不同食性甲虫的含能值,含不量及其变动规律研究

以干旱地区的肉食性步甲科和植食性拟步甲科昆虫成体为材料，测定鞘翅目甲虫的偏嗵值和含水量，分析其含能值和含水量的相互关系及其变动规律。结果表明，肉食性步甲科昆虫的含能值显著高于植食性拟步甲科昆虫，相反，前者的含水量却显著地低于后者。步甲科和拟步甲科昆虫的含能值都与其含８水量成显著负相关。     

蛛形纲动物含能值及其季节变动规律研究

研究干旱地区蛛形纲动物的含能值变动规律。菜纲蝎目和蜘蛛目动物含能值之间的差异不显著,平均能值为２１．３２Ｊ／ｍｇ无灰干重。但是蝎目钳蝎科（２２．１３Ｊ／ｍｇ无灰干重）、蜘蛛目的圆蛛科（２２．８２Ｊ／ｍｇ无灰干重）、巨眼蛛科（２２．６５Ｊ／ｍｇ无灰干重）、跳蛛科（２３．０８Ｊ／ｍｇ无灰干重）和狼蛛科（２１．７６Ｊ／ｍｇ无灰干重）的含能值显著地高于蟹蛛科（１９．０４Ｊ／ｍｇ无灰干重）和盗蛛科（１９．６     

河西走廊中部戈壁地表甲虫群落动态变化及其影响因素

地表甲虫是戈壁主要的地表昆虫类群, 但我们对其种属组成和活动节律的认识还很有限。2018-2020年1-12月我们利用陷阱法对河西走廊中部典型砾质戈壁地表甲虫种类及数量进行了连续观测, 并测定了该区降水和温度。本文研究发现: (1)戈壁地表甲虫由步甲科、叶甲科、象甲科、粪金龟科和拟步甲科5科21种组成, 阿小鳖甲(Microdera kraatzi alashanica)、戈壁琵甲(Blaps gobiensis)和波笨粪金龟(Lethrus potanini)是优势地表甲虫种; (2)戈壁地表甲虫活动节律存在明显年季变异, 地表甲虫的活动期在3-10月, 地表甲虫活动密度的最大值出现在4-7月, 而物种丰富度的最大值均在5月出现; (3)降水增多的2019年地表甲虫的活动密度明显增加, 且2019年地表甲虫物种丰富度和多样性指数显著高于2018年; (4)地表甲虫的取食类型和个体大小影响它们的活动节律, 降水增多的年份提高了植食性的象甲科和部分拟步甲科的活动密度, 而一些拟步甲科的活动密度对降水的响应存在一定的滞后性; (5)降水和温度变化强烈影响地表甲虫活动节律, 地表甲虫的个体数和物种数与月降水量和月平均温度呈显著的二次曲线和指数关系, 植食性和捕食性甲虫对降水及温度变化响应较腐食性甲虫敏感, 大甲虫对降水变化的响应较中甲虫和小甲虫敏感。总之, 降水及温度变化影响了戈壁地表甲虫的活动节律, 而不同地表甲虫种对二者的响应因其生理生态特征不同而异, 从而影响了地表甲虫群落动态变化规律。     

湖北汉阳沉湖泛区浮游物的现存量与化学组成

本文报道了武汉市汉阳县沉湖泛区1983年5至9月浮游物(eston)的现存量与化学组成的动态,并根据该泛区的生态特征,分别对枯水期、灌江期和丰水期浮游物的干重(DW)、无灰干重(AFDW)、灰分重(Ash)、碳(C)和氮(N)量的变动特性进行了比较研究,而且还在此基础上,进一步探讨了评价浮游物营养质量的指标。沉湖泛区1983年5至9月浮游物干重为5.24mg/L,其中无灰干重为2.55mg/L,灰分重为2.69mg/L,它们均以灌江初期为高;碳、氮量分别为0.830和0.193mg/L,前者高峰出现在丰水后期,后者出现在灌江初期;浮游物干重、无灰干重、灰分重、碳和氮量均以灌江结束期为最低。浮游物的无灰干重、灰分重、碳和氮量分别占干重的51.60、47.50、18.30和3.90%;碳和氮量分别占无灰干重的36.40和7.70%。沉湖泛区浮游物的无灰干重/灰分重平均为1.24,碳/氮平均为4.74。这两个参数可分别作为评价沉湖泛区浮游物营养质量的指标。沉湖泛区浮游物干重、无灰干重、碳和氮量间,浮游物无灰干重与其灰分重、碳、氮量间,浮游物碳、氮量间均存在着极显著的相关关系,表明它们之间相应的动态是一致的。       

紫胶林-农田复合生态系统地表甲虫多样性——以云南绿春为例

为揭示紫胶林-农田复合生态系统地表甲虫多样性, 于2006-2007年在云南省绿春县牛孔乡采用陷阱法调查了天然紫胶林、人工紫胶林和旱地的地表甲虫群落。共采集标本1 678头, 分别隶属于24科120种, 其中步甲科(Carabidae)和金龟科(Scarabaeidae)种类最丰富, 均占全部种类的12.50%。拟步甲科(Tenebrionidae)个体数量最丰富, 占个体总数的64.48%; 金龟科次之, 占个体总数的17.58%。大多数科的物种数和个体数在不同土地利用生境中的分布没有显著差异, 而步甲科、隐翅甲科(Staphylinidae)、叩甲科(Elateridae)、拟步甲科、瓢虫科(Coccinellidae)和小蠧科(Scolytidae)在不同土地利用生境中的分布有显著差异。天然紫胶林地表甲虫个体数量最少, 物种较丰富, 优势度最低, 多样性最高; 人工紫胶林个体数和物种数均丰富, 优势度和多样性居中; 旱地个体数量最多, 物种最贫乏, 优势度最高, 多样性最低。种级水平的聚类分析体现出人工紫胶林与旱地之间在种类组成上距离较近; 而科级水平的聚类反映出人工紫胶林和天然紫胶林更接近。结果提示, 紫胶林-农田复合生态系统具有区域内土地利用方式多样化的特点; 天然紫胶林在维持地表甲虫多样性水平上具有重要作用, 而人工紫胶林虽具有积极作用, 但仍需进一步恢复。     

不同林型地表甲虫食性及营养级关系：基于碳氮稳定同位素分析

土壤动物联结着生态系统地上与地下部分的物质循环和能量流动,对生态系统的结构、功能及过程起着重要的调控作用。地表甲虫作为典型的大型土壤动物,在食物网中占有重要的位置,因此对不同林型地表甲虫的δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N同位素特征及营养关系研究对了解森林土壤动物的食性特征进而保护森林生物多样性是十分必要的。采集了小兴安岭凉水自然保护区6种不同林型的地表甲虫共10科31种,利用稳定同位素技术测定了甲虫中的δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N含量,并分析不同林型内地表甲虫的δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N值及营养级差异。结果表明6、7月份不同林型地表甲虫的δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N值差异显著(P<0.05),其中δ¹³C值在原始阔叶红松林和次生白桦林显著高于落叶松人工林和阔叶红松择伐林。δ¹⁵N值在阔叶红松择伐林显著高于其他5种林型。不同林型地表甲虫的营养级差异显著(P<0.05),林型内各物种营养级差异不显著(P...     

碳酸盐碱度对钝顶螺旋藻生长的影响

研究了不同碳酸盐碱度浓度条件下,钝顶螺旋藻OD560值、藻液pH值及碳酸盐碱度的变化。结果显示:培养4d后,4mg/L和8mg/L组生长缓慢且呈现下降趋势,OD560值均低于对照组,具有极显著差异(P<0.01),16mg/L和32mg/L组与对照组相比,无显著差异,而64mg/L组具有显著差异(P<0.05)。第6~12d,4mg/L、8mg/L组和16mg/LOD560值均低于对照组,具有极显著差异(P<0.01),32mg/L组无显著差异,而64mg/L组在6~8d,具有显著差异(P<0.05),且在第10~12d,与其它实验组和对照组相比,表现出极显著差异性(P<0.01)。NaHCO3与Na2CO3组成的缓冲体系,其pH值调节功能优于单一使用NaHCO3的对照组。在充气状态下,实验期间各组的碱度始终保持动态平衡。     

北洛河流域的昆虫多样性初步调查

报道北洛河流域昆虫多样性的初步调查结果,同时结合文献资料分析北洛河流域13目96科346种昆虫的群落结构。研究表明,数量较多的有鞘翅目(33.62%)、鳞翅目(25.80%)、直翅目(15.65%),其它各目种类所占比例都小于10%,其中植食性类群占58.26%,而捕食性类群只占14.20%,同时6～7月份昆虫活动最频繁,之后随时间推移,昆虫数量逐渐减少。以拟步甲科为例的分析结果显示,吴起的拟步甲多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数均为最高,而优势度指数最低,洛川优势度指数最高。     

蜣螂对灵芝发酵菌丝体生长和三萜产物形成的影响

研究了几种药用昆虫对灵芝深层培养过程中细胞生长和三萜产物形成的影响。结果表明,添加不同药用昆虫对灵芝细胞生长和细胞内三萜的形成无显著促进作用(P>0.05),但蜣螂虫粉的添加,能显著促进灵芝胞外三萜的形成(P<0.01)。在添加浓度为5g/L时,胞外三萜的产量从对照的220.2±9.7mg/L提高到304.3±11.8mg/L。结果提示药用昆虫蜣螂虫粉中含有促进灵芝胞外三萜形成的功能因子。     

贺兰山冲积扇荒漠草地拟步甲群落小尺度空间格局动态

为探讨贺兰山冲积扇荒漠草地拟步甲群落小尺度空间格局动态特征,本研究于2019年5—10月每月采用陷阱法调查200 m×200 m空间尺度的拟步甲昆虫群落,基于地统计分析方法,研究拟步甲昆虫群落的空间格局,并分析空间格局与地形因子的关系。6次调查共捕获拟步甲科成虫7属10种1086只,群落组成具有较明显的空间和时间变异性。其中,拟步甲群落多样性以5月最大,7月最低。Moran I指数表明,拟步甲优势种空间自相关性具有明显的季节波动性,在5月、9月和10月表现为显著空间正相关。拟步甲群落和优势种具有较强的空间异质性,主要由结构性因素决定。普通克里金插值表明,不同季节群落空间格局梯度分布存在明显差异,夏季群落空间格局比较简单。交叉方差函数分析显示,优势种物种间大多表现为正空间关联性,且主要受结构性因素单一调控。典范对应分析(CCA)结果表明,坡度和海拔显著影响昆虫分布。本研究揭示了拟步甲昆虫群落小尺度空间异质性具有明显的季节变异,为研究贺兰山冲积扇生境地表甲虫物种多样性空间格局及维持机制奠定基础。     

Evaluation of the RAPD profiles from different body parts of Euglossa pleosticta Dressler male bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Euglossina)

In the current literature, information is scarce on which part of the adult insect body is suitable for isolation of genomic DNA for genetic analysis based on DNA-markers. In this study, we evaluated RAPD profiles generated from total genomic DNA isolated from distinct body parts (head, legs, thorax + wings and abdomen) of 12 males of Euglossa pleosticta Dressler. From the total of bands analyzed, 9.0% did not show reproducibility. Percent variations of bands in each body segment were: 1.1% (head); 0.4% (legs); 0.8% (thorax/wings) and 6.7% (abdomen). The much higher variation (chi2(one sample) = 10.27; df = 1; P < 0.01) in the RAPD profiles obtained by using DNA isolated from abdomen of the euglossine males suggests that this body part of adult insects should be avoided in DNA extraction procedures. Conversely, the low variation among the RAPD profiles obtained from amplifications of genomic DNA extracted from head, legs and thorax/wings indicates that all these body parts of male bees are equally useful and secure for using in isolation and amplification procedures of total genomic DNA.     

Comparison of coleopteran and spider communities between a reforested area and a still steppe area in a pre-Saharan region of Algeria

In the pre-Saharan region of Djelfa (Algeria), the coleopteran and spider communities are compared between two neighbouring ecosystems, the one kept as a steppe, the other one reforested with Aleppo pine. In three plots in each area, pitfall (Barber) traps were sampled monthly during one year and arthropods were identified and counted. Two thousand five hundred and fifty-seven individuals, distributed into 95 species, were collected, belonging to four coleopteran families (Carabidae, Scarabaeidae, Tenebrionidae, and Curculionidae), and 14 spider families. The Tenebrionidae (43% of the species and 87% of the individuals) were clearly the most represented group of insects, numerically because of the considerable abundance of Pimelia mauritanica in the reforested area, where this species accounted for half the total number of catches. Among the spiders, the Gnaphosidae represented 40% of the individuals and one-third of the species. The total species richness of the two areas was the same, but, considering the total number of collected species, individual abundance and diversity indexes (Shannon, Simpson) were lower in the reforested zone. However, these parameters became fully comparable when excluding P. mauritanica from the calculations. Without P. mauritanica, numbers and species richness of Tenebrionidae were similar in both areas. Curculionidae had higher populations and higher species diversity in the steppe area, while Scarabeidae were equally abundant in the two ecosystems types. The number, the species richness, and the diversity indexes of Carabidae were much lower in the reforested area than in the steppe one. The opposite was observed with spiders. Nevertheless, more or less important variations in the number of individuals, in one or another direction depending on the species, existed among each taxonomic group. It is concluded that reforestation has not changed biological diversity, but has induced dramatic modifications in the organisation and functioning of the arthropod communities.     

Habitat Specificity and Variation of Coleopteran Assemblages Between Habitats in a Southern African (Swaziland) Agricultural Landscape

Assessment of Coleopteran diversity and abundance was carried out in the lowveld region of Swaziland by pitfall trapping in five distinct habitats. Additionally, the study was to ascertain if any of the families collected illustrated habitat fidelity. 18 coleopteran families, comprising 2903 individuals were collected, with an additional 29 unidentified specimens, totalling 2932 beetles. Numerically, the top five families were the Scarabaeidae (2425), Carabidae (211), Tenebrionidae (149), Nitidulidae (37) and Curculionidae (22). 66.6% of all specimens collected were harboured within the pine windbreak while the lowest number (2.6%) was collected from the mature citrus orchard. The highest proportion (77%) of scarabaeid beetles collected occurred within the pine windbreak. Habitat specificity was illustrated by one family, Meloidae, which was found only in the young orchard. Community analysis was further carried out to ascertain distribution patterns of the dominant coleopteran families. Three scarabaeid species were found only in the pine windbreak while three carabid species occurred only in the indigenous savanna. Significant differences between habitats were observed in the number of beetles collected while no significant differences were observed in terms of the number of families observed in each habitat (p<0.05). Results indicate that conservation of the various habitat patches within the mosaic studied could facilitate conservation of whole communities rather than individual species thus facilitating effective conservation of the agricultural landscape.     

What do we know about winter active ground beetles (Coleoptera,Carabidae) in Central and Northern Europe?

This paper summarizes the current knowledge on winter active Carabidae in Central and Northern Europe. In total 73 winter active species are listed, based on literature and own observations. Ground beetles are among the three most numerous Coleoptera families active during the autumn to spring period. The winter community of Carabidae is composed both of larvae (mainly autumn breeding species) and adults, as well as of epigeic species and those inhabiting tree trunks. Supranivean fauna is characterized by lower species diversity than the subnivean fauna. The activity of ground beetles decreases in late autumn, is lowest during mid-winter and increases in early spring. Carabidae are noted as an important food source in the diet of insectivorous mammals. They are also predators, hunting small winter active invertebrates.     

湖北长湖夏、秋季浮游生物功能群特征及主要影响因子

为了解长湖浮游生物功能群特征及其主要影响因子, 于2017年7月(夏)及10月(秋)对长湖进行2次采样调查, 并结合冗余分析法(Redundancy analysis, RDA)和Pearson相关性分析法分析了浮游生物功能群的主要影响因子。结果显示, 鉴定出浮游植物7门49属, 共95种, 划分为25个浮游植物功能群, 平均密度为5.12×106 ind./L, 平均生物量为1.663 mg/L; 鉴定出浮游动物3门41属, 共59种, 划分为8个浮游动物功能群, 平均密度为3.76×103 ind./L, 平均生物量为2.803 mg/L。从功能群的平均密度和生物量来看, 夏季显著高于秋季(P＜0.01), 其中夏季H1站位浮游动物功能群的密度最高, 秋季Y4站位的浮游生物密度和生物量均较高, 且存在功能群A、LCF向E和K的演替趋势。从优势功能群种类来看, B、D、J、L₀、MP、P、T_C、PF、RF及SCF是夏、秋两季的共有优势功能群, 其中L₀、T_C、RF及PF是绝对优势功能群。综合各功能群的主要代表种构成及其适应的生境特征表明, 长湖鱼类对浮游生物的摄食压力较大且水质仍处于富营养化状态。冗余分析结果显示, TN、TP及DO为影响长湖浮游生物功能群的主要环境因子, 水温及pH也与多数功能群呈明显正相关性。Pearson相关性分析结果显示, 浮游植物功能群B、D、J、L₀、Y及浮游动物PF、RF、SCF等彼此间多数具有极显著的相关性(P＜0.01), 竞争及捕食等生物活动对功能群特征影响较明显。     

新疆荒漠再次发现畸形拟步甲二例

本文介绍两例畸形甲虫。一例是触角畸形的光滑鳖甲成虫,发现于古尔班通古特沙漠南缘(新疆昌吉五家渠),为第三次在这一地点发现畸形昆虫。另一例是左侧中胸和后胸体节合并的畸形中华齿刺甲幼虫,发现于新疆大学校园。对光滑鳖甲的畸形触角,使用体视显微镜和电子显微镜进行了形态特征的观察。并且测量了触角各节的长度、宽度和横截面积。其结果显示,在触角第5节后,畸形触角的尺寸显著小于正常触角的相应节。     

Seed burial by soil burrowing beetles

Bernhardt, K.-G. 1995. Seed burial by soil burrowing beetles. — Nord J. Bot. 15: 257–260. Copenhagen. ISSN 0107–055X.
This investigation shows the role of soil digging beetles (Carabidae, Heteroceridae) in burial of myxospermous seeds. Field experiments with containers filled with sterilized sand, seeds of different plant species and soil digging beetles, are used. After six months in plots with digging insects seeds were found in deeper soil depths (up to 10 cm soil depth) than seeds in control plots. The study was done with beetles belonging to newly created sandy land. The study shows that beetles can be important for seed dispersal and seed burial and that seeds deep in the soil do not need to be old.     

Energy density of anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus in the Bay of Biscay

The energy density ( E _D) of anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus in the Bay of Biscay was determined by direct calorimetry and its evolution with size, age and season was investigated. The water content and energy density varied seasonally following opposite trends. The E _D g⁻¹ of wet mass ( M _W) was highest at the end of the feeding season (autumn: c . 8 kJ g⁻¹ M _W) and lowest in late winter ( c . 6 kJ g⁻¹ M _W). In winter, the fish lost mass, which was partially replaced by water, and the energy density decreased. These variations in water content and organic matter content may have implications on the buoyancy of the fish. The water content was the major driver of the energy density variations for a M _W basis. A significant linear relationship was established between E _D g⁻¹ ( y ) and the per cent dry mass ( M _D; x ): y =−4·937 + 0·411 x . In the light of the current literature, this relationship seemed to be not only species specific but also ecosystem specific. Calibration and validation of fish bioenergetics models require energy content measurements on fish samples collected at sea. The present study provides a first reference for the energetics of E. encrasicolus in the Bay of Biscay.     

Selection of breeding territory by little bustard (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Tetrax tetrax</Emphasis>) males in Central Spain: the role of arthropod availability

The influence of arthropod availability on the formation of male little bustard breeding territories in central Spain was studied in two consecutive years. Arthropods (68,217 individuals) were sampled using pitfall trapping and male territories estimated by means of kernel functions. Hymenopterans (ants), beetles, mites and spiders were the main taxa found in the samples, while the highest contributions in terms of biomass came from hymenopterans, beetles and orthopterans. The only group that exhibited significant biomass differences between territory and non-territory locations was that of the beetles; this pattern was consistent between years. Carabidae was the main beetle family in terms of biomass, followed by other large beetles such as Tenebrionidae, Cleridae, Scarabeidae and Elateridae. The biomass of Carabidae that were larger than 15 mm was significantly higher within territories than outside them. The biomass of Cleridae was greater in fallows, while Elateridae were more abundant in arable fields. The total biomass of beetles that were larger than 15 mm was higher in arable fields than in fallows. Family richness differed between years, while diversity showed differences between agricultural fields (it was highest in fallows), although these variables did not differ between territory and non-territory locations. Results indicate that large beetles (particularly carabids) seem to be a valuable food resource that is defended by little bustard males during the highly energy-demanding breeding season, which is discussed here in relation to habitat selection, the mating system and its implications for the conservation of the species.     

Influence of global warming on forest coleopteran communities with special reference to ambrosia and bark beetles

Forest insect pests are one of the major disturbance factors in forest ecosystems and their outbreaks are expected to be more severe under the influence of global warming. Coleopterans are dominant among forest insects and their ecological functions include general detritivores, dead wood feeders, fungivores, herbivores, live wood feeders and predators. Ambrosia and bark beetles contribute to ecological succession of forests and, therefore, ecological functions of forests can be changed in response to their outbreaks. Mountain pine beetle (MPB) outbreaks are the most dramatic example of changes in the ecological functions of forest due to the outbreak of a forest insect pest altered by global warming. Composition of coleopteran species varies with latitude. However, composition of functional groups is consistent with latitude which indicates that resources available to beetles are consistent. In coleopteran communities, ambrosia and bark beetles can become dominant due to increases of dead or stressed trees due to the warming climate. This can also induce changes in the ecological functions of coleopterans, i.e. selective force to displace trees that have lower ecological fitness due to temperature increase. Therefore, recent increases in the density ambrosia and bark beetles offer a chance to study ecological processes in forests under the influence of global warming.