污染现状和生态系统的特点,从水质环境、沉积物环境、生物残毒以及海洋生物方面构建了东山湾生态系统健康评价指标体系,提出了基于可变模糊评价模型的海湾生态系统健康评价方法,并利用该方法对东山湾生态系统健康状况进行了评价。结果表明:东山湾春季生态系统健康指数为2.36,秋季为2.44,均处于"良与中之间,偏良"水平,春季略优于秋季。影响东山湾生态系统健康状况的主要负面指标因子为鱼卵及仔鱼密度(春秋季健康指数均值为4.95)、营养水平(秋季健康指数为4.47)和底栖生物生物量(春季健康指数为3.59)。实例研究表明该方法通过准则参数α和距离参数p的不同组合变化,以线性与非线性相结合,能够较客观系统、标准量化地评价海湾生态系统健康状况的优劣,。     

基于近海健康评价现有体系的我国普适海洋健康评价“双核”新框架的构建

海洋生态环境保持健康状态是人类可持续开发利用海洋资源环境的基础,而近海海洋生态环境的健康状况综合评价可为海洋生态环境良性发展以及社会经济决策提供科学依据。首先对国际上3种代表性的海洋环境健康综合评价方法的应用特点进行了对比分析,并归纳了我国海洋生态环境健康评价的状况,在此基础上,以指标体系法重构了一个双核结构的综合评价框架,其中内核评价以海洋生态系统的自身状态为主,外核评价则主要反映海洋之于人类经济社会的贡献,以期能够科学、准确、全面的评价我国近海海洋环境健康状况。     

基于GA-BP优化模型的中小河流健康评价研究

河流健康评价是河流生态修复的前提和依据,但目前中小河流还缺乏相应的评价标准。为客观评估中小河流健康状况,以桥边河为例,构建了河流水生生物、水环境、水文、形态、社会服务功能5个要素17个指标的健康评价体系,利用遗传算法（GA）优化BP神经网络方法建立GA-BP模型确定其指标权重,采用赋分法进行评价。GA-BP模型输出结果显示,指标权重中水环境指标赋值最大,其次是河流水文指标>河流水生生物指标>河流形态指标>河流社会服务功能指标。通过建立的评价体系对桥边河进行评价,结果表明有3个点健康等级评价为Ⅰ级,3个点评价为Ⅱ级,2个点评价为Ⅲ级。总体来看,桥边河流域基本处于健康状态,上游健康状况明显优于下游,从上游到下游越靠近河口位置,河流的健康状况越差。     

独龙江河流生态系统健康评价

于2018年10—11月,对独龙江水系干流及支流的河流物理生境、水体理化性质和大型底栖动物进行调查,并根据独龙江自身特点,运用改进的河流健康综合评价指数对该地区生态系统健康状况进行了评价。结果表明:该地区调查样点中85.2%的样点处于健康状况,仅人口密集的乡镇附近健康状况处于亚健康水平,其中旅游业发达的独龙江乡健康状况最差。河流是水资源的重要载体,随着当地旅游业的不断发展,科学评价当地河流的健康状况可以为独龙江河流生态系统修复、水资源的合理开发利用及可持续发展提供重要的科学依据。     

基于GIS与RS的漳江口红树林湿地生态系统健康评价

以漳江口红树林湿地为研究对象,选取2005、2011、2015及2017年Google Earth影像为基础数据源,基于土地覆盖数据构建红树林湿地生态系统健康评价指标体系,结合压力-状态-响应(PSR)模型及生态系统健康指数,探究红树林湿地生态系统健康状况的时空分异特征及影响因素.结果表明:(1) 2005-2017年漳江口红树林湿地生态系统健康状况呈恶化趋势,健康等级由亚健康转变为一般,其中压力、响应健康状况大幅下降,状态健康状况略微改善;(2) 2005-2017年研究区各子区域间健康状况存在明显差异,前阶段(2005-2011年)健康指数从大到小依次为西部>中部>东部>北部>南部,后阶段(2015-2017年)健康指数从大到小依次为东部>中部>西部>北部>南部;(3)海平面上升、互花米草入侵、水产养殖池与网箱养殖扩增及海堤建设等是研究区湿地生态系统健康恶化的主要原因,同时保护区的建设及多种保护措施的实施对湿地生态系统健康维持具有积极作用.     

甘肃省农业生态系统健康评价

通过对农业生态系统的分析,建立了农业生态系统健康状况的评价指标、评价标准及综合评估模型,并运用层次分析法对甘肃省农业生态系统健康状况进行了综合评价。结果表明,除陇南、临夏及甘南农业生态系统处于较健康状况外,其它各地市均处于一般状况。各地区涉及到系统结构的自然环境因子均处于较低水平,其中尤以河西干旱区各地市结构各指数均处于较低值,其结构综合评价值均<2,而其它各生态区虽然结构指数存在差异,但差异不大,除中部的白银市以外,其它地区结构指数综合评价值均达到2以上,其中尤以陇南、甘南较高;从经济状况看,河西干旱区各地市均较处于其它生态区的地市高,而其它地区则相对较低。     

近海生态系统健康状况评价的研究进展

在可持续发展观的推动下,水域生态系统健康问题已引起各界的广泛重视.其中,河流、湖泊等水域的健康评价已开展很多,但对近海生态系统健康的研究还处于探讨阶段.本文在调研国内外大量文献的基础上,对近海生态系统健康的概念进行辨析,总结了近海生态系统健康状况评价的方法、指标筛选原则和研究思路等,并系统地列举了近海生态系统状况健康评价的一些相关量化指标.最后,针对目前近海生态系统健康研究领域存在的主要问题,提出了近海生态系统健康研究的发展方向,认为今后开展近海生态系统健康状况评价研究还需在概念及内涵剖析、评价指标筛选、评价尺度选取和评价方法集成等方面进一步加强.     

镧暴露对鲤鱼脑和肌肉中酶和脂质过氧化水平的影响

稀土元素是镧系元素和钇、钪两种元素的统称。自20世纪70年代人们揭示了稀土元素的作用效果后,稀土元素已被广泛应用于农、畜牧及水产养殖业。农业上适当使用微量稀土,能促进植物生长发育,作物增产。饲料里添加稀土,能促进畜、禽和水产养殖动物的生长,提高饲料利用率等。但随着稀土元素的广泛应用,必定导致大量的可溶性稀土进入水生生态环境,因此研究稀土对水体的影响,特别是对水生动植物有机体的长期潜在影响,将显得极为重要。过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）广泛存在于鱼体中,是鱼体抗氧化作用的重要酶类,过氧化脂质（LPO）含量反映着机体脂质过氧化物形成速率的强度,SOD、POD活性以及LPO含量都可以用来评价污染物对水生生物的影响。     

太湖梅梁湾生态系统健康状况周年变化的评价研究

生态系统健康是生态学和环境管理方面一个新兴的多学科综合性研究领域。湖泊生态系统健康包含两个方面的内涵,满足人类社会合理要求和湖泊生态系统自我维持与更新的能力。湖泊生态系统健康评价是湖泊环境管理和生态系统调控的基础。运用Exergy、结构exergy和生态缓冲容量等指标来评价太湖梅梁湾湖区2001年生态系统健康的周年变化,其健康状况由好到坏依次为3～4>1～2>11～12>9～10>5～6>7～8月份。这和分别应用营养状态指数(TSI)和生物多样性指数(DI)进行评价的结果相似,表明运用Exergy、结构exergy和生态缓冲容量指标对湖泊生态系统健康状况进行评价的方法是可行的。     

河流生态系统健康及其评价

概括了河流生态系统健康概念的涵义,详细介绍了以着重藻类、无脊椎动物、鱼类为主要指示生物的河流生态系统健康的评价方法,并就其评价管理将这些方法分为预测模型法（predictive models）和多指标法（multimetrics两大类,提出了河流健康评价方法的发展方向,以及我国应尽快开展的研究工作。     

Human Health Risks of Selenium-Contaminated Fish: A Case Study for Risk Assessment of Essential Elements

A screening level human health risk assessment (HHRA) was applied to evaluate the human health implications of consuming selenium found in fish tissues collected downstream of coal mines in southeastern British Columbia, Canada. The study evaluated the potential for adverse human health effects associated with selenium, and considered known and potential benefits of selenium and fish ingestion. The results indicated that risks of selenosis due to consumption of selenium-contaminated fish in the region are negligible. Conclusions were strengthened by consideration of the potential benefits of selenium to human health, including: selenium essentiality for maintenance of good health; potential cancer prevention properties due to its role as an antioxidant; potential benefits for cardiovascular health; and other positive health benefits. The findings indicated that some aspects of the traditional framework for HHRA (e.g., application of safety factors to “err on the side of safety”) are inappropriate for the assessment of selenium-contaminated fish. Due to both deficiency and toxicity in the selenium dose-response relationship, application of compounding conservatism in risk assessment may lead to recommended intakes of fish that are contrary to the public health interest. The need for balancing risk types, for incorporating positive responses in risk assessments, and the linkage to the precautionary principle, are discussed.     

Toward river health assessment using species distributional modeling

The reference condition of a river ecosystem is often used as a benchmark against which restoration activities are framed. However, the reference condition approach is not suitable for all river health assessments given undisturbed reference sites similar to a test site may not exist. We tested the ability of applying individual Species Distribution Models (SDMs) to predict the “natural” fish assemblages in a regulated coastal Australian river. Environmental data and fish collections from training sites were used to generate predictive models for 21 species. Model accuracy was high with the area under the receiver operating curve greater than 0.80 for the majority of species. The SDMs were then used to determine the natural fish assemblages and the condition of the sites in the test river was then assessed as the observed to expected species ratio (O/E). We expected that the O/E ratio would decline upstream through a series of weirs that created barriers to fish passage. Results confirmed that an inverse relationship existed between the number of weirs present on the test river and the O/E ratio, largely due to the decline in diadromous species. Our study clearly demonstrates the usefulness of the SDM approach to riverine health assessment in situations where undisturbed reference sites do not exist.     

Some potentials and limits of the leucocrit test as a fish health assessment method

The sensitivity of the leucocrit as a stress tolerance and fish health assessment method was evaluated by subjecting juvenile coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch , or steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri , to standardized crowding, handling, temperature and disease challenges. The leucocrit was a sensitive indicator of the physiological stress resulting from crowding at population densities of 0·2–0·4 kg l⁻¹, and to the stress of handling and to temperature changes. It was relatively insensitive to physiological sampling procedures which supports its continued development as a stress assessment method.
In the case of fish diseases, subclinical or active Renibacterium salmoninarum and Yersinia ruckeri infections had essentially no effect on leucocrit values. In contrast, active Aeromonas salmonicida infections significantly depressed the leucocrit. However, no change was seen during the subclinical (incubation) phase prior to the development of an epizootic. Thus, the potential of the leucocrit as a fish health assessment method appears limited.     

A holistic approach to ecosystem health assessment using fish population characteristics

The status of a fish population is a reflection of the overall condition of the aquatic environment in which that population resides. As such, fish population characteristics can be used as indicators of environmental health. Simple and inexpensive methods to follow fish population responses to environmental degradation are lacking. This paper outlines a protocol whereby environmental impacts on fish populations are classified by five patterns based on characteristics such as mean age, fecundity and condition factor. The patterns summarize population changes and describe responses to exploitation, recruitment failure, the presence of multiple stressors, food limitation and niche shifts. Classification is best based on the selection, and appropriate sampling, of a comparable reference population. Population characteristics can be used to examine ecosystems exposed to stressors for evidence of long-term damage, and when used with biochemical indicators, can be a powerful tool for ecosystem health assessment. The five responses are illustrated using published data on a number of species challenged by increased predation pressure, acidification, eutrophication, mine waste and reservoir impoundment. Application of this scheme will aid in directing and focusing research efforts on crucial aspects impacted by changing conditions.     

Improving biological indicators to better assess the condition of streams

Biological indicators of stream condition are in use by water resource managers worldwide. The State of Maryland and many other organizations that use Indices of Biotic Integrity (IBIs) must determine when and how to refine their IBIs so that better stream condition information is provided. With completion of the second statewide round in 2004, the Maryland Biological Stream Survey (MBSS) had collected data from 2500 stream sites, more than doubling the number of sites that were available for the original IBI development. This larger dataset provided an opportunity for the MBSS to address the following shortcomings in the original IBIs: (1) substantial disturbance apparent in some reference sites, (2) fish IBIs could not be applied to very small streams, (3) natural variability within IBIs (based on regions) resulted in some stream types (e.g., coldwater and blackwater streams) receiving lower IBI scores and (4) one IBI was not able to discriminate degradation as desired (i.e., Coastal Plain fish IBI). Therefore, development of new fish and benthic macroinvertebrate IBIs was undertaken to achieve the goals of: (1) increased confidence that the reference conditions are minimally disturbed, (2) including more natural variation (such as stream size) across the geographic regions and stream types of Maryland and (3) increased sensitivity of IBIs by using more classes (strata) and different metric combinations. New fish IBIs were developed for four geographical and stream type strata: Coastal Plain, Eastern Piedmont, warmwater Highlands and coldwater Highlands streams; new benthic macroinvertebrate IBIs were developed for three geographical strata: Coastal Plain, Eastern Piedmont and Highlands streams. The addition of one new fish IBI and one new benthic macroinvertebrate IBI partitioned natural variability into more homogeneous strata. At the same time, smaller streams (i.e., those draining catchments <300 ac), which constituted a greater proportion of streams (25%) sampled in Round Two (2000–2004) than Round One (1995–1997), because of the finer map scale, were included in the reference conditions used to develop the new IBIs. The resulting new IBIs have high classification efficiencies of 83–96% and are well balanced between Type I and Type II errors. By scoring coldwater streams, smaller streams and to some extent blackwater streams higher, the new IBIs improve on the original IBIs. Overall, the new IBIs provide better assessments of stream condition to support sound management decisions, without requiring substantial changes by cooperating stream assessment programs.     

Using model selection to choose a size-based condition index that is consistent with operational welfare indicators

Quantitative and qualitative measures of fish health and welfare are essential for management of both wild capture and aquaculture species. These measures include morphometric body condition indices, energetic condition and aquaculture operational welfare indicators (OWIs). Measures vary in ease of measurement (and may require destructive sampling), and it is critical to know how well they correlate with fish health and welfare so appropriate management decisions can be based on them. Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) is a new farming species that needs nondestructive OWIs to be developed and validated. In this study, we developed a C. lumpus fin damage score. Four different body condition indexes based on individual weight relative to either length–weight relationships or relative to other fish in its local environment were tested (using model selection) as predictors of individual fin damage. Results showed severity of fin damage was predicted by small size relative to the other individuals in the tank or cage. Body condition based on length–weight relationship was not found to predict fin damage, indicating that using established indices from fisheries or from other species would not predict welfare risks from fin damage. Implications are that especially in hatchery conditions grading will improve the condition index, and is expected to mitigate fin damage, but that low weight at length was not of use in predicting fin damage. Model selection to choose between a suite of possible indices proved powerful and should be considered in other applications where an easily measured index is needed to correlate with other health measures.     

Issues Related to Chemical Analysis,Data Reporting,and Use: Implications for Human Health Risk Assessment of PCBs and PBDEs in Fish Tissue

Recent reports in the scientific literature and the media, related to elevated levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diethyl ethers (PBDEs) in farmed and wild salmon have had significant impacts on public opinion and consumer behavior, influencing the sales of farmed salmon in North America and Europe. The assessment of contaminants in fatty fish, an important source of omega-3 fatty acids, is therefore an exercise in balancing risks and benefits. Human health risk assessors and risk managers will benefit from an understanding of the level of uncertainty that is integrated into all aspects of evaluating risk in this context. Significant variability exists in the way in which analyses are conducted, how data are reported, and how they are used in risk assessments. We conducted an analytical review of PCB and PBDE data in farmed and wild salmon, and identified critical issues having implications on human health risk assessment from fish consumption. These issues include: analytical methodologies used, quantification issues, reporting of QA/QC information, tissue sampling, nature of tissue analyzed, and laboratory competence. This article reviews and outlines these issues, discusses their implications for human health risk assessment, and recommends the consistent application of analytical fish tissue data in human health risk assessment.     

Influence of recruit condition on food competition and predation risk in a coral reef fish

Settlement rate is considered to be a major determinant of the population structure of coral reef fishes. In this study, the effects of larval physiological condition on survival, predation risk and competitive ability are assessed for a small damselfish, Pomacentrus moluccensis. New settlers were collected and fed for 5 days to produce high and low condition (measured as lipid) treatment fish. In a field experiment, pairs (one high and one low condition fish) were transplanted to corals. Persistence over 2 weeks was much higher (100% vs. 25%) in high condition fish. In mixed groups in the laboratory, high condition fish were both aggressively dominant and consumed more of a limiting prey source than low condition fish. In addition, low condition fish were shown to be at much higher risk of predation. All of the low condition fish but only 33% of high condition fish in mixed groups were consumed by fish predators, and in a separate experiment, 73% of feeding strikes by predators were directed at low condition fish. Quality of new settlers can have an important influence on subsequent juvenile survival. The mechanisms for this effect are likely to include a combination of effects of condition on food competition and predation risk.     

Insights into the drivers of histopathological changes and potential as bio-indicator of riverine health of an aquatic apex predator from a premier conservation area: A multiple lines of evidence and multivariate statistics approach

There is a need for sensitive bio-monitoring and indicator tools in toxicant impact assessment to show the effect on fish health. Histopathological assessment of fish tissue is a bio-monitoring tool allowing for early warning signs of disease and detection of long term injury in cells, tissues or organs. The aims of this study were firstly to determine and compare the health status of the tigerfish (Hydrocynus vittatus) from two lowland rivers in Kruger National Park (KNP), secondly to attempt to explain the histological changes observed, through the application of a suite of multivariate statistics to relate changes to biotic levels of selected metals and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and thirdly to determine the suitability of H. vittatus as a bio-indicator of riverine health. Tigerfish were caught using rod and reel from the Olifants (n = 37) and Luvuvhu Rivers (n = 34) between 2009 and 2011. The histology-based fish health assessment (liver, kidney, gills and gonads) indicated that fish were in relatively good health. Even though fish were considered to be healthy, the general fish health in both rivers improved over time, corresponding to an overall decrease in river pollution, most notably in terms of metals. The incorporation of multiple lines of evidence in tigerfish, including histopathological changes and organ and whole organism indices, proved to be a valuable tool in using a bio-indicator approach toward river monitoring. These histopathological changes serve as an early warning system to more serious health concerns arising if the pollution in the rivers of the KNP is not dealt with. The use of a suite of uni- and multivariate statistics proved helpful in determining the links between fish health and river contamination and further proved to be a valuable tool in assessing spatial and temporal differences in river pollution and the effects thereof on the selected bioindicator.