鄱阳湖都昌候鸟自然保护区丰水期和枯水期鸟类多样性

2009年12月和2010年5月,利用样线法和同步调查法对江西省鄱阳湖都昌候鸟自然保护区的鸟类开展了调查,分析了丰水期和枯水期鸟类群落结构的特征及其差异.野外调查共记录到鸟类14目43科169种.丰水期鸟类有36科96种,枯水期鸟类36科135种.其中,国家重点保护鸟类17种.结合保护区日常监测到白鹤(Grus leucogeranus)、灰鹤(G.grus)、白头鹤(G.monacha)和白枕鹤(G.vipio)的分布记录,该保护区鸟类累计达173种.保护区枯水期鸟类以雀形目、鹆形目和雁形目为主,分别占枯水期鸟类种类总数的47.4％、13.3％和9.6％;丰水期鸟类以雀形目、鸻形目和鹳形目为主,分别占鸟类种类总数的58.3％、8.3％和10.4％.枯水期和丰水期鸟类物种组成存在明显的季节性变换.枯水期农田生境鸟类多样性最高,其次是草洲、沼泽和水体,泥滩生境鸟类多样性最低;丰水期农田和水体生境鸟类多样性基本相同.都昌候鸟自然保护区枯水期的优势种为八哥(Acridotheres cristatellus)、白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensis)、灰椋鸟(Sturnus cineraceus)、麻雀(Passer montanus)和山斑鸠(Streptopelia orientalis),丰水期为白鹭(Egretta garzetta)和八哥.     

合肥野生动物园东方白鹳的保护遗传学初步研究

研究选用EEO.6基因和线粒体DNA控制区(D-loop)作为分子标记,用于合肥野生笼养东方白鹳的性别鉴定和遗传多样性检测.研究中成功地鉴定了东方白鹳成体和幼体的性别,并且双引物的引入克服了性别鉴定中假阴性.在合肥野生动物园28个笼养个体中共检测出11种单倍型,其单倍型多样性(h)为0.8598±0.0419,核苷酸多样性(π)为0.01035±0.0058,但单倍型在繁殖个体间分布严重失衡,子一代个体的单倍型主要集中在H1,H2,H3.因此,建议在进行圈养东方白鹳的繁殖管理时,注重提升各单倍型的奠基者作用,以保护笼养群体的遗传多样性.     

中国鸡形目鸟类分布数据库及其应用

中国鸡形目鸟类分布数据库(The Site Record Database for Chinese Galliformes,SRDG)是以中国鸡形目鸟类分布点的有关信息为数据源的综合性资源数据库,于1996年初步建立,2005～2006年进行了更新维护和完善,由中国鸡形目鸟类物种代码库(WZDM)、中国鸡形目鸟类分布状况库(FBZK)和信息来源库(XXLY)三部分构成,包括中国鸡形目全部63个种的5859条分布信息和1027条相关文献记录。本数据库操作简单,各库之间通过共有字段相链接,具有信息查询、修改和维护等功能。本数据库的物种信息有助于加深对我国鸡形目鸟类资源的了解,可为中国鸡形目鸟类的研究和保护提供翔实的基础数据。在数据库基础上,可以进行有关我国鸡形目鸟类分布状况的分析,如鸡形目鸟类地理区划研究、分布区与占有面积的比较、物种濒危状况评估以及热点地区分析和GAP分析等。     

我国新发现古新世秧鸡化石

本文记述了产自安徽潜山古新世痘姆组一鹤形目鸟类化石。依据其肱骨、胫跗骨和跗骨等具有的不同于已知鹤形目鸟类的特征,订一新属种,隶属于秧鸡科,它既填补了鹤形目在古新世的空白,也是秧鸡科最早和形态比较原始的代表。     

山西省鹤形目鸟类的研究

本文作者于1980—1984年,在山西省对鹤形目鸟类的生物学进行了研究,其内容包括季节迁徙、鹤类组成、数量分布、食性分析,并对其有关繁殖的种类进行了探讨。     

江西都昌保护区越冬水鸟群落多样性及种多度

2015年12月至2016年1月,采用定点直接计数法对江西都昌保护区越冬期湿地水鸟群落的物种多样性和种多度进行了监测分析。结果显示:1)共记录在都昌保护区越冬的湿地水鸟6目11科28种,以雁形目、鸻形目、鹳形目鸟类为主(75.00%),其次为鹤形目、??目(21.42%);古北种占绝对优势(78.57%),其次为东洋种(14.29%);冬候鸟为主(78.57%),其次为留鸟(21.43%);涉禽(57.14%)和游禽(39.29%)居多;绝大部分湿地水鸟种类受到关注,35.71%的鸟种处于受胁状态,57.14%的鸟种已引起关注并被列入保护名录中;2)鸟类群落的多样性指数为0.758,均匀度指数为0.228;3)对数正态分布模型模拟的鸟类群落的种多度关系呈对数正态分布,符合鸟类群落常见性与罕见性分布的特性。     

我国的几种珍稀濒危鸟类

“物以稀为贵”.珍稀鸟类,大都分布区非常窄小,而且种群数量有限,濒临灭绝.有些鸟,在局部地区数量不少,是该地区的常见种,但就全局来看,其种群数量越来越少,并仅仅分布十分狭小地区;有些鸟分布狭窄,数量亦稀少,这些鸟类都是珍稀濒危种.珍稀濒危鸟类是人类的伙伴,是自然界历史的遗产.任何一种鸟类的消失,对于人类及其后代子孙都是有害无利的,而且,一种鸟一旦绝灭,就再也无法恢复. 世界上许多珍稀濒危鸟类主要分布在我国境内,或者分布仅限于我国.例如:雉科的珍稀种类,全世界共有三十种,我国就有十六种;鹤类共有十五种,我国占有九种. 朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)是举世嘱目的珍稀濒危鸟类.属于鹳形目Ciconiiformes鹮科Threskiornithidae.历史分布很广,最北到东北兴凯湖,最东到福建、台湾,西到甘肃,南到海南岛.但截止到1984年6月所知,日本还有3只,我国野外成活有12只,分布在陕西省洋县姚家沟、三岔河等地.     

利用红外相机调查四川卧龙国家级自然保护区鸟兽多样性

卧龙国家级自然保护区位于邛崃山脉东南坡,地处邛崃山自然保护区群的核心地带。2014–2016年,我们在卧龙保护区内使用红外相机技术开展大中型兽类与鸟类的本底调查。经过10,961个相机工作日的调查,完成有效调查位点83个,覆盖58个公里网格。共鉴定出分属6目15科的32种野生兽类和4种家畜,探测数总计2,095次,其中国家一、二级重点保护野生动物分别有5、11种,被IUCN红色名录评估为濒危(EN)、易危(VU)、近危(NT)的动物分别有4、6、4种。野生兽类中,食肉目物种数最多,共6科16种,其次为偶蹄目(4科8种)和啮齿目(2科5种)。偶蹄目是有效拍摄数最多的类群(占总探测数的63.33%),其次为食肉目(20.01%)和啮齿目(5.73%)。食肉目中相对多度最高的物种是猪獾(Arctonyx collaris,RAI=12.23),偶蹄目中最高的物种是毛冠鹿(Elaphodus cephalophus,RAI=32.21)。记录到雪豹(Panthera uncia)、狼(Canis lupus)、豺(Cuon alpinus)3种大中型顶级食肉兽类。鸟类探测数655次,鉴定出分属5目18科的59种鸟类,其中国家一、二级重点保护野生动物分别有3、9种,保护区新记录鸟类4种。鸡形目是探测数最高的类群,占全部鸟类探测数的56.76%。本次调查了解了区内兽类和鸟类的物种组成、空间分布和相对多度,提供了区内大中型兽类和鸟类群落的初步本底信息,为后续的保护管理规划和长期监测提供了数据支持和指导。     

黑水鸡与家鸡染色体带型同源性比较研究

从二倍体细胞大染色体组(Macrochromosomes)的G带特征比较分析,鹤形目的黑水鸡与鸡形目的家鸡带型相似程度很大,标志着这两种鸟类的亲缘关系较近,同时也充分说明了不同目鸟类在进化上染色体变异的保守性。其带型差异仅在于两次臂间倒位、两次臂内倒位和一次着丝点融合。此外,我们采用QM荧光——银染的相继染色法发现黑水鸡的W染色体上有NOR存在,这种核仁组织者区域与性染色质发生连锁的现象在鸟类是首次发现。     

北京地区2006～2010年鹤类救助情况分析

鹤类为世界珍稀濒危鸟类.北京市野生动物救护中心2006～2010年共接收鹤类4种21只.通过对这些鹤类救助时间、救助地点和伤病情况的分析,可查明北京地区鹤类的分布情况,找到有效的保护、救护方法,从而更好地保护北京地区的鹤类资源.     

An automated assay for fecal estrogen conjugates in the determination of sex in avian species

Recently captive propagation of psitticines has become necessary in order to preserve and breed endangered species. As habitat destruction increases and importation restrictions become more stringent, the need for a reliable and noninvasive technique for sex assignment is essential to improve the productivity of breeding and raising birds in captivity. One aspect of breeding is the proper assignment of breeding pairs; however, sex identification can be challenging due to the lack of sexual dimorphism in approximately 30% of all avian species. Historically, visual, behavioral, surgical, cytogenetic, and endocrine methods have been utilized in sex identification of avian species; however, the practicality, safety, and reliability of these techniques have been questioned. Therefore, there remains a need for an accurate, simple, and non-invasive method to identify the sex of monomorphic birds so that the formation of breeding pairs and the success of breeding programs is facilitated. The data in this study support the concept that an automated fluorescence-immunoassay which measures fecal estrogen conjugates can have an 87% success rate in determining the sex of psitticines, as demonstrated with cockatiels, while offering the advantages of non-invasiveness, simplicity, and speed.     

Natural and human-mediated factors in the recovery and subsequent expansion of the Purple swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio L. (Rallidae) in the Iberian Peninsula

Instances of range contraction and population decline in bird species in Europe are more common than cases of recovery following decline. Here we report on the recovery and expansion processes of an endangered bird species in Europe, the purple swamphen (Porphyrio porphyrio L., Rallidae), with special reference to the Iberian Peninsula, its main distribution area in Western Europe. After a drastic decline during the first half of the 20th century, which restricted its range to a few areas in southern Spain, the Iberian population has recovered. Currently, the species occurs in a range similar to the one it had at the beginning of the 20th century, and has even colonized new areas. These processes seem to be the result of both human-mediated (effective protection of the species and suitable habitats; success of reintroduction programs as expansion focuses of birds colonizing nearby and distant regions [>300 km] wetlands) and natural factors (inter- and intra-seasonal cycles of wet and dry years). Thus, we found a significant relationship between rainfall and bird abundance and productivity, suggesting that such inter- and intra-seasonal cycles may have significant effects on demographic parameters that could be related to the expansion process. Finally the species shows remarkable adaptability, as proven by data on breeding success in recently colonized areas and the ability to breed shortly after reintroduction. We hypothesize that saturation of breeding habitats in established areas, a reasonable habitat continuity and favorable environmental conditions, and protection have facilitated the dispersion of birds.     

The Current Status of Bird Diversity in Yunnan Province

1IntroductionYunnanProvince,whichislocatedinsouthwestofChina(21?8'-29?8'N,97?1'-106?2'E),isgeographicallythemainpartofYunnan-GuizhouPlateau.Itstotalareaisabout383000squarekilometers.About94%ofthetotalareaaremountainousareas.Itslopesdownwardfromnorthwesttosoutheast.ThehighestpointisKageboPeakofMeliSnowMountain,atanelevationof6740m,inthenorthwestofYunnan.Thelowestpointis76.4mabovesealevelinYunjiang(RedRiver)outletofsoutheastofYunnan.YunnanProvinceiswithinthezoneofmonsoonclimateintropics…     

Molecular sexing of monomorphic endangered Ara birds

Survival of most endangered birds may depend on breeding programs where sex identification plays an important role. Molecular sexing has shown to be a rapid and safe procedure. In this work we established sex identification of monomorphic endangered Ara birds using a chromosome W-linked DNA marker, the Chromo-helicase-DNA-Binding 1 (CHD) gene. Most birds have two CHD sex-linked genes, one W-linked (CHD-W) and one Z-linked (CHD-Z). These markers were characterized from Ara militaris and gender sex was determined by PCR and restriction analyzes. The procedure here reported was successfully applied to five different species of the genus Ara and confirmed the validity of the technique. To our knowledge, this is the first report of molecular sexing of the Ara species. This molecular sexing is currently been used in breeding programs of Ara birds.     

Modeling problems in conservation genetics using captive Drosophila populations: Rapid genetic adaptation to captivity

Long-term captive breeding programs for endangered species generally aim to preserve the option of release back into the wild. However, the success of re-release programs will be jeopardized if there is significant genetic adaptation to the captive environment. Since it is difficult to study this problem in rare and endangered species, a convenient laboratory animal model is required. The reproductive fitness of a large population of Drosophila melanogaster maintained in captivity for 12 months was compared with that of a recently caught wild population from the same locality. The competitive index measure of reproductive fitness for the captive population was twice that of the recently caught wild population, the difference being highly significant. Natural selection over approximately eight generations in captivity has caused rapid genetic adaptation. Captive breeding strategies for endangered species should minimize adaptation to captivity in populations destined for reintroduction into the wild. A framework for predicting the impact of factors on the rate of genetic adaptation to captivity is suggested. Equalization of family sizes is predicted to approximately halve the rate of genetic adaptation. Introduction of genes from the wild, increasing the generation interval, using captive environments close to those in the wild and achieving low mortality rates are all expected to slow genetic adaptation to captivity. Many of these procedures are already recommended for other reasons. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

The World Crane Action Plan: implications for conservation of cranes and wetlands in Africa

Beilfuss, R.D., Meine, C.D., & Archibald, F.W. 2000. The World Crane Action Plan: implications for conservation of cranes and wetlands in Africa. Ostrich 71 (1 & 2): 227.

The IUCN Species Survival Commission recently published The Cranes: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Prepared over the past three years by the IUCN Crane Specialist Group, the document reviews the status of the world's cranes (Family: Gruidae) and their habitats, summarises recent crane conservation actions, and specifies priority measures for the future. Eleven of the 15 crane species are now proposed for inclusion on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals, and several subspecies and populations are critically endangered. Africa supports six species of cranes in 39 countries. The Black Crowned Crane Balearica pavonina, national bird of Nigeria, is resident in western and central Africa. The Grey Crowned Crane B. regulorum, national bird of Uganda, spans eastern and southern Africa. The Wattled Crane Bugeranus carunculahrs, largest and. rarest of Africa's cranes, ranges from Ethiopia to South Africa. The Blue Crane Anthropoides paradiseus, national bird of South Africa, is endemic to South Africa and Namibia. The Demoiselle Crane A. Virgo and Eurasian Crane Grus grus are winter visitors. Cranes have been the focus of intensive captive propagation and reintroduction programs as well as extensive habitat protection efforts. They are also excellent umbrella species for ecosystem-level conservation efforts. Wetlands that provide a home for cranes include the floodplains of the great river systems of Africa, such as Kafue Flats and Zambezi Delta of the Zambezi River system, the Okavango River Delta, the Sudd of the Upper Nile River, the Bangweulu Basin and swamps of the Zaire River system, the Senegal River Delta, and the Inner Niger River Delta, and the wetlands of Lake Chad. Small, isolated wetlands provide vital breeding habitat. This presentation will provide an overview of the action plan for those interested in cranes in particular, as well as those working in ecosystems and regions where cranes occur.     

内蒙古胡列也吐的鹤类及保护

胡列也吐位于内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔盟陈巴尔虎旗境内 ,地理位置在东经 4 9°4 8′,北纬 1 1 8°2 7′ ,总面积为 4 0km2 。 1 998年笔者对本区的鹤类资源进行了为期一年的调查。本区共有 5种鹤栖息 ,本次共记录到 4种鹤计 78只。其中白头鹤 52只 ,丹顶鹤 1 1只 ,白枕鹤 4只 ,蓑羽鹤 1 1只。灰鹤在本区有分布 ,但本次调查未见。此外还记录到我国最大的白头鹤夏季集群。     

Effects of captivity,diet, and relocation on the gut bacterial communities of white‐footed mice

Microbes can have important impacts on their host's survival. Captive breeding programs for endangered species include periods of captivity that can ultimately have an impact on reintroduction success. No study to date has investigated the impacts of captive diet on the gut microbiota during the relocation process of generalist species. This study simulated a captive breeding program with white‐footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) to describe the variability in gut microbial community structure and composition during captivity and relocation in their natural habitat, and compared it to wild individuals. Mice born in captivity were fed two different diets, a control with dry standardized pellets and a treatment with nonprocessed components that reflect a version of their wild diet that could be provided in captivity. The mice from the two groups were then relocated to their natural habitat. Relocated mice that had the treatment diet had more phylotypes in common with the wild‐host microbiota than mice under the control diet or mice kept in captivity. These results have broad implications for our understanding of microbial community dynamics and the effects of captivity on reintroduced animals, including the potential impact on the survival of endangered species. This study demonstrates that ex situ conservation actions should consider a more holistic perspective of an animal's biology including its microbes.     

Guiding the prioritization of the most endangered and evolutionary distinct birds for new zoo conservation programs

Zoos have played a pivotal role in the successful reinforcement and reintroduction of species threatened with extinction, but prioritization is required in the face of increasing need and limited capacity. One means of prioritizing between species of equal threat status when establishing new breeding programs is the consideration of evolutionary distinctness (ED). More distinct species have fewer close relatives such that their extinction would result in a greater overall loss to the Tree of Life. Considering global ex situ holdings of birds (a group with a complete and well‐detailed evolutionary tree), we investigate the representation of at‐risk and highly evolutionarily distinct species in global zoo holdings. We identified a total of 2,236 bird species indicated by the Zoological Information Management System as being held in zoological institutions worldwide. As previously reported, imperiled species (defined as those possessing endangered or critically endangered threat status) in this database are less likely to be held in zoos than non‐imperiled species. However, we find that species possessing ED scores within the top 10% of all bird species are more likely to be held in zoos than other species, possibly because they possess unique characteristics that have historically made them popular exhibits. To assist with the selection of high priority ED species for future zoo conservation programs, we provide a list of imperiled species currently not held in zoos, ranked by ED. This list highlights species representing particular priorities for ex situ conservation planners, and represents a practical tool for improving the conservation value of zoological collections.