条斑紫菜藻胆蛋白提纯方法优化探索

采用溶胀法与组织捣碎法相结合的紫菜叶状体细胞破碎方法.研究了不同物液比、缓冲液浸泡时间和硫酸氨盐析次数对藻胆蛋白纯度和产率的影响,对比了各种羟基磷灰石的层析效果,并对所得藻红蛋白和藻蓝蛋白做了吸收光谱、荧光发射光谱和SDS-PAGE鉴定.结果表明,在物液比为1:5,浸泡时间为36h时,紫菜综合破碎效果最佳;经过4次硫酸氨盐析后,藻红蛋白和藻蓝蛋白的纯度最高,分别达到1.71和0.98,采用Siegelman的方法制备的羟基磷灰石一次层析所得藻红蛋白和藻蓝蛋白的纯度最高,分别达到4.73和4.42,产率分别为0.144%和0.042%,且光谱和电泳鉴定结果均达到商品化要求.     

条斑紫菜R-藻红蛋白提纯工艺研究

对条斑紫菜叶状体R-藻红蛋白提纯方法进行了研究和分析。首先分别采用冻融法、化学试剂法、溶胀法等单一及组合细胞破碎方法对条斑紫菜细胞进行破碎,结果表明溶胀 组织捣碎法效果最佳。其次用25%～60%饱和度范围内的硫酸铵沉淀法粗提藻红蛋白,发现25%～45%硫酸铵分步沉淀法效果最好,再经结晶法盐析纯度(D565nm/D280nm)达到2.088。盐析液用SephadexG-25层析柱脱盐,再经羟基磷灰石(HA)柱层析,纯度可达到4.98。R-藻红蛋白的最大吸收峰在565nm,其室温荧光发射峰为578nm。SDS-PAGE结果显示,R-藻红蛋白可分为α、β两个亚基,Mr分别为17.0×103和19.0×103。     

硫酸铵三步盐析对藻胆蛋白纯化的影响

主要研究了多次硫酸铵盐析对条斑紫菜藻胆蛋白提取纯化效果。对分离提取的对条斑紫菜藻胆蛋白溶液进行了3次硫酸氨溶液盐析,实验结果表明:55%饱和度可以将绝大部分藻胆蛋白盐析;采用不同组合(15%、20%、25%、30%、35%、40%、45%7个饱和度分别与50%、55%、60%3个饱和度两两组合)二步硫酸铵盐析沉淀藻胆蛋白,使R-藻红蛋白和C-藻蓝蛋白的盐析后纯度(A564/A280)分别达到了1.0和0.45以上,得率分别为1.4%和0.95%;第3次硫酸铵盐析使R-藻红蛋白、C-藻蓝蛋白的纯度分别达到了1.4和0.4以上,最终产率分别为1.3%和0.8%,而变藻蓝蛋白产率有所下降(从0.65%到0.49%),但纯度变化不大。实验证明了采用多次盐析方法可以很大程度提高藻胆蛋白纯度。     

极大螺旋藻藻胆蛋白提纯工艺初试

目的:螺旋藻富含藻胆蛋白,其附加值高,本实验对螺旋藻藻胆蛋白提取工艺做初步探索;方法:比较了组织捣碎法,冻融法,超声波法释放螺旋藻藻胆蛋白的效果,并用硫酸铵盐析,羟基磷灰石层析进一步提纯,对结果作了吸收光谱和SDS电泳鉴定;结果:显示超声波法破碎效果好,两次羟基磷灰石层析所得蛋白纯度较高;结论:表明本实验流程相对以往工艺经济,省力,省时,对螺旋藻藻胆蛋白的规模提取有一定实用价值。     

条斑紫菜藻红、藻蓝蛋白逐级放大的纯化工艺

采用“破碎-盐析-层析”的方法纯化条斑紫菜藻胆蛋白,并在提取规模上逐步放大。首先在综合比较凝胶层析去盐效率后,从Sephadex G-25、G-100、S-300和CL-6B中选择G-25作为实验流程中的去盐填料,其次将提取流程的初试原料条斑紫菜量逐步放大,选取了1g、20g和400g三个量,结果表明随着初试紫菜量逐步放大,最终所得藻胆蛋白中吸收光谱纯度>3.2的蛋白产率依次提高,其中400g冻干紫菜的藻红蛋白产率为0.323％,藻蓝蛋白产率为0.148％。由此认为该实验工艺流程具有规模放大的潜力,这为高纯度藻胆蛋白的规模生产提供了一条可行的方案。     

从一种富含藻胆蛋白的螺旋藻中大量提取和纯化藻蓝蛋白的研究

采用新鲜藻丝为原料和分段梯度盐析分离纯化钝顶螺旋藻Sp(NS)-90020的藻蓝蛋白（PC）,经羟基磷灰石一次层析,能使提取的PC的纯度大于普遍认可的标准,由于该工艺流程较为简单,适合藻蓝蛋白的大量生产,藻胆蛋白经Sephadex凝胶过滤后的可达电泳纯度标准,经SDS-PAE测得PC,APC的分子量分别约为38.33kD。     

一步柱层析纯化螺旋藻藻蓝蛋白

采用硫酸铵盐析结合疏水层析技术分离纯化螺旋藻中的藻蓝蛋白.试验结果表明,在磷酸盐缓冲体系下藻蓝蛋白粗提液经1.25 mol/L硫酸铵盐析处理后离心脱气,只需采用一步Macro-Prep Methyl 疏水层析,藻蓝蛋白的纯度（A620/A280）可提高到4.017,回收率为19.38%.特征吸收峰和荧光光谱证实纯化后的产物符合藻蓝蛋白的性质,Native-PAGE电泳只出现单一染色带,表明纯化得到的藻蓝蛋白是均一的;SDS-PAGE电泳出现分子量为15.4 kDa、17.3 kDa的2条染色带,分别为藻蓝蛋白的α亚基与β亚基.     

三种微藻细胞破碎方法的比较

目的:获得最佳的微藻藻胆蛋白提取方法.方法:采用溶胀法、反复冻融法、低浓度氯化钙溶液提取法和玻璃珠处理法等四种方法分别对紫球藻、蔷薇藻和念珠藻三种藻细胞进行破碎,通过测定藻红蛋白的纯度和浓度对四种细胞破碎方法效果进行比较.结果:当细胞密度为1.00g/L时,采用反复冻融法处理紫球藻和蔷薇藻时能够获得最高的藻红蛋白纯度(OD545/OD280),分别为1.250和1.669,藻红蛋白的浓度分别为29.788,mg/L和36.026mg/L,细胞密度对藻红蛋白纯度影响较小;低浓度氯化钙溶液提取法能使念珠藻藻红蛋白的纯度(OD545/OD280)达到0.477.结论:紫球藻和蔷薇藻经反复冻融法破碎细胞,藻红蛋白纯度高,提取效果好;而对念珠藻藻红蛋白提纯采用低浓度氯化钙溶液提取法效果好.     

发菜藻蓝蛋白分离纯化的研究

以发菜为材料,比较了提取液类型和饱和硫酸铵浓度对藻蓝蛋白提取的影响,并对藻蓝蛋白的提取程序和部分特性进行了研究。结果表明:50 mmol/L KP缓冲液(pH值7.2)是合适的提取液,体积分数为40%~50%饱和硫酸铵盐析效果优于其它浓度。经过DEAE-Toyopeal 650 S离子交换层析和SuperdexTM200凝胶过滤层析后,藻蓝蛋白纯度达6.2,最大吸收峰位于615 nm,荧光发射峰位于649 nm,由α和β2个亚基组成,其分子质量分别为18 051.17和19 142.27 Da。因此,发菜藻蓝蛋白分离纯化较为理想的程序为:藻粉→50 mmol/L KP缓冲液(pH值7.2)浸泡→French pressure(1 500 kg/cm2)破碎细胞→40%~50%饱和硫酸铵盐析→DEAE-Toyopeal 650 S离子交换层析→SuperdexTM200凝胶过滤层析→较纯的藻蓝蛋白。     

不同坛紫菜丝状体生化性状的比较研究

为建立坛紫菜(Neoporphyra haitanensis)丝状体新品种选育的生化评价体系, 对比了5个品种/品系丝状体的光合色素和生长指标, 并利用液相色谱-质谱联用技术检测其红藻糖苷、类菌胞素氨基酸(MAAs)和植物激素的含量差异。结果显示, 藻胆蛋白和叶绿素a与净光合放氧速率和相对生长速率呈正相关, 与坛紫菜的高产特性有关。浙东2号(ZD2)、申福2号(SF2)和闽丰1号(MF1)丝状体的藻红蛋白含量较高, 其相对生长速率也较快。红藻糖苷与坛紫菜的耐高温能力有关, 在MF1和MF2中含量较高; 而MAAs与抗紫外辐射有关, 在MF2中含量远高于其他4个品种/品系, 体现了闽丰坛紫菜的耐高温和抗紫外线的南方品种特性。坛紫菜丝状体中发现了异戊烯腺嘌呤、异戊烯腺苷、反式玉米素核苷和芸苔素内酯4种植物激素, 但激素与生产性状的关联性不明确。综上所述, 研究为坛紫菜丝状体的新品种优选和人工培育构建了一套可行的评价指标体系。     

The protein-chromophore bond in B phycoerythrin from Porphyridium cruentum. Radiosulfur labeling experiments

Red algae of the species Porphyridium cruentum were grown in a minimum sulfate medium containing 35SO42-. 35S-labeled phycoerythrin was extracted. B Phycoerythrin, b phycoerythrin and R phycocyanin could be separated from other proteins by using a carrier-free electrophoresis on columns. The final ratio A545/A280 of B phycoerythrin thus obtained was greater than or equal to 5. 35S-labeled B phycoerythrin was digested proteolytically with trypsin and pepsin. The resulting 35S-containing bilipeptides were separated by isoelectric focusing. Zones of enhanced chromophore concentration always showed an enhanced radioactivity. Peptide fractions with a low molar ratio sulfur/chromophore (1.1-1.8) were purified to remove sucrose and the carrier ampholyte. A modified, optimized Edman degradation followed. A butylacetate-soluble, red Edman product was obtained that contained most of the chromophore and the bulk of the radioactivity. This product was purified by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. The main spot of the chromatogram was subjected to acidic hydrolysis. The major part of the radioactivity in the hydrolysate cochromatographed with cysteine. That proves cysteine to be the binding amino acid in all cases investigated.     

用膨化柱填料的方法从红藻中规模分离纯化R-藻红蛋白

以Phenyl-sepharose作为柱填料,用streamline柱层析技术从红藻(Palmaria palmata (Lannaeus) Kuntze)中规模分离捕光色素蛋白--R-藻红蛋白.由于不是传统的从层析柱上方进样,而是用泵将样品从streamline层析柱的下方加样(从下至上),因而解决了用一般层析柱分离R-藻红蛋白时海藻抽提液中大量的粘性多糖堵塞层析柱的难题.用P.palmata粗提液上样后,分别用0.2 mol/L、 0.1 mol/L和0.05 mol/L的(NH4)2SO4溶液从相反的方向(即从上到下)洗脱层析柱,发现这些洗脱液中的藻红蛋白纯度已经较高.然后将洗脱液透析去盐,用阴离子交换柱层析(Q-sepharose)进一步纯化.经过这两次柱层析后,R-藻红蛋白的纯度(OD565/OD280)超过3.5,高于一般认可的R-藻红蛋白的纯度标准3.2;产率为每克冷冻P.palmata可纯化0.122 mg高纯度的R-藻红蛋白,比使用一般分离方法的产率要高10倍.这些结果表明,使用本文报道的方法纯化藻红蛋白,将会使作为生化检测试剂的藻红蛋白市场价格大幅度下降.     

Isolation, Purification, and Crystallization of Aspartate Aminotransferase from Wheat Grain

A procedure for isolation and purification of aspartate aminotransferase from wheat grain includes chromatography on DEAE cellulose, acidification-alkalization, precipitation with protamine sulfate, fractionation with ammonium sulfate, and chromatography on hydroxyapatite. The yield of protein was 27% with 95% purity. Crystals of the enzyme (0.05 x 0.025 x 0.015 mm3) were obtained from ammonium sulfate solution.     

Purification and spectroscopic properties of 124-kDa oat phytochrome

A simplified procedure for the isolation and purification of 124-kDa phytochrome from etiolated Avena seedlings has been developed using the method of ammonium sulfate back-extraction. After hydroxyapatite chromatography of seedling tissue extracts, the pooled phytochrome was subjected to ammonium sulfate back-extraction instead of the usual application to an Affi-Gel Blue column. The resulting phytochrome had specific absorbance ratios (SAR = A666/A280) ranging from 0.85 to 0.95. Subsequent Bio-Gel filtration chromatography yielded highly pure 124-kDa phytochrome with SAR values ranging from 0.99 to 1.13. The absorption maxima of 124-kDa phytochrome were at 280, 379, and 666 nm for the red absorbing form of phytochrome (Pr) and at 280, 400 and 730 nm for the far-red absorbing form (Pfr). The A730/A673 ratio in Pfr was found to be 1.5 to 1.6. The mole fraction of Pfr under red light photoequilibrium was 0.88. No dark reversion was detected within 5 h at 3 degrees C. A photoreversible far-uv-circular dichroism was observable with all phytochrome preparations examined. Fluorescence and phosphorescence lifetimes were measured to further characterize the differences between the phytochromes prepared under different conditions. The Trp fluorescence and phosphorescence lifetimes of Pr and Pfr with the chromophore "X", probably polyphenolic in nature, were significantly shorter than those of phytochrome without the contaminant X. The short lifetime of the fluorescence of the Pr chromophore is attributable to X in the former.     

Purification and characterization of a large, tryptic fragment of human thyroid peroxidase with high catalytic activity

Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) was purified from human thyroid tissue, obtained at surgery from patients with Graves' disease, by a procedure similar to one that we had previously used for the purification of porcine TPO. The membrane-bound enzyme was solubilized by treatment of the thyroid particulate fraction with trypsin plus detergent. After precipitation with ammonium sulfate, the enzyme was purified by a series of column treatments, including ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, gel filtration through Bio-Gel P-100, and hydroxylapatite chromatography. Although a high degree of purification was achieved, the finally isolated product was considerably more heterogeneous than the TPO obtained from porcine thyroids. Several pools of active enzyme differing in values for A412/A280 and in specific activity were collected. Gel electrophoresis was performed under native, denaturing [sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)] and denaturing plus reducing conditions. Native gel electrophoresis indicated that the active enzyme (93 kDa) was heavily contaminated with an inactive 60-kDa fragment, which we were unable to remove by HPLC. The inactive fragment was highly antigenic when tested on immunoblots with an antibody to TPO. The presence of the inactive fragment greatly reduced values for A412/A280 in the finally purified human TPO. Two of the pools, with A412/A280 values of 0.159 and 0.273, were used for further testing. Catalytic activity was very similar in these two pools when measured on the basis of heme content by several different assays. Moreover, the specific activities of both, based on heme content, were very similar to those observed with a porcine TPO preparation with A412/A280 = 0.48. These findings indicate that the inactive 60-kDa fragment most likely did not contain heme. On SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions, the 60-kDa fragment completely disappeared and was replaced by a 36- and a 24-kDa component. Amino terminal sequence information obtained on these components indicated that the 24-kDa component represents the amino terminal portion of the active 93-kDa fragment, whereas the 36-kDa fragment represents the carboxyl terminal portion. A model is proposed suggesting that the 60-kDa fragment was generated by trypsin cleavage of native TPO at two internal sites within a disulfide loop (res approximately 300 and res 564) and at one further internal site (res 280). In addition, trypsin cleavage is proposed at sites near the amino and carboxyl ends common to both the active 93-kDa and the inactive 60-kDa fragments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Method for the isolation of biologically active monomeric immunoglobulin A from a plasma fraction

A purification method for immunoglobulin A (IgA) yielding monomeric IgA with a purity of over 97% has been developed. This procedure uses ethanol-precipitated plasma (Cohn fraction III precipitate) as the starting material and includes heparin-Sepharose adsorption, dextran sulfate and ammonium sulfate precipitation, hydroxyapatite chromatography, batch adsorption by an anion-exchange matrix and gel permeation. Additional protein G Sepharose treatment leads to an IgA preparation of greater than 99% purity. The isolated IgA presented with an IgA subclass distribution, equivalent to IgA in unfractionated plasma, and was biologically active, as was shown by its ability to down-modulate Haemophilus influenzae-b-induced IL-6 secretion of human monocytes.     

One-step chromatography method for efficient separation and purification of R-phycoerythrin from Polysiphonia urceolata

Phycoerythrins have been widely used in food, cosmetics, immunodiagnostics and analytical reagents. An efficient one-step chromatography method for purification of R-phycoerythrins from Polysiphonia urceolata was described in this paper. Pure R-phycoerythrin was obtained with an absorbance ratio A(565)/A(280) of 5.6 and a high recovery yield of 67.33% using a DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow chromatography with a gradient elution of pH, alternative to common gradient elution of ionic strength. The absorption spectrum of R-phycoerythrin was characterized with three absorbance maxima at 565, 539 and 498 nm, respectively and the fluorescence emission spectrum at room temperature was measured to be 580 nm. The results of native-PAGE, and SDS-PAGE showed no contamination by other proteins in the phycoerythrin solution, which suggests an efficient method for the separation and purification of R-phycoerythrins from Polysiphonia urceolata.     

Purification of the phosphofructokinase regulatory factors

In this paper, the existence and purification of two species of phosphofructokinase regulatory factor activity are reported. The purification procedure included liver homogenization and ultracentrifugation, a 93 degrees C heat step on the supernate, precipitation with ammonium sulfate, DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, and Sephadex G-75 (fine) chromatography. Two discrete regions of factor activity were eluted from the DEAE-cellulose column with a 0 to 0.5 M linear NaCl gradient. The lesser anionic fraction was not significantly retarded by DEAE-cellulose at pH 7.6, and was referred to as factor A. The more anionic form, factor B, eluted at about 0.2 M NaCl. The presence of two active fractions was confirmed by separation of factor activity (prior to DEAE-cellulose chromatography) into two discrete species by preparative isoelectric focusing on granulated gel. The isoelectric points were approximately 7.0 for factor B and 8.5 for factor A. Factor A and factor B exhibited quite different elution volumes, i.e., apparent molecular weights, when applied to a Sephadex G-75 column. Rechromatography on a Sephadex G-75 column was used for further purification and estimation of native molecular weight. The gel filtration method yielded a molecular weight of 13,800 +/- 1,800 for factor A. Factor A activity eluted as a symmetrical protein peak of constant specific activity, suggesting a homogeneous preparation. For factor B, the absorption at 280 nm and activity profile did not directly overlap. When the peak absorbance at 280 nm was considered, a molecular weight range of 39,000 +/- 4,000 was found, and on the basis of activity the molecular weight range was 36,000 +/- 4,000. After the final Sephadex G-75 chromatographic step, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis of each SDS-treated factor preparation indicated that factor A, after visualization by silver staining, was homogeneous, with a subunit molecular weight of approximately 12,000. The factor B preparation consisted of two major polypeptides (11,000 and 18,000). The data appeared to support the conclusions that factor B was a dimer of the 18,000-Da subunit, and that the major contaminant was a tetramer of the 11,000-Da subunit.     

Purification and properties of phenylalanyl-tRNA-synthetase from Escherichia coli MRE-600

A preparative scale method for isolation of highly purified phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase from E. coli MRE-600 was developed. It consists of cell destroying, nucleic acid precipitation with streptomycine sulfate, fractionation with ammonium sulfate followed by chromatography on different carriers (Sephadex G-200, DEAE-cellulose, DEAE-Sephadex A-50, and hydroxyapatite). The mode of cell destroying was found to affect the process of the further enzyme purification. The phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase was purified 540-fold, with recovery being 20.6% and the specific activity - 540 units per mg protein. The enzyme content in the purified preparation was 80-90% judging by electrophoresis in PAAG. The molecular weights of the subunits determined by electrophoresis under denaturative conditions were found to be 102,000 +/- 4000 (beta) and 42,000 +/- 2000 (alpha). The molecular weight of the native enzyme determined by gel filtration through Sephadex G-200 and electrophoresis at varied concentrations of polyacrylamide was found to be 340,000 +/- 20,000. The Km values for tRNA, ATP and phenylalanine in the aminoacylation reaction are equal to 5.4 X 10(-7) M, 1,9 X 10(-4) M, and 3.7 X 10(-6) M, respectively.