三七对小麦的化感作用

以三七产区3个小麦品种(99-1、川麦45和文麦8号)为受体材料,测定不同浓度三七茎叶水浸液、根水浸液、绒根及其腐解液的化感作用,结果表明:(1)随浓度增加三七茎叶水浸液对供试小麦的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、平均发芽日数、苗高、根数、最长根、地上干重、地下干重、根冠比及总干重等指标均有明显抑制作用,而根水浸液只对最长根具有抑制作用,茎叶水浸液的化感作用更强;(2)三七绒根对各供试小麦品种均呈显著抑制作用,随添加量增大,抑制作用不断加强;(3)绒根腐解液对川麦45和文麦8号表现为"低促进,高抑制"的双向作用,而对99-1表现为抑制作用;(4)99-1和文麦8号对三七化感作用的敏感性较强,而川麦45的敏感性较弱,更适合与三七轮作。     

三七自毒与化感作用初步研究

采用生物测定方法,对三七的自毒与化感作用进行初步研究。结果表明:(1)三七种子萌发过程中的自毒作用随其播种密度不同而有一定差异,但无明显规律性。三七种子萌发过程中的分泌物对油菜生长具有化感作用,主要表现为对油菜种子发芽率、发芽指数及苗高的抑制效应;(2)三七水浸液对不同受体植物的化感作用不尽相同,对小麦主要表现为对苗鲜重、苗干重、根鲜重、苗高及须根数有不同程度的促进或抑制作用;对油菜则表现为对其种子发芽率具有抑制作用,而对苗鲜重、苗干重、根鲜重、最长根长具有促进作用;(3)三七存在明显的化感自毒作用,其自毒物质可能为影响其连作的一个重要因素。     

不同类型稻种资源对稗草化感潜力差异评价

以120份不同类型稻种资源为研究对象,将田间鉴定和室内叶浸提液处理鉴定方法相结合,对其化感作用差异进行了鉴定评价.结果表明,在田间不同类型稻种资源对稗草生长的抑制效果大小趋势为地方品种＞选育品种(系)＞引进品种(系)＞杂交水稻(恢复系和不育系),对稗草苗鲜重和苗干重的抑制效果大于对苗高的抑制效果.室内叶浸提液处理鉴定结果,不同类型稻种资源间化感作用差异相对较小,但仍以地方品种较强,并对稗草根长的抑制效果大于对稗草苗高的抑制效果.地方品种中具有较强化感作用的种质资源频率高于其他类型品种,今后要加强对地方品种资源的化感潜力鉴定和评价.     

2种杂草水提液对小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以2种麦田伴生杂草播娘蒿(Descurainiasophia)和猪殃殃(Galiumtricorne)为供体,以关中地区15个主要的小麦(Triticumaestivum)栽培品种为受体,采用室内生物测定法,比较了2种杂草水提液对不同小麦品种种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:(1)播娘蒿水提液对所有小麦品种的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数均具有显著的抑制作用,猪殃殃水提液对这3项指标的抑制作用相对较弱,甚至对某些品种的这3项指标没有影响或具有促进作用.(2)2种杂草水提液对供试15个小麦品种的活力指数,以及根长、苗高、根鲜重、苗鲜重等生长指标均表现出抑制作用,且同一种杂草水提液对不同小麦品种的影响程度存在差异.(3)以播娘蒿和猪殃殃的响应指数值(RI)为指标分别将15个小麦品种聚类为强、中、弱三组,并发现2种杂草水提液分别对小偃22和西农979的化感作用均较弱,即这2个品种对播娘蒿和猪殃殃的化感作用均具有较强抗性.     

伴生杂草播娘蒿对小麦的化感效应

用室内生物测定方法,对播娘蒿浸提液处理过的不同品系小麦的萌发率、发芽指数、活力指数、根长、苗高、干重、鲜重以及综合效应进行了统计,对作用效果较明显的5个品系进行了丙二醛含量、叶绿素a和叶绿素b比值、胡萝卜素含量的测定以及有丝分裂指数的统计.结果表明,播娘蒿浸提液对所有供试小麦均具有一定的化感效应,但化感效应的强度在不同品系的小麦中存在差异.对效果较明显的5种供试小麦生理指标的测定结果表明,播娘蒿中化感物质的作用位点可能是小麦细胞膜.此外,试验结果还表明,播娘蒿浸提液对小麦的有丝分裂有抑制作用.     

不同基因型春小麦对磷胁迫适应性研究

采用盆栽试验,测定了4种基因型春小麦在不同生育期,3种磷水平下植株体内酸性磷酸酶活性、根长、根半径、根干重、根冠比、地上部干重、产量等指标,研究了小麦生长对磷素的利用效率。结果表明：甘春20号对磷素的敏感性在酸性磷酸酶活性、根干重、地上部干重、增产潜力均强于陇春16号、会宁18号和定西33号,是磷高效基因型;高磷对陇春16号的根冠比和根干重影响显著,定西33号和会宁18号的根长较长,因此陇春16号、会宁18号和定西33号仍具有一定的磷素利用潜势。     

红汁乳菇醇提物对水稻、稗草的化感影响

研究了红汁乳菇子实体乙醇抽提物对水稻、稗草的化感影响。用不同浓度的红汁乳菇子实体乙醇抽提物处理水稻和稗草种子 ,测量处理后不同时间的水稻和稗草幼苗的根长和苗高 ,按照 Willamson,G.B.的方法计算化感作用效应 (RI)。结果表明 :红汁乳菇乙醇抽提物对稗草幼苗的生长有显著的抑制作用 ,能够导致稗草叶片发黄 ,缩短稗草的根和苗 ,甚至延迟部分种子的萌发。其中 8.5 mg/ ml的乙醇抽提物处理稗草种子后 3d、8d,对根长的化感作用效应分别为 - 0 .98、- 0 .5 8;对苗高的化感作用效应分别为 - 0 .5 0、- 0 .5 1。 6 .5 m g/ ml和 10 .5 mg/ ml处理组的结果与 8.5 mg/ ml处理组的结果在 p=0 .0 5水平上差异不显著。对水稻幼苗的生长表现出一定的调节作用 ,在较低浓度下 (≤ 4 .5 0 mg/ m l)对水稻幼苗有一定促进作用 ,如 4 .5 0 m g/ ml处理水稻种子后 3d、8d,对苗高的化感作用效应分别为 0 .2 5、0 .10 ;在较高浓度下 (如≥ 6 .5 0 mg/ ml)对水稻根长和苗高均为抑制作用 ,6 .5 0 mg/ ml时抑制作用最强 ,处理水稻种子后 3d、8d对幼苗的根长的化感作用效应分别为 - 0 .93、- 0 .4 8;对苗高的化感作用效应分别为 - 0 .5 0、- 0 .2 2 ,在 p=0 .0 5水平上与其它处理组差异显著     

臭氧浓度升高对不同品种小麦根际细菌种群的影响

利用臭氧FACE(Free-Air Ozone Concentration Enrichment)实验平台,研究4个小麦品种"扬麦15"、"扬麦16"、"扬幅麦2号"、"烟农19"根际细菌在拔节期和成熟期对臭氧浓度升高的响应;采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)和荧光定量PCR(real-time quantitative PCR)方法,分别对细菌种群结构和数量进行了测定。结果表明:臭氧浓度升高仅显著降低了拔节期"扬幅麦2号"小麦品种根际细菌数量,对成熟期各品种小麦根际细菌数量影响不显著;多样性指数和主成分分析表明,"扬麦15"和"扬幅麦2号"根际细菌多样性和种群结构分别在拔节期和成熟期发生明显变化;臭氧对"扬幅麦2号"品种根际细菌种群的影响较持久,可能会产生累积效应。     

鸡眼草水浸提液对4种草坪草的化感作用

为探讨鸡眼草(Kummerowia striata)不同部位、不同浓度水浸提液对高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)、黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)、白三叶(Trifolium repens)等4种草坪草的化感效应和作用规律,采用培养皿纸床法,以蒸馏水为对照,研究鸡眼草剪碎的植株、未剪碎的植株、叶、茎、根、地上部分0.012 5、0.025、0.05 g/mL 3个不同浓度的水浸提液对高羊茅、黑麦草、狗牙根、白三叶的种子发芽率、发芽速率、幼根长、幼苗高的化感作用。结果表明,鸡眼草水浸提液对高羊茅、黑麦草、狗牙根、白三叶4种受体植物种子的萌发及幼苗生长均有较强的化感抑制作用,且对种子发芽率作用强弱顺序为:狗牙根白三叶黑麦草高羊茅,对种子发芽速率作用强弱顺序为:黑麦草高羊茅狗牙根白三叶,对幼苗苗高作用强弱顺序为:黑麦草白三叶狗牙根高羊茅,对幼苗根长作用强弱顺序为:白三叶黑麦草狗牙根高羊茅。对4种受体植物的综合化感效应以高羊茅最弱,黑麦草、狗牙根、白三叶较为相近。4种受体植物所受到的抑制作用均随着水浸提液浓度的增加而增强,在同一浓度不同部位水浸提液处理下,叶、整株(剪碎)水浸提液对4种受体植物抑制作用比根、茎、整株(未剪碎)及地上部分水浸提液强。高羊茅、黑麦草、狗牙根3种草坪草受0.05 g/mL鸡眼草叶水浸提液的化感抑制作用最强,白三叶则受0.05 g/mL鸡眼草整株(剪碎)水浸提液的化感抑制作用最强。     

小油桐籽提取液对作物种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

研究不同浓度的小油桐籽水提取液及酒精提取液对‘贵杂110号’油菜、‘卓越’黑麦草及‘早麦10号’小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,小油桐籽水提取液对3种作物种子发芽率、幼苗的芽长及根长有抑制作用,且随浓度提高抑制作用增强;酒精提取液对黑麦草与小麦的种子发芽、幼苗芽和根的生长有抑制作用,但特定浓度可促进油菜幼苗芽的生长。     

Canola (Brassica napus) germplasm shows variable allelopathic effects against annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)

Aims

The allelopathic activity of canola (Brassica napus) germplasm was investigated using the important Australian weed, annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) as the target species.

Methods

Three different canola plant densities (10, 20, and 30 seedlings/beaker) of each of 70 world-wide genotypes were tested in vitro in close proximity to annual ryegrass seedlings.

Results

The allelopathic activity of canola, as measured by reduction in annual ryegrass root and shoot growth, increased with canola crop seedling densities. Density did not consistently influence shoot length of annual ryegrass. Greater shoot length suppression was observed in genotype cv. Rivette and BLN3343CO0402. The Australian genotype cv. Av-opal and the breeding line Pak85388-502 suppressed root length of ryegrass more than other genotypes, even at low densities. At the lowest density, the least allelopathic genotypes were cv. Barossa and cv. Cescaljarni-repka, although they became more allelopathic at higher density. An overall inhibition index was calculated to rank each of the canola genotypes. There were significant differences between canola genotypes in their ability to inhibit root and shoot growth in ryegrass.

Conclusion

Considerable genetic variation exists among canola genotypes for their allelopathic effects on annual ryegrass. Further investigation is required to determine the allelopathic mechanisms, particularly to identify the responsible allelochemical(s) and the gene(s) controlling the trait. This research suggests that highly allelopathic canola genotypes can be potential for controlling weeds such as annual ryegrass in integrated weed management programs.     

Quantitative trait loci and molecular markers associated with wheat allelopathy

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has been examined for allelopathic potential against annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum). The bioassay technique, 'equal-compartment-agar-method', was employed to evaluate seedling allelopathy in a doubled-haploid (DH) population derived from cv Sunco (weakly allelopathic) and cv Tasman (strongly allelopathic). A significant difference in allelopathic activity was found among the DH lines, which inhibited the root length of ryegrass across a range from 23.7 to 88.3%. The phenotypic data showed that wheat allelopathic activity was distributed normally within this DH population and a substantial transgressive segregation for seedling allelopathic activity was also found. Analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and microsatellite (SSRs) markers identified two major QTLs on chromosome 2B associated with wheat allelopathy. The linkage analysis of genetic markers and the QTLs may improve genetic gains for the allelopathic activity through marker-assisted selection in wheat breeding. The development of wheat allelopathic cultivars could reduce the over-reliance of weed control on synthetic herbicides.Communicated by J. Dvorak     

Allelopathy in wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) allelopathy has potential for the management of weeds, pests and diseases. Both wheat residue allelopathy and wheat seedling allelopathy can be exploited for managing weeds, including resistant biotypes. Wheat varieties differ in allelopathic potential against weeds, indicating that selection of allelopathic varieties might be a useful strategy in integrated weed management. Several categories of allelochemicals for wheat allelopathy have been identified, namely, phenolic acids, hydroxamic acids and short‐chain fatty acids. Wheat allelopathic activity is genetically controlled and a multigenic model has been proposed. Research is underway to identify genetic markers associated with wheat allelopathy. Once allelopathic genes have been located, a breeding programme could be initiated to transfer the genes into modern varieties for weed suppression. The negative impacts of wheat autotoxicity on agricultural production systems have also been identified when wheat straws are retained on the soil surface for conservation farming purposes. A management package to avoid such deleterious effects is discussed. Wheat allelopathy requires further study in order to maximise its allelopathic potential for the control of weeds, pests and diseases, and to minimise its detrimental effects on the growth of wheat and other crops.     

Allelopathic effect of Bromus spp. and Lolium spp. shoot extracts on some crops

Allelopathy is an untapped resource for weed control in crops that could give good possibilities for environmentally sound, integrated crop production. Allelopathy is defined as the direct or indirect harmful or beneficial effects of one plant on another through the production of chemical compounds, called allelochemicals, which escape into the environment. Allelochemicals can be produced by weeds and affect crops, and the reverse is also true. Allelopathic interactions include weed-weed, weed-crop, and crop-crop. Allelopathy offers potential for selective biological weed control for instance weed-suppressing crops and the use of plant residues in cropping systems, allelopathic rotational crops, or companion plants with allelopathic potential. Bromus species occur in many habitats in temperate regions of the world, including America, Eurasia, Australia, and Africa. The genus Lolium is one of the most important forage grasses. The weed species usually grow in the same production zones as wheat and are considered weeds since they parasitize wheat fields. Some of the weed species in these two genus have been reported to have allelopathic effect. One of the methods that has been successful in studying allelopathic activity are bioassays. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine allelopathic effect of watery shoot extracts of four weed species of the Poaceae family, namely Bromus rigidus, Bromus diandrus, Lolium multiflorum and Lolium temulentum on germination and growth of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), corn (Zea mays L), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), bean (Phaseolus sp.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and on each other. The experiment was carried out during the period March 2010 to October 2010. Twenty five seeds were put into one Petri-dish on filter paper, adding 15ml of extract to each in four repeats. The germination took place in a Binder-type thermostat in the dark. The timing of germination was checked in every two days and the rate of growth was estimated after a week, by counting the number of germinated seeds and measuring the length of the radicle and plumule. The measured data was statistically analyzed and the effect of the extracts on germination percentage and seedling length was evaluated.     

Allelopathic effect of aqueous extracts of three weed species on the growth and leaf chlorophyll content of bread wheat

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the allelopathic effect of weeds (Avena fatua, Melilotus officinalis and Polypogon hissaricus) on germination, growth, dry biomass and chlorophyll concentration of three cultivars of wheat (Ata Habib, Pirsabaq and Serin). In germination test, different concentrations of aqueous extracts (5, 10 and 15?g/l) of the three weeds significantly reduced percent germination; however, 15?g/l extract of M. officinalis resulted in complete failure of germination of cultivar Pirsabaq. In pot culture, root and shoot length, chlorophyll concentration and seedling dry biomass of the three wheat varieties showed differential responses to different weeds. Aqueous extract at 15?g/l of A. fatua increased root and shoot length and dry biomass of cultivar Pirsabaq; however, these parameters were significantly retarded in other two wheat cultivars by extract of weeds. Moisture content of the cultivars did not show any response to allelopathic stress of the weeds. In contrast, chlorophyll concentration in Pirsabaq and Serin was significantly increased by aqueous extract of all the weeds but reduced it in cultivar Ata Habib by 50%. In general, Ata Habib was found to be the most sensitive cultivar to the imposed allelopathic stress. The phytotoxic potential of three weeds was found in the order of A. fatua?>?M. officinalis?>?P. hissaricus.     

不同磷效率小麦品种对缺磷胁迫反应的比较

在营养液培养条件下,以根据相对产量为指标筛选出的6个不同磷效率的小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品种为材料,对其苗期在缺磷条件下生长、根冠磷含量及其分配,以及叶片韧皮部汁液中磷浓度等进行了比较研究.结果表明,缺磷抑制植株地上部生长,但刺激根系生长,导致植株根/冠比增加.无论在供磷或缺磷条件下,磷高效品种的根冠生长速率都低于磷低效品种.缺磷导致植株体内的磷含量下降与根系相比,地上部磷含量的下降速率更快.但在缺磷条件下,不同磷效率的小麦品种根冠间的磷分配变化没有差异.研究发现,在正常供磷条件下,磷高效小麦品种的叶片韧皮部汁液中磷浓度较低,而磷低效品种的叶片韧皮部汁液中磷浓度较高.但开始缺磷后,磷高效品种的叶片韧皮部汁液中的磷浓度下降较慢,使其相对磷浓度较高.缺磷后1 0天,磷低效品种叶片韧皮部汁液中的磷浓度为供磷对照的35.9%,而磷高效品种叶片韧皮部汁液中的磷浓度为供磷对照的59%.     

不同磷效率小麦品种对缺磷胁迫反应的比较

在营养液培养条件下,以根据相对产量为指标筛选出的6个不同磷效率的小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品种为材料,对其苗期在缺磷条件下生长、根冠磷含量及其分配,以及叶片韧皮部汁液中磷浓度等进行了比较研究。结果表明,缺磷抑制植株地上部生长,但刺激根系生长,导致植株根／冠比增加。无论在供磷或缺磷条件下,磷高效品种的根冠生长速率都低于磷低效品种。缺磷导致植株体内的磷含量下降与根系相比,地上部磷含量的下降速率更快。但在缺磷条件下,不同磷效率的小麦品种根冠间的磷分配变化没有差异。研究发现,在正常供磷条件下,磷高效小麦品种的叶片韧皮部汁液中磷浓度较低,而磷低效品种的叶片韧皮部汁液中磷浓度较高。但开始缺磷后,磷高效品种的叶片韧皮部汁液中的磷浓度下降较慢,使其相对磷浓度较高。缺磷后10天,磷低效品种叶片韧皮部汁液中的磷浓度为供磷对照的35．9％,而磷高效品种叶片韧皮部汁液中的磷浓度为供磷对照的59％。     

三裂叶豚草的化感作用研究

 本文研究了在我国东北地区广泛蔓延的菊科杂草—三裂叶豚草(Ambrosia trifida)对大豆、玉米、小麦、水稻的化感作用(Allelopathy)。通过对三裂叶豚草的不同部位(挥发物、茎叶、根、根区土壤)的化感活性的研究,发现三裂叶豚草的挥发物和根区土壤对作物无明显的作用;茎叶部分的水浸液对实验作物的种子萌发和幼苗的幼根伸长有明显的抑制作用,同时使根系形态发生较大的变化;根的水浸液对作物的幼芽伸长有一定的促进作用。在上述的研究基础上,对不同的活性组分进行了GC、GC/MS分析．结果表明主要的化感成分可能为α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、2-冰片烯、里那醇、冰片、4-萜品醇、樟脑、α-萜品醇、马鞭烯酮、橙花叔醇、法尼烯、勺叶桉醇等。由此我们分析三裂叶豚草主要是通过雨水淋溶的方式向周围环境释放化感物质,从而对其它植物产生影响,加强自身在自然界的竞争力。     

The utilization of recently assimilated carbon in graminaceous plants

Isotopic carbon and infra-red gas analysis techniques were used to measure the following growth attributes in maize, sorghum, winter wheat and perennial ryegrass: the rate of entry of carbon into each main shoot leaf; the rate of translocation of leaf assimilate to meristems; the fraction of leaf and total shoot assimilate respired in one diurnal period; and the distribution of residual assimilate to new leaf, stem, axillary shoots and root. The two tropical plants possessed higher leaf assimilation rates and larger leaves than the temperate species, but their efficiency of translocation was only marginally superior in the experimental conditions. In all species, c. 25% of the assimilate generated in the 8·4h photoperiod was respired in in the same diurnal period. Maize and sorghum partitioned a greater proportion of their total shoot assimilate to new leaf tissue at the main shoot apex and to root than wheat and ryegrass. On the other hand, wheat and ryegrass exported up to 30% of their assimilate to axillary shoots; in sorghum, little assimilate was translocated to axillary shoots, while in maize this activity was completely absent. Plant habit, as exemplified by the contrast between the annual, single-axis maize plant and the perennial, multi-tillering ryegrass plant, appears to be a reflexion of the pattern of assimilate distribution to areas of potential growth. With the exception of superior leaf assimilation rates in maize and sorghum, the four species showed no marked differences in respect of the production, transport and respiratory utilization of assimilates.