恩替卡韦联合异甘草酸镁注射液对慢性乙型肝炎患者血清IL-2、IL-10、IL-17、MIF及外周血T细胞亚群水平的影响

目的:探讨恩替卡韦联合异甘草酸镁注射液对慢性乙型肝炎患者血清白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、白细胞介素-17(IL-17)、巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(MIF)及外周血T细胞亚群水平的影响。方法:选择我院2015年6月~2016年12月收治的92例慢性乙型肝炎患者,并按不同治疗方式分为对照组与研究组,每组46例。对照组采用恩替卡韦治疗,研究组基于对照组加以异甘草酸镁注射液治疗。比较两组的临床疗效,治疗前后血清IL-2、IL-10、IL-17、MIF、谷丙转氨酶(ALT),谷草转氨酶(AST),总胆红素(TbiL)水平,外周血CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+、CD4~+/CD8~+的变化及不良反应的发生情况。结果:治疗后,研究组总有效率高于对照组[93.47%vs.71.74%],差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组血清IL-2水平及外周血CD3~+、CD4~+、CD4~+/CD8~+水平均较治疗前显著上升,且研究组以上指标均明显高于对照组,两组血清IL-10、IL-17、MIF、ALT、AST、TbiL水平及外周血CD8~+水平均较治疗前显著下降,且研究组以上指标均明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:恩替卡韦联合异甘草酸镁注射液对慢性乙型肝炎患者的效果优于单用恩替卡韦,可能与其显著升高血清IL-2、外周血CD3~+、CD4~+、CD4~+/CD8~+水平及降低血清IL-10、IL-17、MIF和外周血CD8~+水平有关。     

谷氨酰胺联合恩替卡韦对病毒型肝硬化小鼠肝脏病变指标及免疫水平的影响

目的:探讨谷氨酰胺联合恩替卡韦对病毒型肝硬化小鼠肝脏病变指标及免疫水平的影响。方法:将60只健康雄性BABL/cJ小鼠按照随机数字表法分为模型组、谷氨酰胺组,谷氨酰胺联合恩替卡韦组(联合组),对照组,每组15只。采用高压水注射方法将50μL HBV质粒通过尾静脉注入模型组、谷氨酰胺组,联合组三组小鼠体内,然后腹腔注射50%CCI4(5 m L/kg)以构建肝硬化模型小鼠。对照组经尾静脉注射50μL生理盐水,然后腹腔注射生理盐水(5 m L/kg)。谷氨酰胺组接受谷氨酰胺(0.5 m L/10g)治疗,联合组接受恩替卡韦联合谷氨酰胺(0.5 m L/10 g)治疗,对照组、模型组接受生理盐水(0.5 m L/10g)治疗,每天1次,治疗周期均为4周。比较四组小鼠的肝功能、病毒载量、肝纤维化指标、免疫功能。结果:成模后,模型组、谷氨酰胺组、联合组的病毒载量、ALT、AST、HA、PIIIP水平无统计学差异(P0.05);治疗4周后,谷氨酰胺组、联合组两组病毒载量、ALT、AST、HA、PIIIP水平显著下降,且联合组病毒载量、ALT、AST、HA、PIIIP水平低于谷氨酰胺组,差异具有统计学差异(P0.05);治疗4周后,谷氨酰胺组病毒载量、ALT、AST、HA、PIIIP水平低于模型组,差异具有统计学差异(P0.05);治疗4周后,谷氨酰胺组、联合组两组脾脏指数、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+百分率升高组脾脏指数、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+百分率高于谷氨酰胺组,差异具有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:谷氨酰胺联合恩替卡韦可改善病毒型肝硬化小鼠肝脏肝功能,减轻组织纤维化,并有助于增强其免疫功能。     

益气软肝方联合恩替卡韦治疗慢性肝炎肝纤维化的临床研究

目的:探讨益气软肝方联合恩替卡韦治疗慢性肝炎肝纤维化的临床效果。方法:选择2012年9月至2015年2月在我院内科治疗的慢性肝炎肝纤维化患者98例,采用随机抽签方法分为治疗组与对照组各49例,对照组给予恩替卡韦治疗,治疗组给予益气软肝方联合恩替卡韦治疗,都治疗3个月。对治疗后两组疗效、肝功能指标及肝纤维化指标进行检测与比较。结果:治疗后治疗组的总有效率为98.0%,对照组为85.7%,治疗组总有效率明显高于对照组(P0.05)。与治疗前相比,治疗后两组肝功能指标均有所改善(P0.05),治疗后两组肝功能指标对比差异不明显(P0.05)。两组治疗后的血清HA、CⅣ、PCⅢ和LN值都明显低于治疗前(P0.05),同时与对照组相比,治疗后治疗组的血清HA、CⅣ、PCⅢ和LN值明显较低(P0.05)。结论:益气软肝方联合恩替卡韦治疗慢性肝炎肝纤维化能提高治疗疗效,改善肝功能指标及肝纤维化指标,其作用机制可能与降低肝纤维化因子的释放有关。     

银杏叶提取物联合恩替卡韦对慢性乙肝致肝纤维化的干预研究

目的:探讨银杏叶提取物(EGb761)联合恩替卡韦对慢性乙型肝炎患者肝纤维化指标的影响.方法:将45例慢性乙型肝炎患者分为治疗组22例及对照组23例,治疗组应用EGb761及恩替卡韦治疗,对照组仅予恩替卡韦治疗,连续治疗2个月.治疗前后分别检测肝功能、Ⅲ型前胶原(PCⅢ)、Ⅳ型前胶原(PClⅣ)、透明质酸(HA)、层黏连蛋白(LN)水平.结果:治疗后治疗组肝纤雏化指标较对照组明显改善(P均＜0.001).结论:银杏叶提取物EGb761恩替卡韦联合应用对慢性乙肝有明显的抗肝纤维化作用.     

双歧杆菌三联活菌对胃癌部分切除患者术后 炎症因子、免疫和营养状态的影响

目的 探究胃癌部分切除术后补充双歧杆菌三联活菌对患者营养状态、炎症和免疫因子的影响,为肿瘤术后患者营养治疗支持提供建议。方法 选取2017年1月至2018年12月在我院行部分胃癌切除术的早期胃癌患者114例,采用随机数表法分为对照组(57例)与观察组(57例),两组患者于术后3～5 d开始进食,观察组在此基础上使用双歧杆菌三联活菌片,3粒/次,3次/日,口服,疗程14 d。对比两组治疗前后炎症因子水平(ELISA法测定外周血IL-2、IL-6及TNF-α水平)、免疫细胞水平(流式细胞仪测定外周血CD4~+、CD8~+、CD4~+/CD8~+水平)、营养状态(蛋白质测定仪测定外周血白蛋白和总蛋白水平)及治疗不良反应。结果 治疗前两组IL-2、IL-6及TNF-α水平无明显差异(t=1.861,0.744,1.489;P=0.064,0.457,0.138),治疗后两组上述指标均较治疗前显著下降,其中观察组治疗后上述指标水平显著低于对照组(t=5.784,6.153,8.457;均P0.05);治疗前两组CD4~+、CD8~+、CD4~+/CD8~+水平无明显差异(t=1.301,1.084,0.542;P=0.198,0.283,0.590),治疗后两组CD4~+、CD4~+/CD8~+均较治疗前显著提高,CD8~+显著下降,其中观察组治疗后CD4~+、CD4~+/CD8~+水平显著高于对照组(t=5.205,3.904;均P0.05),CD8~+显著低于对照组(t=6.507;P0.05);治疗前两组白蛋白及总蛋白水平无明显差异(t=1.301,0.651;P=0.198,0.518),治疗后两组上述水平均较治疗前显著提高,其中观察组治疗后白蛋白及总蛋白水平显著高于对照组(t=13.664,8.590;均P0.05);两组不良反应发生率无明显差异(5.26%vs 10.53%;χ~2=1.086,P=0.297)。结论 胃癌部分切除术后补充益生菌可有效调节患者的炎症和免疫状态,显著改善营养状况。     

恩替卡韦对CHB患者外周血T淋巴细胞PD-1水平及肝功能的影响

目的探讨恩替卡韦对慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者外周血T淋巴细胞程序性死亡受体1(PD-1)水平及肝功能的影响。方法将128例CHB患者随机分为观察组及对照组各64例,对照组患者给予拉米夫定治疗,观察组在对照组基础上给予恩替卡韦治疗。分别于治疗前、治疗后1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月抽取静脉血5 m L,采用荧光定量PCR检测患者血清HBV DNA载量,流式细胞术检测T淋巴细胞PD-1表达水平,全自动化生化分析仪测定患者血清谷草转氨酶(ALT)水平。结果两组组患者治疗1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月HBV DNA载量、ALT水平、CD4+T细胞PD-1、CD8+T细胞PD-1水平均低于治疗前(P0.05)。观察组治疗后1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月HBV DNA载量、ALT水平、CD4+T细胞PD-1、CD8+T细胞PD-1水平低于对照组(P0.05)。结论恩替卡韦能有效抑制CHB患者外周血CD4+、CD8+T细胞表面PD-1表达水平,进而抑制HBV DNA复制,改善患者肝功能。     

四磨汤对宫颈癌化疗患者胃肠功能的保护作用及对血清IL-8、CEA、CA125水平的影响

目的:研究四磨汤对恩度联合力朴素治疗的宫颈癌患者胃肠功能的保护作用及对其血清白细胞介素8(IL-8)、癌胚抗原(CEA)、糖类抗原125(CA125)的影响。方法:选取2015年9月至2016年8月我院收治的88例宫颈癌患者,根据患者入院顺序分为观察组和对照组,每组44例。对照组在放疗基础上加以恩度联合力朴素完成化疗,观察组在对照组治疗基础上加以四磨汤。比较两组患者治疗前后血清IL-8、CEA、CA125水平及外周血CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+细胞比例的变化和胃肠道毒副反应、胃肠道放射性损伤的发生情况。结果:治疗后,两组患者血清IL-8、CEA、CA125水平均较治疗前显著降低(P0.05),且观察组的血清IL-8、CEA、CA125水平较对照组明显降低(P0.05);两组患者CD3~+、CD4~+细胞比例较治疗前显著降低(P0.05),CD8~+细胞比例较治疗前显著升高(P0.05),但观察组的CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+细胞比例细胞比例显著高于对照组(P0.05)。观察组不良反应发生率、早期胃肠道放射性损伤发生率、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级胃肠道放射性损伤率均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:四磨汤用于恩度联合力朴素治疗的宫颈癌患者能有效保护患者胃肠功能,降低患者血清IL-8、CEA、CA125水平,增强患者免疫力。     

脾氨肽联合普米克令舒对小儿支气管哮喘的临床疗效及对CD4+, CD8+, IgE水平的影响

目的:分析脾氨肽联合普米克治疗小儿支气管哮喘的临床疗效及对患儿CD4~+、CD8~+、血清Ig E水平的影响。方法:选取我院2015年6月~2016年10月收治的支气管哮喘急性发作患儿88例,采用随机数字法将其分为对照组和观察组,每组各44例。所有患儿进行止咳化痰治疗,对照组患儿在此基础上采用雾化吸入普米克令舒混悬液,观察组患儿在对照组用药基础上加用脾氨肽口服冻干粉。比较两组患儿的临床疗效、症状消失时间、肺功能变化情况、住院时间及治疗前后CD4~+、CD8~+、CD 4~+/CD8~+及血清Ig E水平的变化。结果:观察组的治疗总有效率显著高于对照组(P0.01)。治疗后,观察组的咳嗽、胸部哮鸣音、喘憋消失时间及住院时间均明显短于对照组(P0.01),FVC、FEV1及FEV/FVC、CD4~+、CD4~+/CD8~+水平均显著高于对照组(P0.01),而血清Ig E浓度明显低于对照组(P0.01)。两组不良反应发生率及CD8~+水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:脾氨肽联合普米克令舒可显著提高小儿支气管哮喘的临床疗效,迅速改善患儿的临床症状及免疫功能,且安全性高。     

扶正化瘀胶囊联合微生态制剂和恩替卡韦治疗乙型肝炎病毒感染失代偿期肝硬化的临床研究

目的:探讨扶正化瘀胶囊联合微生态制剂和恩替卡韦治疗乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染失代偿期肝硬化的临床效果。方法:选取2015年6月～2019年6月期间我院收治的HBV感染失代偿期肝硬化患者73例,根据随机数字表法分为对照组(n=36)和研究组(n=37),对照组患者予以微生态制剂和恩替卡韦治疗,研究组则在对照组的基础上联合扶正化瘀胶囊治疗,比较两组患者疗效、T淋巴细胞亚群、肝功能[天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、总胆红素(TBIL)]以及肝纤维化指标[透明质酸(HA)、层黏连蛋白(LN)],记录两组乙肝表面e抗原(HBeAg)、乙肝病毒基因(HBV-DNA)转阴情况,记录两组不良反应发生情况。结果:研究组治疗6个月后的临床总有效率为91.89%(34/37),高于对照组的72.22%(26/36)(P0.05)。两组治疗6个月后AST、TBIL、HA、LN、CD8+~均下降,且研究组低于对照组(P0.05)。两组治疗6个月后CD4+~、CD4+~/CD8+~升高,且研究组高于对照组(P0.05)。两组治疗6个月后HBeAg、HBV-DNA转阴率比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。两组不良反应发生率对比未见统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:扶正化瘀胶囊联合微生态制剂和恩替卡韦治疗HBV感染失代偿期肝硬化疗效显著,虽在HbeAg、HBV-DNA转阴率方面未见明显改善,但可有效改善肝功能,减轻肝纤维化,提高机体免疫功能,且不增加不良反应发生率,安全性较好。     

肺癌患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群水平的表达及临床意义

目的:探讨肺癌患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群水平的表达及临床意义。方法:选择2016年3月~2017年3月期间我院收治的88例肺癌患者作为研究组,选择同期于我院进行健康体检的88例受检者作为对照组。两组研究对象均通过流式细胞仪检测外周血T淋巴细胞亚群水平。观察对比两组研究对象外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的表达水平,以及研究组不同临床病理特征患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的表达水平。结果:研究组CD4~+/CD8~+、CD4~+、CD3~+表达水平均低于对照组,CD8~+表达水平高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。研究组Ⅲ期与Ⅳ期患者CD4~+/CD8~+、CD4~+、CD3~+表达水平均低于Ⅰ期与Ⅱ期,Ⅲ期与Ⅳ期患者CD8~+表达水平高于Ⅰ期与Ⅱ期(P0.05);小细胞肺癌患者CD4~+/CD8~+、CD4~+、CD3~+表达水平均低于非小细胞肺癌患者,CD8~+表达水平高于非小细胞肺癌患者,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。不同性别、年龄、肿瘤分化程度肺癌患者CD4~+/CD8~+、CD8~+、CD4~+、CD3~+水平无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:肺癌患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群水平的表达呈现异常状态,且表达水平与疾病的分期和病理分型有关。     

Definitions,measurements, and classifications of stimuli,situations, and environments

A review is presented of issues relevant to the definition, measurement, and classification of stimuli, situations, and environments. Problems such as the lack of adequate definitions of concepts, error and bias in measurement procedures, confusion between measurement of a concept and measurement of its behavioral effects, and the lack of agreement among alternative measures are emphasized. It is suggested that concepts be defined in terms of objective characteristics while allowing for the study of the transactional relationship between organism and environment. The work of the ethologists in defining stimuli while studying their relationship to different organismic states and situational contexts is emphasized in this regard. Following Brunswik, it is also suggested that wherever possible there be a representative sampling of variables in natural settings. Note from the editors: From time to time, Human Ecology will publish a review article. Our first in this series is a review by a psychologist of basic definitional and conceptual problems in environmental studies.This paper was prepared while the author was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Educational Testing Service. The support of ETS and my colleagues in the Division of Psychological Studies is gratefully acknowledged. The review was also supported in part by a grant from the Rutgers University Research Council.     

Synthesis,tautomerism, and antimicrobial,anti-HCV,anti-SSPE,antioxidant, and antitumor activities of arylazobenzosuberones

2-Dimethylaminomethylene-1-benzosuberone 1 was coupled with diazotized aniline derivatives to afford a series of the hitherto unreported 2-arylazo-1-benzosuberones 3a–i. The tautomeric structure and the effect of substituents on the tautomeric form (s) of the products 3a–i were discussed. Similar coupling of the enaminone 1 with diazonium salts of heterocyclic amines gave the respective fused azolotriazino-benzosuberones. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed potent antimicrobial, anti-HCV, antioxidant, antitumor (as topoisomerase I inhibitors), and antimicrobial activities.     

The effect of malathion,diazinon, and various concentrations of zinc,copper, nickel,lead, iron,and mercury on fish

Acute and chronic toxicity tests for malathion, diazinon, copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) were conducted. Mortalities ofBarilius vagra andCyprinus carpio (common carp) were variable but LC50-96 hr were similar for pesticides. AdultB. vagra seem to be more sensitive to malathion than juvenile carp. Both juvenile carp and adultB. vagra were extremely sensitive to diazinon. Long-term exposure to pesticides modified morphology and behavior. The LC50-96 values for Cu, Hg, and Pb were 0.3, 0.16, and 0.44, respectively, for smaller fish and 1.0, 0.77, and 1.33, respectively, for larger fish. Replicate LC50 values for Zn, Ni, and Fe were somewhat variable, and for these metals, the size of the fish seemed to affect response because LC50 values increased as fish size increased. Cooper, Pb, Zn, and Fe residues following exposure to sublethal concentrations of these metals for 15 d were significantly greater in whole juvenile common carp than in controls.     

Synthesis and properties of N-, O-, and S-phospho derivatives of amino acids, peptides, and proteins

The literature on chemical (i.e., nonenzymic) phosphorylation of amino acids, peptides, and proteins is reviewed through 1982. The review covers synthetic methods, chemical reactions, and physical properties, with emphasis on the techniques used for separation and characterization of the products. Synthetic methods are classified by reagent rather than product, and are illustrated by experimental procedures for the most important methods. Chemical reactions are classified into four groups depending on whether the reaction site is the phospho group, the amino group, the carboxyl group, or in the case of serine the hydroxyl group. Physical data are given for all of the known N-, O-, and S-phospho derivatives of the amino acids, peptides, and proteins, within certain limitations, and are discussed in detail in the section on physical properties. Emphasis is given to the techniques used for separation of the products, such as chromatography and electrophoresis, and for characterization of the products, particularly spectroscopy. Medical and other uses of the products are mentioned.     

Low-frequency dynamics and Raman scattering of crystals, of B-, A-, and Z-DNA, and fibers of C-DNA

Normal modes of vibration of DNA in the low-frequency region (10-300 cm-1 interval) have been identified from Raman spectra of crystals of B-DNA [d(CGCAAATTTGCG)], A-DNA [r(GCG)d(CGC) and d(CCCCGGGG)], and Z-DNA [d(CGCGCG) and d(CGCGTG)]. The lowest vibrational frequencies detected in the canonical DNA structures--at 18 +/- 2 cm-1 in the B-DNA crystal, near 24 +/- 2 cm-1 in A-DNA crystals, and near 30 +/- 2 cm-1 in Z-DNA crystals--are shown to correlate well with the degree of DNA hydration in the crystal structures, as well as with the level of hydration in calf thymus DNA fibers. These findings support the assignment [H. Urabe et al. (1985) J. Chem. Phys. 82, 531-535; C. Demarco et al. (1985) Biopolymers 24, 2035-2040] of the lowest frequency Raman band of each DNA to a helix mode, which is dependent primarily upon the degree of helix hydration, rather than upon the intrahelical conformation. The present results show also that B-, A-, C-, and Z-DNA structures can be distinguished from one another on the basis of their characteristic Raman intensity profiles in the region of 40-140 cm-1, even though all structures display two rather similar and complex bands centered within the intervals of 66-72 and 90-120 cm-1. The similarity of Raman frequencies for B-, A-, C-, and Z-DNA suggests that these modes originate from concerted motions of the bases (librations), which are not strongly dependent upon helix backbone geometry or handedness. Correlation of the Raman frequencies and intensities with the DNA base compositions suggests that the complex band near 90-120 cm-1 in all double-helix structures is due to in-plane librational motions of the bases, which involve stretching of the purine-pyrimidine hydrogen bonds. This would explain the centering of the band at higher frequencies in structures containing G.C pairs (greater than 100 cm-1) than in structures containing A.T pairs (less than 100 cm-1), consistent with the strengths of G.C and A.T hydrogen bonding.     

Synthesis,spectroscopic, and antibacterial activity of tetraazamacrocyclic complexes of trivalent chromium,manganese, and iron

A new series of macrocyclic complexes of type [M(TML)X]X₂, where M = Cr(III), Mn(III), or Fe(III), TML is tetradentate macrocyclic ligand, and X = Cl^?, NO₃^?, CH₃COO^? for Cr(III), Fe(III) and X = CH₃COO^? for Mn (III), has been synthesized by condensation of benzil and succinyldihydrazide in the presence of metal salt. The complexes have been so formulated due to the 1:2 electrolytic nature of these complexes as shown by conductivity measurements. The complexes have been characterized with the help of various physicochemical techniques such as elemental analysis, molar conductance, electronic and infrared spectral studies, and magnetic susceptibility. On the basis of these studies, a five-coordinate distorted square pyramidal geometry, in which two nitrogens and two carbonyl oxygen atoms are suitably placed for coordination toward the metal ion, has been proposed for all the complexes. The complexes have been tested for their in vitro antibacterial activity. Some of the complexes show remarkable antibacterial activities against some selected bacterial strains. The minimum inhibitory concentrations shown by these complexes have been compared with those shown by some standard antibiotics such as linezolid and cefaclor.