活化／抑制CD59对T淋巴细胞增殖的影响

目的：研究活化／抑制cD59分子对T细胞增殖的影响。方法：Jurkat细胞分别电转入pSUPER-siCD59质粒及用CD59活化抗体刺激。激光共聚焦显微镜下观察细胞的电转情况及cD59分子在细胞膜上的分布及表达;MTT比色法检测细胞的增殖。Westernblot检测CD59分子表达及T细胞活化相关蛋白ZAP70磷酸化水平。结果：激光共聚焦显微镜下可见电转染细胞表达绿色荧光,转染效率约为40％。转染pSUPER-siCD59质粒后CD59荧光强度强度降低,CD59分子均匀分布于细胞膜与正常Jurkat细胞分布一致。抗体活化后CD59在细胞膜成簇状分布。抗体活后细胞增殖速率和磷酸化ZAP70的蛋白表达水平均高于正常组（P〈0．05）,而细胞电转质粒后则恰恰相反。结论：CD59通过与信号转导分子的相互作用促进T细胞活化增殖。     

CD59、CD55在T细胞活化信号转导中的协同作用

目的:研究糖基磷脂酰肌醇(GPI)锚固蛋白CD59、CD55在脂筏介导T细胞信号转导通路中的协同效应。方法:应用siRNA技术,构建特异性针对CD55与CD59基因的重组载体pSUPER-siCD55,pSUPER-siCD59。实验分为未转染的Jurkat细胞组(Ⅰ组)、转染pSUPER空质粒的Jurkat细胞组(Ⅱ组)、转染pSUPER-siCD59重组质粒的Jurkat细胞组(Ⅲ组)及转染pSUPER-siCD55重组质粒的Jurkat细胞组(Ⅳ组)。RT-PCR检测转染细胞中CD55和CD59基因的表达噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法和激光共聚焦扫描显微镜分别检测CD55与CD59联合作用对4组Jurkat细胞的增殖效应以及细胞内钙离子的变化、结果:稳定转染后,Ⅲ组细胞CD59分子的表达和Ⅳ组细胞CD55分子的表达被成功抑制。Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组细胞CD55与CD59联合作用后增殖能力和钙离子浓度均明显高于Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组(P<0.05),Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组之间无差异结论:CD59和CD55在T细胞活化信号转导通路中存在协同效应。     

CD59、CD55在T细胞活化信号转导中的协同作用

目的：研究糖基磷脂酰肌醇（GeD）锚固蛋白CD59、CD55在脂筏介导T细胞信号转导通路中的协同效应。方法：应用siRNA技术,构建特异性针对CD55与CD59基因的重组载体pSUPER—siCD55,pSUPER—siCD59。实验分为未转染的Jurkat细胞组（I组）、转染pSUPER空质粒的Jurkat细胞组（Ⅱ组）、转染pSUPER—siCD59重组质粒的Jurkat细胞组（Ⅲ组）及转染pSUPER—siCD55重组质粒的Jurkat细胞组（Ⅳ组）。RT—PCR检测转染细胞中CD55和CD59基因的表达。噻唑蓝（MTT）比色法和激光共聚焦扫描显微镜分别检测CD55与CD59联合作用对4组Jurkat细胞的增殖效应以及细胞内钙离子的变化。结果：稳定转染后,Ⅲ组细胞CD59分子的表达和Ⅳ组细胞CD55分子的表达被成功抑制。Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组细胞CD55与CD59联合作用后增殖能力和钙离子浓度均明显高于Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组（P〈0．05）,Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组之间无差异。结论：CD59和CD55在T细胞活化信号转导通路中存在协同效应。     

融合蛋白TCRαζβζ中CD3ζ分子与T细胞膜的共定位分析

[目的]构建融合CD3ζ的TCRαζβζ分子的双表达载体,并观察TCRαζβζ分子中的CD3ζ与细胞膜的共定位情况。[方法]设计重叠PCR引物,利用重叠PCR扩增携带荧光蛋白的融合基因TCRβζ-EYFP和TCRαζ,将其克隆到p IRES2-EGFP载体,构建双表达载体p IRES2-TCRβζ-EYFP/TCRαζ,将重组载体分别转染BEL-7402细胞和Jurkat T细胞,转染48 h后,细胞膜经Di D染料染色,共聚焦显微镜扫描并分析该TCRαζβζ分子的表达以及与细胞膜的共定位情况。[结果]重组双表达载体p IRES-TCRβζ-EYFP/TCRαζ经菌落PCR、酶切鉴定及测序分析证明载体构建成功;共聚焦显微镜扫描结果显示重组载体表达了融合蛋白TCRαζβζ分子;共定位程序分析显示TCRαζβζ分子中的CD3ζ与细胞膜存在共定位关系。[结论]成功构建了融合蛋白TCRαζβζ分子的双表达载体,TCRαζβζ分子中的CD3ζ与细胞膜存在共定位。     

CD59天然抗原的制备及纯化

目的 构建人matureCD59-mFC—pBOS真核表达载体,转染COSa细胞进行瞬时表达,对表达产物进行鉴定及纯化。方法在人Jurkat细胞中提取细胞总RNA,运用RT—PCR方法扩增matureCD59基因,定向克隆入带有mFC标签的真核表达载体pBOS中,大提质粒后通过电转仪转染COSa细胞,ELISA及特异抗体检测CD59的表达,并大量收集细胞上清用ProteinA进行纯化。结果构建r重组载体matureCD59．mFC—pBOS,瞬时转染COSa细胞,初步纯化得到天然表达的CD59抗原。结论带有mFC标签的CD59天然抗原的得到为制备抗人CD59单克隆抗体开辟了一条新的途径。     

copine V蛋白的亚细胞定位

目的：确定copine V蛋白的亚细胞定位,初步研究该蛋白的生物学功能.方法：将copine V编码区基因分别构建真核表达载体pEGFP-copine V（或pRED-copine V）,转染HEK293、HeLa细胞,在激光共聚焦荧光显微镜下与转染空载体pEGFP-N1（或pRED-N1）的细胞比较观察.结果：经限制性内切酶分析鉴定,构建的重组表达载体正确.通过激光共聚焦荧光显微镜观察,转染了重组载体pEGFP-copine V的细胞荧光信号集中分布于胞膜和内膜系统;进一步研究表明copine V定位于内质网而非线粒体,而空载体则在整个细胞中均匀分布.结论：copine V蛋白定位于细胞膜和内质网上,而不定位于线粒体.     

急性早幼粒白血病HL60细胞电转染条件的优化

目的：比较不同电转染条件下,真核表达载体转染HL60细胞的效率,筛选得到针对HL60细胞最佳的电转染条件。方法：采用pDsRED-C1真核表达载体,分别在2mm和4mm电转杯中依照不同电转条件对HL60细胞进行转染,根据存活细胞所占比例确定电转参数;在转染48h后,比较不同质粒加入量及二甲基亚砜（dimethyl sulfoxide,DMSO）加入电转体系前后的细胞转染阳性率。调整G418筛选浓度,在选定转染条件下进行HL60细胞电转,采用流式细胞技术,细胞化学染色及超微结构观察,分析电转前后HL60细胞的生物学性状。应用相同条件再转染eYFP-C1质粒于HL60细胞,G418筛选后观察荧光表达情况。结果：HL60细胞在2mm和4mm电转杯中的死亡数量随电击强度和脉冲次数的增加而升高,且方形波较回旋波有更强的击穿细胞膜的能力;固定电转参数下,2mm和4mm电转杯中的HL60细胞电转阳性细胞数随加入质粒量的增加呈先升高后下降的趋势,且在相同质粒加入量,2mm电转杯比4mm电转杯有更高的转染效率;在相同电转参数和相同电转杯中,预冷条件下加入DMSO电转时阳性率比不加入DMSO进行电转的阳性率高近13倍;400μg/ml G418是最佳筛选浓度;选定最佳电转条件进行电转,通过筛选,没有发现细胞表面分化抗原CD11b和CD14的表达,细胞形态原始,未见凋亡现象发生。相同条件电转eYFP-C1空载质粒于HL60细胞仍然可以获得很好的转染效果。结论：HL60细胞电转染条件的改良,可以有效提高HL60细胞的电转阳性率,为后续细胞真核表达载体的转染及基因功能研究奠定基础。     

SARS- CoV X4 基因转染对T 细胞 TNF- A及IL- 6 分泌的影响

目的：通过检测SARS-CoV X4基因转染后T细胞细胞因子分泌的变化,研究SARS-CoV X4蛋白潜在的功能及其作用机制,并探讨其与SARS-CoV致病机制的关系。方法：利用RosetteSep分离法分离外周血T细胞,以Amaxa核转染仪将pEGFP-SARS-CoV X4真核表达载体转入T细胞,应用激光共聚焦显微镜观察其瞬时表达情况,流式细胞仪检测转染效率,CBA技术检测T细胞细胞因子。结果：SARS-CoV X4基因转染后12h得到了明显表达,共聚焦显微镜观察到EGFP绿色荧光表达,流式细胞仪检测其表达率为245;与空载体转染组相比,SARS-CoV X4基因转染能显著促进T细胞IL-6及TNF-α的分泌。结论：SARS-CoV X4蛋白可诱导T细胞分泌前炎症因子IL-6及TNT-α,SARS-CoV X4蛋白可能在SARS发病机制中起重要的作用。     

树突状细胞电穿孔法转染条件的优化

目的将带有EGFP的质粒电转入树突状细胞,探讨不同电转条件对树突状细胞的电转率和存活率影响。方法分离人外周血单核细胞加入刺激因子将其诱导为成熟DC,设置不同电转参数将质粒转入树突状细胞,荧光显微镜检测转染效率及细胞存活率。结果电转48小时后,镜下观察在电转条件为300V,20ms时,细胞存活率及表达率最高,结论选择适当的电转参数及细胞浓度,可明显提高转染效率同时降低细胞死亡率。     

人P2X7真核表达载体的构建及稳定转染细胞株的建立

目的：构建人P2X7基因的真核表达载体,并通过转染获得稳定表达P2X7分子的HEK293细胞株。方法：以人脑组织P2X7cDNA为模板扩增出P2X7基因,插入到真核表达载体pEGFP-N1中,构建重组质粒pEGFP-N1/P2X7。用X-fect试剂盒将重组质粒转染HEK293细胞,通过G418辅助荧光筛选建立稳定表达P2X7-EGFP细胞株。经流式细胞仪、Western blot和激光共聚焦显微镜检测,了解人P2X7在HEK293细胞中的表达水平及细胞内定位。结果：重组质粒pEGFP-N1/P2X7构建正确,建立了稳定表达人P2X7的HEK293细胞系。Western blot和流式细胞仪检测证实,P2X7在HEK293细胞系中成功表达,激光共聚焦显微镜检测显示P2X7-EGFP定位在细胞膜上。结论：重组载体pEGFP-N1/P2X7构建成功并建立了稳定表达人P2X7的HEK293细胞系,为进一步研究P2X7离子通道结构和功能奠定基础。     

T cell regulation of p62(dok) (Dok1) association with Crk-L.

In addition to engagement of the T cell receptor-CD3 complex, T lymphocytes can be activated by a variety of cell surface molecules including the approximately 50-kDa surface receptor CD2. While the majority of biochemical signaling elements are triggered by either CD2 or TcR-CD3 receptors, a small number of proteins are engaged by only one receptor. Recently, p62(dok) (Dok1), a member of the Dok family of adapter molecules, has been reported to be activated by CD2 and not by CD3 engagement. Here we have examined the role of p62(dok) in CD2-dependent signaling in Jurkat T cells. As previously reported, we find that ligation of the CD2 molecule by mitogenic pairs of anti-CD2 mAbs led to phosphorylation of p62(dok). While CD2-induced p62(dok) tyrosine phosphorylation was independent of both the p36/38 membrane adapter protein linker of activated T cells (LAT) and the ZAP70/Syk family of kinases, it was dependent upon the Src family of kinases including Lck and Fyn. We find further that CD2 engagement induced the association of tyrosine-phosphorylated p62(dok) to Crk-L. The CD2-dependent association of p62(dok) to Crk-L was independent of expression of the ZAP70/Syk family of kinases. Of note, while T cell receptor-CD3 engagement did not induce either p62(dok) phosphorylation or Crk-L association in Jurkat T cells, it did inhibit CD2-dependent p62(dok)-Crk-L complexes; this TcR-CD3-mediated regulation was dependent upon ZAP70 kinase activity. Our data suggest that phosphorylation of p62(dok) and its interaction with other signaling proteins may depend upon integrated signals emanating from the CD2 receptor, utilizing a ZAP70/LAT-independent pathway, and the TcR-CD3 receptor, which is ZAP70/Syk-dependent.     

Differential Src family kinase activity requirements for CD3 zeta phosphorylation/ZAP70 recruitment and CD3 epsilon phosphorylation

The current model of T cell activation is that TCR engagement stimulates Src family tyrosine kinases (SFK) to phosphorylate CD3zeta. CD3zeta phosphorylation allows for the recruitment of the tyrosine kinase ZAP70, which is phosphorylated and activated by SFK, leading to the phosphorylation of downstream targets. We stimulated mouse CTLs with plate-bound anti-CD3 and, after cell lysis, recovered proteins that associated with the CD3 complex. The protein complexes were not preformed, and a number of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins were inducibly and specifically associated with the TCR/CD3 complex. These results suggest that complex formation only occurs at the site of TCR engagement. The recruitment and tyrosine phosphorylation of most proteins were abolished when T cells were stimulated in the presence of the SFK inhibitor PP2. Surprisingly, CD3zeta, but not CD3epsilon, was inducibly tyrosine phosphorylated in the presence of PP2. Furthermore, ZAP70 was recruited, but not phosphorylated, after TCR stimulation in the presence of PP2, thus confirming the phosphorylation status of CD3zeta. These data suggest that there is a differential requirement for SFK activity in phosphorylation of CD3zeta vs CD3epsilon. Consistent with this possibility, ZAP70 recruitment was also detected with anti-CD3-stimulated, Lck-deficient human Jurkat T cells. We conclude that TCR/CD3-induced CD3zeta phosphorylation and ZAP70 recruitment do not absolutely require Lck or other PP2-inhibitable SFK activity, but that SFK activity is absolutely required for CD3epsilon and ZAP70 phosphorylation. These data reveal the potential for regulation of signaling through the TCR complex by the differential recruitment or activation of SFK.     

Lipid raft assembly and Lck recruitment in TRAIL costimulation mediates NF-κB activation and T cell proliferation

The TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand was shown to provide a costimulatory signal that cooperates with the TCR/CD3 complex to induce T cell proliferation and cytokine production. Although a number of signaling pathways were linked to the TCR/CD3 complex, it is not known how these two receptors cooperate to induce T cell activation. In this study, we show that TRAIL-induced costimulation of T cells depends on activation of the NF-κB pathway. TRAIL induced the NF-κB pathway by phosphorylation of inhibitor of κB factor kinase and protein kinase C in conjunction with anti-CD3. Furthermore, we demonstrated that TRAIL costimulation induced phosphorylation of the upstream TCR-proximal tyrosine kinases, Lck and ZAP70. Ligation of the TRAIL by its soluble receptor, DR4-Fc, alone was able to induce the phosphorylation of Lck and ZAP70 and to activate the NF-κB pathway; however, it was insufficient to fully activate T cells to support T cell proliferation. In contrast, TRAIL engagement in conjunction with anti-CD3, but not TRAIL ligation alone, induced lipid raft assembly and recruitment of Lck and PKC. These results demonstrate that TRAIL costimulation mediates NF-κB activation and T cell proliferation by lipid raft assembly and recruitment of Lck. Our results suggest that in TRAIL costimulation, lipid raft recruitment of Lck integrates mitogenic NF-κB-dependent signals from the TCR and TRAIL in T lymphocytes.     

Zap-70-independent Ca(2+) mobilization and Erk activation in Jurkat T cells in response to T-cell antigen receptor ligation

The tyrosine kinase ZAP-70 has been implicated as a critical intermediary between T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) stimulation and Erk activation on the basis of the ability of dominant negative ZAP-70 to inhibit TCR-stimulated Erk activation, and the reported inability of anti-CD3 antibodies to activate Erk in ZAP-70-negative Jurkat cells. However, Erk is activated in T cells receiving a partial agonist signal, despite failing to activate ZAP-70. This discrepancy led us to reanalyze the ZAP-70-negative Jurkat T-cell line P116 for its ability to support Erk activation in response to TCR/CD3 stimulation. Erk was activated by CD3 cross-linking in P116 cells. However, this response required a higher concentration of anti-CD3 antibody and was delayed and transient compared to that in Jurkat T cells. Activation of Raf-1 and MEK-1 was coincident with Erk activation. Remarkably, the time course of Ras activation was comparable in the two cell lines, despite proceeding in the absence of LAT tyrosine phosphorylation in the P116 cells. CD3 stimulation of P116 cells also induced tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C-gamma1 (PLCgamma1) and increased the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. Protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors blocked CD3-stimulated Erk activation in P116 cells, while parental Jurkat cells were refractory to PKC inhibition. The physiologic relevance of these signaling events is further supported by the finding of PLCgamma1 tyrosine phosphorylation, Erk activation, and CD69 upregulation in P116 cells on stimulation with superantigen and antigen-presenting cells. These results demonstrate the existence of two pathways leading to TCR-stimulated Erk activation in Jurkat T cells: a ZAP-70-independent pathway requiring PKC and a ZAP-70-dependent pathway that is PKC independent.     

Stimulation of T cells through the CD3/T-cell receptor complex: role of cytoplasmic calcium, protein kinase C translocation, and phosphorylation of pp60c-src in the activation pathway.

Stimulation of T cells or the Jurkat T-cell line with soluble antibodies to the CD3/T-cell receptor complex causes mobilization of cytoplasmic Ca2+, which is blocked by pertussis toxin but not by ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, and translocation of protein kinase C activity from the cytoplasm to the membrane. Such stimulation also causes phosphorylation of pp60c-src at an amino-terminal serine residue. These activities are consistent with induction of phosphatidylinositol metabolism after antibody binding. Anti-CD3 stimulation with antibody in solution, however, does not cause Jurkat cells to release interleukin 2 and blocks rather than induces proliferation of T cells. Induction of interleukin 2 production by Jurkat cells and proliferation by normal T cells requires anti-CD3 stimulation with antibody on a solid support, such as Sepharose beads or a plastic dish. Thus, we examined phosphorylation of pp60c-src after stimulation of Jurkat cells with anti-CD3 in solution or on solid phase. Both of these caused serine phosphorylation of pp60c-src that was indistinguishable even after 4 h of stimulation. These results indicate that the mode of anti-CD3 stimulation (in solution or on solid phase) controls a cellular function that modifies the consequences of signal transduction through phosphatidylinositol turnover.     

A 44 kilodalton cell surface homodimer regulates interleukin 2 production by activated human T lymphocytes

We previously described a cell surface antigen, termed Tp44, detected by monoclonal antibody 9.3 on approximately 80% of mature human T lymphocytes. Analysis by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing demonstrated that this antigen consists of two identical 44 kilodalton glycopeptides that form a disulfide-linked homodimer. Competitive binding experiments showed that antibody 9.3 and an anti-CD3 antibody (64.1) recognize distinct antigenic determinants; furthermore, the binding of antibody 9.3 was unaffected by prior modulation of CD3. Thus, Tp44 has no detectable cell surface association with CD3. By itself, antibody 9.3 had no detectable effect on either IL 2 receptor expression or IL 2 release, and did not cause T cell proliferation even when monocytes were present and exogenous IL 2 was provided, indicating that binding of antibody 9.3 does not provide a primary signal for T cell activation. However, the proliferative responses of T lymphocytes activated by phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, or an anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody were strikingly enhanced in the presence of antibody 9.3, an effect associated with increased IL 2 receptor expression and increased IL 2 secretion. Antibody 9.3 enabled anti-CD3-Sepharose-activated T cells and anti-CD3 antibody-activated Jurkat cells to release IL 2 in the absence of monocytes. Fab fragments of antibody 9.3 had no effect on anti-CD3-induced IL 2 release by Jurkat cells, whereas F(ab')2 fragments had activity comparable to that of unmodified antibody, indicating that bivalent binding of Tp44 molecules is required for IL 2 secretion. Together, these results suggest that TP44 may function as a receptor for accessory signals in the activation of T cells.     

Overexpression of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 renders Jurkat T cells resistant to fas-mediated apoptosis: involvement of iron released by HO-1

We recently demonstrated that heme oxygenase (HO)-1 is constitutively expressed in human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells and induced by anti-CD28 or anti-CD28/anti-CD3 stimulation, even in CD4+CD25- responder T cells. To study the effects of HO-1 expression on lymphocyte survival, we transfected the HO-1 gene or induced the gene to express HO-1 protein with cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP) in Jurkat T cells. Consistently, anti-Fas antibody triggered apoptotic cell death in wild-type Jurkat T cells. Surprisingly, however, HO-1-overexpressing Jurkat T cells showed strong resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis. In contrast, abrogation of HO-1 expression by antisense oligomer against HO-1 gene from CoPP-treated cells or depletion of iron by desferrioxamine from HO-1-transfected cells abolished the resistance. In addition, exogenously added iron rendered wild-type Jurkat T cells resistant. The resistance involved IkappaB kinase (IKK) activation via iron-induced reactive oxygen species formation, NF-kappaB activation by activated IKK, and c-FLIP expression by activated NF-kappaB. Primary CD4+ T cells induced by CoPP to express HO-1 also showed more resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis than untreated cells. Our findings suggest that HO-1 plays a critical and nonredundant role in Fas-mediated activation-induced cell death of T lymphocytes.