玫瑰微球菌中treZ基因在毕赤酵母中的表达研究

首次将玫瑰微球菌中麦芽寡糖基海藻糖水解酶(MTHase)treZ基因序列连接到表达载体pPICZαA中,通过电转化法将构建好的表达载体分别转入巴斯德毕赤酵母GS115和KM71菌株中.利用含有Zeocin的YPD平板筛选到阳性转化子,并经PCR、SDS-PAGE电泳以及Western blot最终验证海藻糖水解酶基因treZ已经整合到巴斯德毕赤酵母的基因组上,并且得到了预期的表达.     

海藻糖合酶在毕赤酵母表面的展示

海藻糖合酶能够利用麦芽糖一步法转化生产海藻糖,其底物专一性较高,该酶体系生产工艺简单,不受底物麦芽糖浓度的影响,是工业生产海藻糖的首选。为获得具有生产海藻糖合酶能力的毕赤酵母表面展示载体,实验以筛选的Pseudomonas putide P06海藻糖合酶基因为模板,PCR扩增得到海藻糖合酶基因(tres,2064 bp),连接至pPICZαA质粒中,获得重组质粒pPICZαA-tres。以来自酿酒酵母的共价连接细胞壁的Pir系列蛋白的Pir1p成熟肽蛋白作为毕赤酵母表面展示的锚定蛋白,利用PCR技术扩增得到pir1p(847 bp),连接至重组质粒pPICZαA-tres中,获得重组质粒pPICZαA-tres-pir1p。将重组质粒电击转入毕赤酵母GS115中,利用α-factor信号肽将蛋白引导分泌至细胞壁展示于毕赤酵母表面。通过Zeocin抗性筛选,挑选出阳性克隆子并摇瓶发酵。发酵产物经离心、破碎并使用昆布多糖酶水解,洗脱,结果显示,SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析可见明显融合蛋白条带,表明海藻糖合酶已成功地锚定在毕赤酵母。将重组毕赤酵母使用pH 7.5的缓冲液清洗并重悬,与底物浓度为30%的麦芽糖在30℃~60℃水浴条件下作用2 h,反应产物利用HPLC检测,能够检测到酶学活性。在优化后的条件pH 7.5,50℃,表面展示海藻糖合酶酶活达到300.65 U/g。40℃~50℃酶活较稳定,保温60 min,残留酶活相对活力达75%以上;最适反应pH值为7.5,并在碱性环境下稳定。     

GAPDH基因克隆及其作为毕赤酵母内标物的可靠性研究

为了测定GAPDH在巴斯德毕赤酵母中作为内参蛋白的有效性,利用PCR鉴定巴斯德毕赤酵母中GAPDH基因,分别在含葡萄糖、甲醇、甘油培养基及不同温度下培养巴斯德毕赤酵母,采用SDS-PAGE、Western blotting和催化活性检测。测序结果与已报道的巴斯德毕赤酵母GAPDH基因完全一致。SDS-PAGE结果显示,表达蛋白分子量为35.4 kD,与预期分子量相符。Western blotting和催化活性测定显示,在葡萄糖诱导下GAPDH表达最高,甲醇次之,甘油最低。37℃下GAPDH表达略高于28℃。在同一诱导物或温度下,GAPDH表达不会随浓度或培养时间发生明显变化。结果表明,在同一种诱导方式下,GAPDH可以作为异源蛋白表达的内参对照。     

利用毕赤酵母系统表达重组人生长激素的研究

为了获得重组人生长激素在毕赤酵母中高表达的菌株,按毕赤酵母基因密码子偏爱性,人工合成hGH的全基因序列.该基因被克隆到穿梭质粒pPIC9K中,PEG1000介导转入毕赤酵母GS115细胞,通过G418筛选获得高拷贝转化子.在甲醇的诱导下.实现了hGH在毕赤酵母中的成功表达.通过发酵条件的优化.发酵上清中的表达量达1537 mg/L经过超滤和两步层析,重组蛋白的得率这35%,纯度为97%,相对分子质量测定表明重组蛋白的相对分子质量与理论值相近.N-端氨基酸测序证实hGH基因在毕赤酵母中获得正确的表达.     

家蝇抗菌肽Defensin在毕赤酵母中的表达及活性鉴定

拟通过酵母系统表达家蝇抗菌肽Defensin基因,并初步鉴定其抗菌活性。采用限制性内切酶SacⅠ将分泌型重组表达质粒pPIC9K/Defensin线性化后,运用氯化锂转化法将其转入巴斯德毕赤酵母GS115中,行G418加压筛选和PCR鉴定;所得阳性转化子转至摇瓶,28℃条件下0.5%甲醇诱导表达,连续诱导培养4 d后,上清液进行Tricine-SDS-PAGE检测表达效果,并采用琼脂糖孔穴扩散法检测表达产物对大肠杆菌E.coliK12D31的抑制作用。结果显示,家蝇抗菌肽Defensin在毕赤酵母中得到了成功表达,表达产物对大肠杆菌E.coliK12D31的生长有抑制作用。说明酵母系统适合抗菌肽的表达。     

巴斯德毕赤酵母表达系统研究进展

巴斯德毕赤酵母(Pichiapastoris)表达体系是近年发展起来的最为成功的真核表达体系。对巴斯德毕赤酵母表达系统及影响外源基因在巴斯德毕赤酵母中表达的因素进行了简要综述。     

耐热羧肽酶Taq基因在毕赤酵母中的表达

为了获取表达羧肽酶Taq毕赤酵母工程菌,通过密码子优化,依据毕赤酵母密码子偏爱性,在体外合成了栖热水生菌的耐热羧肽酶Taq基因。将该基因克隆到毕赤酵母表达载体p HBM905A上并引入6×His标签,构建了重组质粒p HBM905A-Cpase Taq。将该重组质粒转化毕赤酵母GS115,经1%甲醇诱导表达72 h,酶产量达0.1 mg/m L。对纯化的重组酶进行酶活性分析表明在75℃,p H为7.5时,该酶比酶活性为80 U/mg。本研究首次证明了羧肽酶Taq能在毕赤酵母中有效分泌表达,可以被大量制备,进而为多肽水解为氨基酸奠定工业基础。     

新疆家蚕抗菌肽在毕赤酵母中表达及活性研究

目的:在毕赤酵母中表达新疆家蚕抗菌肽基因(Cecropin-XJ)并检测其活性.方法:根据作者实验室已克隆获得的新疆家蚕抗菌肽(Cecropin-XJ)基因设计引物,通过PCR方法扩增Cecropin-XJ,将PCR产物和表达载体pPIC9K用EcoR Ⅰ及Not Ⅰ双酶切,构建重组表达质粒pPIC9K-(Cecropin-XJ),酶切及测序正确后,电转化到毕赤酵母GS115,对分泌表达的重组蛋白进行活性检测.结果:PCR扩增获得192 bp Cecropin-XJ,成功构建pPIC9K-Cecropin-XJ,优化诱导条件证明在pH 6的BMMY培养液中,0.5%甲醇诱导约48h后,获得的表达产物活性较强,对多种革兰氏阴性菌和阳性菌具有抗菌活性,在100℃条件下,其活性可维持100min以上.结论:新疆家蚕抗菌肽在毕赤酵母中分泌表达,为大规模发酵生产奠定了基础.     

提高外源基因在巴斯德毕赤酵母中表达量的研究进展

巴斯德毕赤酵母 (Pichiapastoris)表达系统是基因工程研究中广泛使用的真核表达系统 ,与现有的其它表达系统相比 ,巴斯德毕赤酵母在表达产物的糖基化修饰、折叠、加工、外分泌及表达量等方面有明显的优势。外源基因在该系统中表达时 ,由于受基因内部的结构、分泌信号、甲醇诱导的浓度及诱导时间、培养温度、启动子、表达环境的 pH值等诸多因素的影响 ,一些外源蛋白的表达也存在着表达不够稳定、表达量较低 ,甚至不表达的情况。对影响巴斯德毕赤酵母表达的各种可能因素进行了分析 ,结合具体实践经验 ,就如何提高外源基因在巴斯德毕赤酵母中表达量的问题进行了综述。     

Trehalose accumulation by tropical yeast strains submitted to stress conditions

Trehalose, a non-reducing disaccharide that accumulates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has been implicated in survival under various stress conditions by acting as membrane protectant, as a supplementary compatible solute or as a reserve carbohydrate which may be mobilized during stress. However, most of these studies have been done with strains isolated from European or Asian habitats of temperate climate. In this study, yeasts living in tropical environments, isolated from different microhabitats in Southeastern Brazil, were used to evaluate whether trehalose contributes to survival under osmotic, ethanol and heat stress. The survival under severe stress was compared to a well-characterized laboratorial wild-type strain (D273-10B). Most of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains isolated from Drosophila in Tropical Rain Forest were able to accumulate trehalose after a preconditioning treatment at 40 °C for 1 h. The amount of intracellular trehalose levels was better correlated with survival during a challenging heat shock at 50.5 °C for 8 min. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida guilliermondii were observed to be thermotolerant as well as osmotolerant. No clear correlation between intracellular trehalose levels and survival could be derived during ethanol stress. In some cases, the amount of trehalose accumulated before the ethanol stress seemed to play an important role for the survival of these strains.     

Combined effects of endo- and exogenous trehalose on stress tolerance and biocontrol efficacy of two antagonistic yeasts

Effects of endo- and exogenous trehalose on viability of two antagonistic yeasts, Cryptococcus laurentii (Kuffer.) Skinner and Rhodotorula glutinis (Fresen.) Harrison, were investigated after being treated with rapid-freezing, slow-freezing and freeze-drying, respectively. The accumulation of intracellular trehalose in the two yeasts was induced by culturing the yeast cells in trehalose-containing medium, which significantly enhanced viabilities of both yeasts in the slow-freezing test. Trehalose, as an exogenous protectant, at the concentration of 5% or 10% could markedly increase survivals of the two yeasts when subjected to freeze-drying. When combined with exogenous trehalose as a protective substance, the yeasts containing high intracellular trehalose level showed higher viabilities as compared to those containing low levels under both freezing and freeze-drying stresses. The highest survival of C. laurentii and R. glutinis were 90% and 97% after freeze-drying, respectively, compared to 63% and 28% for the yeasts with lower intracellular trehalose levels. These results may be due to the fact that a combined effect occurred between endo- and exogenous trehalose of yeast cells. The combined effect on C. laurentii and R. glutinis also resulted in the highest level of biocontrol efficacy against blue mold in apple fruit caused by Penicillium expansum Link, and reduced the disease indexes to 45 and 56, respectively, compared to 94 and 81 in the untreated control. Meanwhile, the combination of endo- and exogenous trehalose significantly increased population of both yeasts in apple wounds, especially at the first 48 h after inoculation, which might explain the reason of the improvement in biocontrol effects of the two yeasts.     

201株不同类型酵母的初步分类及胞外脱氧核糖核酸酶和蛋白酶的比较研究

本文初步研究了分离自中国南方数省各种基物上的201株酵母,共发现4个新记录,另有个别疑难菌株拟作进一步研究。对9属174株担子菌酵母与子囊菌酵母进行胞外酶等的比较研究,发现其胞外脱氧核糖核酸酶(DNase)及蛋白酶的产生情况在不同亲缘的酵母间有一定的规律性。并对蛋白酶测试方法进行了改良,从而缩短试验周期并减少了污染机会。     

Electrofusion of fragile mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

This communication presents experimental evidence that intact fragile (osmotic sensitive) yeasts can be electrofused and give viable hybrids. The yield increases with one order of magnitude for electrofusion of intact fragile yeasts with protoplasts of non-fragile ones. The yield of viable hybrids, obtained by electrofusion of protoplasts of fragile and non-fragile yeasts, is one order of magnitude higher than the yield from protoplasts of non-fragile yeasts. The destabilized cell wall and plasma membrane of the mutant yeasts could be a possible explanation for this phenomenon.     

Isolation and characterization of ethanol-producing yeasts from fruits and tree barks

Aims:  Isolation and identification of yeasts converting xylose to ethanol.
Methods and Results:  A total of 374 yeasts were isolated from a variety of rotten fruits and barks of trees. Out of these, 27 yeast strains were able to assimilate xylose and produce 0·12–0·38 g of ethanol per gram of xylose. Based on phylogenetic analysis of D1/D2 domain sequence of LSU (Large Subunit) rRNA gene and phenotypic characteristics the ethanol-producing strains were identified as member(s) of the genera Pichia, Candida , Kluyveromyces, Issatchenkia, Zygosacchraomyces , Clavispora, Debaryomyces , Metschnikowia , Rhodotorula and Cryptococcus.
Conclusion:  Yeast strains producing ethanol from xylose have been isolated from a variety of rotten fruits and barks of trees and identified.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  Environmental isolates of yeasts which could convert xylose to ethanol could form the basis for bio-fuel production and proper utilization of xylan rich agricultural and forest wastes.     

Antioxidant defense parameters as predictive biomarkers for fermentative capacity of active dried wine yeast

The production of active dried yeast (ADY) is a common practice in industry for the maintenance of yeast starters and as a means of long term storage. The process, however, causes multiple cell injuries, with oxidative damage being one of the most important stresses. Consequentially, dehydration tolerance is a highly appreciated property in yeast for ADY production. In this study we analyzed the cellular redox environment in three Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine strains, which show markedly different fermentative capacities after dehydration. To measure/quantify the effect of dehydration on the S. cerevisiae strains, we used: (i) fluorescent probes; (ii) antioxidant enzyme activities; (ii) intracellular damage; (iii) antioxidant metabolites; and (iv) gene expression, to select a minimal set of biochemical parameters capable of predicting desiccation tolerance in wine yeasts. Our results show that naturally enhanced antioxidant defenses prevent oxidative damage after wine yeast biomass dehydration and improve fermentative capacity. Based on these results we chose four easily assayable parameters/biomarkers for the selection of industrial yeast strains of interest for ADY production: trehalose and glutathione levels, and glutathione reductase and catalase enzymatic activities. Yeast strains selected in accordance with this process display high levels of trehalose, low levels of oxidized glutathione, a high induction of glutathione reductase activity, as well as a high basal level and sufficient induction of catalase activity, which are properties inherent in superior ADY strains.     

Assessment of phylloplane yeasts on selected Mediterranean plants by FISH with group- and species-specific oligonucleotide probes

A previous culture-dependent survey of phylloplane yeasts from selected Mediterranean plants showed that a few species were present in high densities in almost all leaf samples, regardless of the plant type, location or sampling season. However, a few species appeared to be restricted to Cistus albidus leaves, namely Cryptococcus cistialbidi . Here, we describe a culture-independent FISH assay to detect and quantify whole yeast cells in leaf washings. After optimization, the technique was used to check the apparent association between C. albidus leaves and C. cistialbidi and the abundance and ubiquity of other basidiomycetous yeast species such as Erythrobasidium hasegawianum and Sporobolomyces spp. in leaf samples from this and other neighboring plants ( Acer monspessulanum and Quercus faginea ). No yeast cells were detected in Pistacia lentiscus leaf samples. We were also able to demonstrate that three phylloplane yeasts ( C. cistialbidi, E. hasegawianum and Sporobolomyces spp.) appeared to be log-normally distributed among individual C. albidus leaves. The log-normal distribution has important implications for the quantification of phylloplane yeasts based on the washing and plating of bulk leaf samples, which will tend to overestimate the size of the respective populations and become an error source in yeast surveys or related biocontrol studies.     

Selenium Tolerance of Yeasts

Selenium tolerance of yeasts widely varies: the growth of some yeasts can be inhibited by a selenium concentration as low as 10^–4 M, whereas others can grow in the presence of 10^–1 M selenium. Homogeneous yeast taxa are characterized by a certain level of selenium tolerance, and heterogeneous taxa show a variable level of tolerance to selenium. In general, ascomycetous yeasts are more tolerant to selenium than basidiomycetous yeasts. Among the ascomycetous yeasts, the genera Dekkera and Schizosaccharomyces exhibited the lowest and the species Candida maltosa, Hanseniaspora valbyensis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, and Yarrowia lipolytica the highest tolerance to selenium. Among the basidiomycetous yeasts, the genera Bullera, Cryptococcusand Holtermannia showed the lowest and the species Cryptococcus curvatus, Cr. humicola, and Trichosporon spp. the highest tolerance to selenium. The selenium tolerance of yeasts depends on the composition of the growth medium, in particular, on the presence of sulfate, sulfur-containing amino acids, and glutamine in the medium.     

Trehalose levels and survival ratio of freeze-tolerant versus freeze-sensitive yeasts.

Five freeze-tolerant yeast strains suitable for frozen dough were compared with ordinary commercial bakers' yeast. Kluyveromyces thermotolerans FRI 501 cells showed high survival ability after freezing when their resting cells were fermented for 0 to 180 min in modified liquid medium, and they grew to log and stationary phases. Among the freeze-tolerant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, FRI 413 and FRI 869 showed higher surviving and trehalose-accumulating abilities than other S. cerevisiae strains, but were affected by a prolonged prefermentation period and by growth phases. The freeze tolerance of the yeasts was, to some extent, associated with the basal amount of intracellular trehalose after rapid degradation at the onset of the prefermentation period. In the freeze-sensitive yeasts, the degree of hydrolysis of trehalose may thus be affected by the kind of saccharide, unlike in freeze-tolerant yeasts.     

Trehalose levels and survival ratio of freeze-tolerant versus freeze-sensitive yeasts

Five freeze-tolerant yeast strains suitable for frozen dough were compared with ordinary commercial bakers' yeast. Kluyveromyces thermotolerans FRI 501 cells showed high survival ability after freezing when their resting cells were fermented for 0 to 180 min in modified liquid medium, and they grew to log and stationary phases. Among the freeze-tolerant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, FRI 413 and FRI 869 showed higher surviving and trehalose-accumulating abilities than other S. cerevisiae strains, but were affected by a prolonged prefermentation period and by growth phases. The freeze tolerance of the yeasts was, to some extent, associated with the basal amount of intracellular trehalose after rapid degradation at the onset of the prefermentation period. In the freeze-sensitive yeasts, the degree of hydrolysis of trehalose may thus be affected by the kind of saccharide, unlike in freeze-tolerant yeasts.