桩蛋白的结构与功能

桩蛋白(paxillin)是近年来发现的一种信号蛋白,主要定位于黏着斑,包含LD模体、LIM结构域、SH2和SH3结合结构域,在整个分子中还散在着多种磷酸化位点,共同构成了桩蛋白的多结构域性结构。桩蛋白分子本身的酶活性尚不清楚,但很可能作为细胞内的一种接头蛋白与多种功能蛋白质结合。另外．作为黏着斑的重要组成部分,桩蛋白不仅参与了整合蛋白介导的信号转导和黏着斑的组装,在细胞黏附和迁移过程中也发挥了重要作用。     

PSD—95对NMDA受体信号转导的整合作用

PSD－95是新近在谷氨酸能突触的突触后致密物（PSD）中发现的一种特殊蛋白质,含有3个N末端的PDZ结构域,一个SH3结构域和一个C末端的GK结构域。PSD－95通过不同结构域与其它蛋白相互作用,不仅能够串集NMDA受体及其信号通路中的相关蛋白分子,组成受体－信号分子－调节分子－靶分子复合物,还可通过突触前后粘附分子的相互作用,参与突触连接的形成和维持,在介导和整合NMDA受体信号转导中具有关键性作用。     

SH2结构域：一个潜在的药靶

众多包含SH2结构域（Src homology 2 domain）的蛋白质在细胞内信号传导过程中起到重要作用,它们通过SH2结构域特异性结合包含磷酸化酪氨酸的蛋白质。SH2结构域保守的结构特征和重要的功能使它成为一种潜在的药物作用靶标。基于其结合靶蛋白序列设计的SH2结构域的抑制剂为治疗胞内信号通路异常引起的疾病提供了很好的方向。本文简述了SH2结构域的结构特征,结合特异性和抑制剂设计的进展。     

植物PP2C蛋白磷酸酶ABA信号转导及逆境胁迫调控机制研究进展

蛋白磷酸酶(protein phosphatase,PP)是蛋白质可逆磷酸化调节机制中的关键酶,而PP2C磷酸酶是一类丝氨酸/苏氨酸残基蛋白磷酸酶,是高等植物中最大的蛋白磷酸酶家族,包含76个家族成员,广泛存在于生物体中。迄今为止,在植物体内已经发现了4种PP2C蛋白磷酸酶。蛋白激酶和蛋白磷酸酶协同催化蛋白质可逆磷酸化,在植物体内信号转导和生理代谢中起着重要的调节作用,蛋白质的磷酸化几乎存在于所有的信号转导途径中。大量研究表明,PP2Cs参与多条信号转导途径,包括PP2C参与ABA调控,对干旱、低温、高盐等逆境胁迫的响应,参与植物创伤和种子休眠或萌发等信号途径,其调控机制不同,但酶催化活性都依赖于Mg2+或Mn2+的浓度。植物PP2C蛋白的C端催化结构域高度保守,而N端功能各异。文中还综述了高等植物PP2C的分类、结构、ABA受体与PP2Cs蛋白互作、PP2C基因参与ABA信号途径以及其他逆境信号转导途径的研究进展。     

SH2D4A互作蛋白的筛选及初步鉴定

SH2D4A是SH2蛋白家族成员之一,可能参与酪氨酸蛋白激酶相关受体介导的信号转导,调节细胞的生长、增殖和分化,进而影响人类疾病的发生。为明确SH2D4A在细胞信号转导通路中的作用机制,本研究运用酵母双杂交技术筛选SH2D4A相互作用蛋白,并利用GST pull-down实验进行了初步鉴定。首先成功构建了酵母诱饵蛋白重组表达载体pGBKT7-SH2D4A;利用该重组体对人肾脏cDNA文库进行逐级筛选,共得到46个阳性克隆;经目的基因分离,DNA测序及BLAST软件序列比对分析发现5种可能的SH2D4A互作蛋白（AZGP1、DAD1、HSD17B10、KAT5和PKM2）;NetPhos 2.0 Server软件预测结果显示除HSD17B10外其他4种蛋白均含有磷酸化酪氨酸;进一步以KAT5和HSD17B10作为代表进行GST pull-down,证实两者均可直接结合SH2D4A。以上结果为深入研究SH2D4A的功能奠定了基础。     

巴尔通氏体效应蛋白BepE干扰人源Csk蛋白信号通路的结构与功能分析

巴尔通氏体作为多种人类疾病的病原菌,可分泌多种毒力效应蛋白.其中的7个毒力效应蛋白BepA~BepG由一个Ⅳ型分泌系统VirB注入宿主细胞内,干扰宿主细胞的多种信号传递通路.在这7个效应蛋白中,BepD~F的N端含有特征的EPIYA基序.注入宿主细胞后,这些EPIYA基序上的酪氨酸残基被宿主细胞中的SFK激酶磷酸化,磷酸化后的EPIYA基序可与宿主细胞中含SH2结构域的蛋白结合并干扰宿主细胞的SH2蛋白相关信号通路.在此之前,已经有多种病原菌的效应蛋白被发现含有EPIYA基序,并且通过磷酸化的EPIYA干扰哺乳动物宿主的SH2信号通路.这些毒性效应蛋白除EPIYA基序之外并没有明显的序列同源性.与此相应,在人类蛋白质组中目前只发现了6种含有EPIYA基序的蛋白,这个基序出现的频率显著低于基于随机预测的频率,这可能是在人类进化过程中含有EPIYA基序的蛋白会干扰正常信号通路传导而被淘汰.JAM-A是已报道的6个人体内EPIYA蛋白之一,它存在于人血小板中,可通过招募Csk至血小板来避免血栓的形成.已有的报道证明了BepE可与人源Csk相互作用,通过影响Csk的功能进而干扰一系列信号通路.人源Csk蛋白作为一个可以同时被来自于病原菌毒力蛋白和内源蛋白中磷酸化EPIYA基序识别并结合的分子,为我们研究并对比这两种含EPIYA基序的蛋白质对人类细胞中SH2信号通路的作用提供了一个理想的靶标.本文报道了Csk与BepE及JAM-A2种磷酸化多肽复合物高分辨率晶体结构并分别测定其亲和力.Csk与多肽复合物结构显示,Csk与2种多肽结合方式相似,都是通过SH2结构域与磷酸化酪氨酸结合,多肽链垂直于SH2结构域中的β片层.SPR实验结果显示,来源于巴尔通氏体的BepE比人源JAM-A与Csk亲和力高,这暗示毒力蛋白通过磷酸化的EPIYA基序以高亲和力结合人体内含SH2结构域的蛋白,进而干扰SH2蛋白所涉及的信号通路.     

支架蛋白Gab2信号调控与乳腺癌

Gab2是支架蛋白Gabs家族中的重要成员.该家族蛋白通过介导膜受体与信号转运蛋白间的偶联及各信号分子间的整合参与信号传导.作为支架蛋白,Gab2可被酪氨酸激酶磷酸化激活,接受胞外多种因子刺激,招募富含SH2结构域的信号转运分子,活化下游SHP2/Ras/ERK和PI3K/AKT等一系列信号传导途径,在细胞增殖、分化、...     

SH2结构域:一个潜在的药靶

众多包含SH2结构域(src homology 2 domain)的蛋白质在细胞内信号传导过程中起到重要作用,它们通过SH2结构域特异性结合包含磷酸化酪氨酸的蛋白质.sH2结构域保守的结构特征和重要的功能使它成为一种潜在的药物作用靶标.基于其结合靶蛋白序列设计的sH2结构域的抑制剂为治疗胞内信号通路异常引起的疾病提供了很好的方向.本文简述了sH2结构域的结构特征,结合特异性和抑制剂设计的进展.     

Jak—STAT信号转导机制

许多细胞因子受体尽管缺少激酶结构域,但与配体结合后仍能诱导蛋白质的酪氨酸磷酸化。近年来的研究证明这一过程是由Ｊａｋ族蛋白质酪氨酸激酶的成员所介导的。Ｊａｋ激酶通过和受体的近膜区域的相互作用而与之缔合。配体结合引起受体聚合以及Ｊａｋ的酪氨酸磷酸化和激活,激活的Ｊａｋ又使受体和ＳＴＡＴ蛋白（信号转导物与转录激活剂）磷酸化、后直接参与基因转录的调控。本对这一新的胞内信号转导机制作一综述。     

内吞蛋白家族的研究近况

内吞蛋白是最近发现的一类功能蛋白质,主要参与细胞膜的物质运输和信息交流。内吞蛋白具有特殊的结构,家族成员之间有很高的同源性,成员蛋白一般多具有C端的SH3结构域和N端的溶血磷脂酸脂酰基转移酶结构域。C端的SH3结构域可与许多能结合SH3的蛋白质相结合,N端则参与细胞膜的内凹形成囊泡。内吞蛋白在神经递质的回收过程中发挥重要的作用,并在细胞的信号转递和凋亡过程中具有重要的作用．     

The integrity of the SH3 binding motif of AFAP-110 is required to facilitate tyrosine phosphorylation by,and stable complex formation with,Src

The actin filament-associated protein AFAP-110 forms a stable complex with activated variants of Src in chick embryo fibroblast cells. Stable complex formation requires the integrity of the Src SH2 and SH3 domains. In addition, AFAP-110 encodes two adjacent SH3 binding motifs and six candidate SH2 binding motifs. These data indicate that both SH2 and SH3 domains may work cooperatively to facilitate Src/AFAP-110 stable complex formation. As a test for this hypothesis, we sought to understand whether one or both SH3 binding motifs in AFAP-110 modulate interactions with the Src SH3 domain and if this interaction was required to present AFAP-110 for tyrosine phosphorylation by, and stable complex formation with, Src. A proline to alanine site-directed mutation in the amino terminal SH3 binding motif (SH3bm I) was sufficient to abrogate absorption of AFAP-110 with GST-SH3^src. Co-expression of activated Src (pp60^527F) with AFAP-110 in Cos-1 cells permit tyrosine phosphorylation of AFAP-110 a nd stable complex formation with pp60^527F. However, co-expression of the SH3 null-binding mutant (AFAP^71A) with pp60^527F revealed a 2.7 fold decrease in steady-state levels of tyrosine phosphorylation, compared to AFAP-110. Although a lower but detectable level of AFAP^71A was phosphorylated on tyrosine, AFAP^71A could not be detected in stable complex with pp60^527F, unlike AFAP-110. These data indicate that SH3 interactions facilitate presentation of AFAP-110 for tyrosine phosphorylation and are also required for stable complex formation with pp60^527F. (Mol Cell Biochem 175: 243–252, 1997)     

Tripeptides as selective inhibitors of src-SH2 phosphoprotein interactions

Summary This paper describes the synthesis of phosphorylated peptides of the general structural Ac-Tyr(PO₃H₂)-Glu-Xaa_NH₂, where Xaa represents a hydrophobic -amino acid of d-configuration. These peptides displayed activities in the micromolar range in inhibiting src-SH2 domain/epidermal growth factor receptor interactions.     

P120-Ras GTPase activating protein (RasGAP): A multi-interacting protein in downstream signaling

p120-RasGAP (Ras GTPase activating protein) plays a key role in the regulation of Ras-GTP bound by promoting GTP hydrolysis via its C-terminal catalytic domain. The p120-RasGAP N-terminal part contains two SH2, SH3, PH (pleckstrin homology) and CaLB/C2 (calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding domain) domains. These protein domains allow various functions, such as anti-/pro-apoptosis, proliferation and also cell migration depending of their distinct partners. The p120-RasGAP domain participates in protein–protein interactions with Akt, Aurora or RhoGAP to regulate functions described bellow. Here, we summarize, in angiogenesis and cancer, the various functional roles played by p120-RasGAP domains and their effector partners in downstream signaling.     

The structure, expression and function prediction of DAZAP2, a down-regulated gene in multiple myeloma

In our previous studies, DAZAP2 gene expression was down-regulated in untreatedpatients of multiple myeloma (MM). For better studying the structure and function of DAZAP2, a full-length cDNA was isolated from mononuclear cells of a normal human bone marrow, sequenced and deposited to Genbank (AY430097). This sequence has an identical ORF (open reading frame) as the NM_014764 from human testis and the D31767 from human cell line KG-1. Phylogenetic analysis and structure prediction reveal that DAZAP2 homologues are highly conserved throughout evolution and share a polyproline region and several potential SH2/SH3 binding sites. DAZAP2 occurs as a single-copy gene with a four-exon organization. We further noticed that the functional DAZAP2 gene is located on Chromosome 12 and its pseudogene gene is on Chromosome 2 with electronic location of human chromosome in Genbank, though no genetic abnormalities of MM have been reported on Chromosome 12. The ORF of human DAZAP2 encodes a 17-kDa protein, which is highly similar to mouse Prtb. The DAZAP2 protein is mainly localized in cytoplasm with a discrete pattern of punctuated distribution. DAZAP2 may associate with carcinogenesis of MM and participate in yet-to-be identified signaling pathways to regulate proliferation and differentiation of plasma cells.     

SH2A抑制IGFⅡ诱导的抗凋亡作用

为研究SH2A的生物学特性,构建野生型和缺陷型SH2A表达载体,通过流式细胞术和蛋白激酶C(PKC)活性检测,研究其对细胞凋亡的影响.研究结果显示SH2结构域是SH2A的主要功能域;SH2A可以诱导细胞快速进入凋亡晚期而促进细胞凋亡;同时发现SH2A抑制胰岛素样生长因子Ⅱ(Insulin-like growth factor Ⅱ,IGF Ⅱ)的抗凋亡作用,并阻滞IGFⅡ诱导的Ca2+释放和PKC激活.因此,SH2A可能通过抑制PKC信号通路而促进细胞凋亡.     

Zinc and N-acetylcysteine modify mercury distribution and promote increase in hepatic metallothionein levels

This study investigated the ability of zinc (Zn) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in preventing the biochemical alterations caused by mercury (Hg) and the retention of this metal in different organs. Adult female rats received ZnCl₂ (27 mg/kg) and/or NAC (5 mg/kg) or saline (0.9%) subcutaneously and after 24 h they received HgCl₂ (5 mg/kg) or saline (0.9%). Twenty-four hours after, they were sacrificed and analyses were performed. Hg inhibited hepatic, renal, and blood δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALA-D) activity, decreased renal total thiol levels, as well as increased serum creatinine and urea levels and aspartate aminotransferase activity. HgCl₂-exposed groups presented an important retention of Hg in all the tissues analyzed. All pre-treatments demonstrated tendency in preventing hepatic δ-ALA-D inhibition, whereas only ZnCl₂ showed this effect on blood enzyme. Moreover, the combination of these compounds completely prevented liver and blood Hg retention. The exposure to Zn and Hg increased hepatic metallothionein levels. These results show that Zn and NAC presented promising effects against the toxicity caused by HgCl₂.     

Specific interactions of neuronal focal adhesion kinase isoforms with Src kinases and amphiphysin

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that activates Src family kinases via SH2- and SH3-mediated interactions. Specific FAK isoforms (FAK+), responsive to depolarization and neurotransmitters, are enriched in neurons. We analyzed the interactions of endogenous FAK+ and recombinant FAK+ isoforms containing amino acid insertions (boxes 6,7,28) with an array of SH3 domains and the c-Src SH2/SH3 domain tandem. Endogenous FAK+ bound specifically to the SH3 domains of c-Src (but not n-Src), Fyn, Yes, phosphtidylinositol-3 kinase, amphiphysin II, amphiphysin I, phospholipase Cgamma and NH2-terminal Grb2. The inclusion of boxes 6,7 was associated with a significant decrease in the binding of FAK+ to the c-Src and Fyn SH3 domains, and a significant increase in the binding to the Src SH2 domain, as a consequence of the higher phosphorylation of Tyr-397. The novel interaction with the amphiphysin SH3 domain, involving the COOH-terminal proline-rich region of FAK, was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation of the two proteins and a closely similar response to stimuli affecting the actin cytoskeleton. Moreover, an impairment of endocytosis was observed in synaptosomes after internalization of a proline-rich peptide corresponding to the site of interaction. The data account for the different subcellular distribution of FAK and Src kinases and the specific regulation of the transduction pathways linked to FAK activation in the brain and implicate FAK in the regulation of membrane trafficking in nerve terminals.     

Identification of p115 as a PLCgamma1-binding protein and the role of Src homology domains of PLCgamma1 in the vesicular transport

In order to gain further insight into the function(s) of PLCgamma1, we tried to identify the binding partners that can interact with the SH223 domains of PLCgamma1. Immunoscreening was performed with the purified antisera that are specific to SH223-binding proteins. Several immunoreactive clones were identified as the putative binding proteins and one of them was identified as p115. p115 was reported to be required for transcytotic fusion and subsequent binding of the vesicles to the target membrane. The interaction between PLCgamma1 and p115 was specific to carboxyl-terminal SH2 domain and SH3 domain of PLCgamma1, and also confirmed by biochemical approaches such as co-immunoprecipitation, pull-down assay, and glycerol gradient fractionation. To further characterize the role of SH domains of PLCgamma1 in the vesicle transport pathway, secreted form of alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) reporter assay was carried out. When the SH2 and/or SH3 domains of PLCgamma1 were deleted, the secretion of SEAP was significantly reduced. These findings indicate that the SH2 and SH3 domains of PLCgamma1 may play a role(s) in the process of the vesicle transport via interaction with other vesicle-associated proteins such as p115.