重庆地区新收集烟草种质资源的鉴定评价与整理编目

为将"第三次全国农作物种质资源普查与收集行动"重庆项目组收集到的63份烟草种质资源入国家种质资源库进行编目和保存,对其进行田间鉴定和拍照记录。形态特征和主要农艺性状的遗传多样性分析表明,供试种质的数量性状和质量性状遗传多样性丰富,质量性状以叶形的多样性指数最高,数量性状中叶长、叶宽和茎围的多样性指数较高。聚类分析将新收集烟草种质资源分为4个类群,其中第Ⅰ类群以黄花烟为主,第Ⅲ类群的植株最高、叶片最大,可用于高产育种。主要病毒病的抗性鉴定发现,有11份种质TMV和CMV的抗性均较强,其中2份种质对TMV免疫且高抗CMV,可用于抗病育种。另外,通过田间表型和SSR分子标记对拟编目资源进行鉴定整理,剔除了重复的种质资源。因此,烟草种质资源的普查收集工作对于丰富国家烟草种质资源库和新品种选育具有重大意义。     

20份新编目入国家烟草种质库的烤烟种质的鉴定和分析

为将20份新收集（引进）、选育的烤烟种质资源入国家种质库进行编目和保存,对各种质进行田间鉴定评价,结果表明,云烟317、云烟201、云烟202、云烟203、PVH09和RGH51等品种抗或中抗黑胫病、根结线虫病、青枯病、TMV等主要病害中的2种以上,产量适中、品质较好,已经全国烟草品种审定委员会审（认）定,其余种质资源在田间生长正常,白花大金元、江川地方种、大有种和人民六队-15黑胫病较重。田间试验获得了各种质的生育期、形态特征、主要农艺性状、经济性状、原烟外观质量、化学成分和主要病害等数据资料,拍摄了各种质的植株、叶片、花序、花冠和蒴果的照片,按规定上交合格种子并入库保存,获得的资料全部上交给中国农业科学院烟草研究所,用于中国烟草种质资源信息系统和共享平台建设,为丰富国家种质库以及今后持续利用种质资源奠定良好基础。     

湖南地区新收集烟草种质资源的鉴定与遗传多样性分析

"第三次全国农作物种质资源普查与收集行动"湖南项目组经过系统调查共收集到烟草种质资源32份。本研究从收集到的烟草种质资源中筛选出23份特色种质材料,对其22个农艺性状进行鉴定和遗传多样性分析,结果表明供试种质材料遗传多样性丰富,其中数量性状的多样性指数普遍较高,多样性指数最高的3个数量性状分别是节距、叶数和叶宽,质量性状以叶形的多样性指数最高;性状变异系数最大的是叶柄,其次是株高和叶宽。对新收集烟草种质资源进行聚类分析,可以将其分为3个类群,其中第Ⅱ类群的种质叶片数多,第Ⅲ类群的植株较高,可用于高产育种实践或作为中间材料使用。对特色烟草种质进行主要病害的抗性鉴定,发现13份种质材料对黑胫病、TMV或CMV表现出抗性,其中2份种质兼抗黑胫病和TMV,可用于抗病育种。由此可见,开展烟草种质资源的普查收集工作意义重大,可以为新品种的选育提供更丰富的亲本材料或中间材料。     

全国农作物种质资源发展战略研讨会在长沙召开

“十一五”以来,在科技部、农业部等国家有关部门的大力支持下,经过全国各有关单位和广大科技人员的共同努力,农作物种质资源在考察收集、繁殖更新、编目入库、深入鉴定、种质创新、广泛利用等方面都取得了显著成效。     

中国茶树种质资源研究的主要进展和展望

茶树种质资源是生产利用、品种创新和生物技术研究的物质基础,具有十分重要的价值和意义.本文系统阐述了近20年中国茶树种质资源考察收集、保存编目、鉴定评价、分子标记、遗传稳定性等研究的主要成就与进展.着重提出近期继续征集、在资源个体与基因水平上深入鉴定评价、加强种质创新不断提供新基因源、建立核心种质、建立种质资源共享平台等研究工作的建议和展望.     

中国野生稻收集、鉴定和保存现状

本通过介绍我国野生稻种质资源的考察、收集、繁种、编目、鉴定、评价和保存、保护状况,论述了我国野生稻丰富的遗传多样性和种质资源研究成就,针对目前存在的突出问题,提出了我国野生稻种质资源研究目标和主要任务。     

中国野生稻资源考察、鉴定和保存概况

本综述了我国野生稻种质资源的考察收集、农艺性状鉴定、编目、繁种、入库保存等情况。到目前为止,我国收集了野生稻种资源近万份,编目7324份,种子入国家种质库长期保存5599份,种茎进国家野生稻圃长期保存8933份,显示出我国野生稻资源丰富的遗传多样性,并得到较完善的保存。介绍了鉴定选出的一批具有优良性状的种质资源。作还提出加强野生稻资源保护和研究的6点建议。     

甜菜种质资源遗传多样性研究与利用

通过多年对中国甜菜种质资源搜集、整理、繁种、鉴定及编目入库等方面进行科技攻关研究,弄清了目前我国甜菜中期库保存种质资源源遗传多样性的丰富程度,根据对已经编目入国家种质长期库的1382份甜菜种质资源材料的主要经济性状鉴定试验结果,证实了我国甜菜种质资源的块根产量、含糖率和产糖量均以西北生态区最高,华北生态区次之,东北生态区最低,同时其变异幅度也比较大。由此表明我国甜菜不同生态区保存的甜菜种质资源材料具有相当高的异质性和丰富的遗传基础,这将有利于推动我国甜菜科研及育种事业的可持续发展。     

三峡库区辣椒种质资源考察和鉴定

1996～1997年对三峡库区的云阳、涪陵等10县市的辣椒种质资源进行了考察。对考察中收集到的71份辣椒资源在成都进行了田间种植鉴定。根据实地考察和田间种植鉴定结果认为,三峡库区收集的材料分属辣椒(Capsicum annuum L．)的5个变种。根据资源特点推荐3个可供利用的簇生椒(var．fasciculatum Bailey)品种。     

浙江地方瓠瓜种质资源的表型鉴定与遗传多样性分析

"第三次全国农作物种质资源普查与收集行动"浙江项目组共新收集到瓠瓜地方种质资源51份。本研究对该51份瓠瓜种质进行田间种植鉴定,共调查了15个主要农艺性状,发现这批种质在多个性状上变异丰富;基于农艺性状的聚类分析将这批种质分为3个类群,其中第I类群的综合农艺性状表现优异,可直接或间接开发利用。利用22个瓠瓜核心SNP分子标记对这批种质进行基因型鉴定,基于基因型的聚类分析和群体结构分析均将这批种质划分为2大类群,发现类群分布主要与种质资源的地理位置相关。综合比较2种种质资源聚类分析方法,认为在二者并非完全吻合的情况下,采用分子标记的方法区分种质资源更加准确和客观。本研究结果为瓠瓜地方种质资源的开发利用提供了理论依据。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.