光合细菌对鲤养殖水体生态系统的影响

光合细菌(Photosynthetic Bacteria,简称PSB)是一种不放氧光合作用的细菌总称,近年来,光合细菌在理论和应用上都受到了广泛的重视,一方面由于它是研究光合作用的理想材料,另一方面,它又有广泛的应用价值.光合细菌在处理高浓度有机废水,生产单细胞蛋白,水产养殖和禽畜饲养,改善植物营养状况等方面已有不少报道1-4,本文研究了光合细菌在鲤养殖水体中的增殖和分布规律以及它对水体中异养细菌、浮游动物及水质的影响,以阐明光合细菌在该生态系统中的作用.       

光合细菌在水产养殖等领域的应用

水产养殖作为我国渔业生产中的重要组成部分,近年来发展迅速。但水产养殖业的快速发展也暴露出诸多问题,如滥用抗生素和消毒剂增加有害菌的耐药性,影响食品安全,造成水体微生态环境失衡等。光合细菌具有抑制有害菌繁殖、清除水体有机物等特性,利用光合细菌的诸多优良特性可以较好地解决上述问题,同时将其应用于污水处理等方面也有较好的效果。另外,光合细菌细胞营养物质含量丰富,经过实践证明可直接作为生物饵料或饲料添加剂。本文对光合细菌的生物学分类、形态结构、作用机制及在水产养殖和水资源治理等多个领域的实际应用和研究进展进行综述。     

微生态制剂在水产养殖中的作用

微生态制剂的主要作用有 :净化水质、改善养殖水体环境 ;抑制病原微生物 ,提高机体免疫力 ;作为饲料添加剂 ,促进养殖生物生长 ;常用的微生物菌群主要有光合细菌、硝化细菌、芽孢杆菌等。综述了微生态制剂在水产养殖中的作用及常用微生物菌群。     

最大或然数法在光合细菌计数中的应用及效果研究

1引言光合细菌(photosynthetic bacteria,PSB)是能进行不放氧光合作用的一大类细菌的总称,属水圈微生物,广泛分布于地球生物圈,无论江、河、湖、海,水田、旱地都有存在[3].光合细菌在水体自净、调节微生态平衡、促进动植物生长、增加产量和提高产品质量、防病、固氮等方面具有重要作用[3,22].近年来,光合细菌菌剂在水产养殖、家畜养殖、污水处理及植物生产上的应用日益广泛[3,13,19,27,28,31],相继推出多种产品,包括单菌菌剂、复合菌剂,剂型上有液体菌剂、浓缩菌剂和固体菌剂(粉剂)等[20].为保证产品质量和应用效果,有必要对光合细菌菌剂…     

光合细菌的开发应用动态

光合细菌由于其生理类群的多样性,碳、氮代谢途径和光合作用机制的独特性而受到人们的关注。多年来,光合细菌被作为研究光合作用以及生物固氮作用机理的重要材料。近一二十年中,对光合细菌的应用研究已获得了很大的进展。研究表明,光合细菌在农业、环保、医药等方面均有较高的应用价值。本文综合有关文献着重就光合细菌目前的开发应用动态作一概述。1光合细菌在养殖业中的应用光合细菌菌体为单细胞,无毒,营养丰富。细胞干物质中蛋白质含量高达60％以上,比目前生产的单细胞蛋白酵母的含量高。与牛奶、鸡蛋蛋白相比,其蛋白质氨基酸组…     

类球红细菌应用进展

类球红细菌(Rhodobacter Sphaeroides)属光合细菌,是目前研究最深入的光合微生物之一,具有多种代谢方式。不仅能够产生类胡萝卜素、辅酶Q10、超氧化物歧化酶、5-氨基乙酰丙酸和氢气,而且能够降解农药残留、有机废水和多环芳烃等有毒有害物质,应用领域十分广泛。本文综述了类球红细菌在食品、医药、农业、环境、氢气生产等领域中的应用进展,并对类球红细菌的应用前景进行展望。     

复合固定化光合细菌及其处理养鱼水的效果

利用海藻酸钠和沸石,将含有球形红假单胞菌、荚膜红假单胞菌、沼泽红假单胞菌、万尼氏红微菌等菌体的复合光合细菌固定化,研究其对养鱼水的氮磷去除效果.比较了两种不同包埋材料固定化光合细菌处理养鱼废水的效果,对固定化光合细菌去除废水中氮磷的工艺条件进行了优化、并通过生物反应器连续处理养鱼水分析了处理后水质的效果.通过2 种固定化工艺的比较,确定了2 %沸石+2 %海藻酸钠(CA )的凝胶剂组合作为固定材料,其颗粒内生物活性最高.复合固定化光合细菌处理养鱼水的最佳条件为:厌氧光照条件下,颗粒粒径3 mm ,包埋比1 :5 ,颗粒投加量5 mg·L-1 ,4d 后养鱼水中NH4+-N 、PO43-和CODMn 的去除率分别为74.4%、84.26%、78.92%.此外,通过连续试验可以看出,固定化光合细菌具有明显的去除氨氮、磷酸盐的作用,其在净化养鱼水质方面具有非常明显的优越性.     

溶藻细菌及溶藻化合物研究进展

生物治理有害藻华因其具有无毒、高效、专一性强等特点,已成为富营养化水体治理的研究热点。本文从溶藻细菌种类、溶藻机制和溶藻化合物等三个方面对近十年已报道的溶藻细菌及其化合物的研究进展进行了归纳和总结,并探讨了溶藻细菌工业化应用研究中遇到的问题及其原因,据此提出了建议以期促进溶藻细菌的工业化应用研究。     

海洋着色菌YL28对含沉积物的海水养殖水体氮污染去除效应的研究

用含有沉积物的氮化物污染实际水体作为测定体系,通过测定水体无机三态氮、总氮、COD、pH以及沉积物总氮、COD和对4种代谢酶活性的动力学过程的监测,评价了一株不产氧光合细菌——海洋着色菌(Marichromatium gracile)YL28对海水实际养殖水体脱氮效应。结果表明:水体本身具有一定的自净作用;与对照组相比,YL28组水体氨氮、亚硝氮、硝氮、沉积物总氮和COD的残留率明显降低(P0.05),在6~10d内水体COD明显升高,水体总氮和pH未见显著差异。处理过程中,在特定的时间范围内,转化酶、蛋白酶、脲酶和脱氢酶活性明显升高(P0.05),与沉积物总氮和COD去除规律相吻合。由此可见,添加YL28对污染海水养殖水体中无机三态氮、沉积物有机氮化物和有机碳化物具有明显的去除作用,本研究为海水养殖微生态水质修复剂的开发和应用奠定基础。     

城乡景观中土壤生态系统微塑料的来源、迁移特征及其风险

土壤微塑料污染的持久性、复杂性及其对土壤生态系统的影响受到越来越广泛的关注,但对其来源、迁移过程等仍有许多问题尚未理清。从复合生态系统的角度,通过对城乡景观中土壤微塑料的来源、迁移过程及其风险等相关研究进展进行了系统梳理,分析了城乡不同景观中土壤微塑料的主要来源和特点,讨论了土壤微塑料在城乡景观中的迁移特征及其驱动力,探讨了土壤微塑料在城乡景观中的生态和健康风险。今后需进一步明确城乡景观中土壤微塑料污染的物质流过程与环境归趋特征,加强微塑料对土壤生态系统的作用过程及生态系统服务影响的研究,揭示土壤微塑料对人类健康的直接或间接影响,建立城乡复合生态系统土壤微塑料污染预测模型,以维护土壤生态安全与人居环境健康。     

固定化微生物菌剂与蕹菜对中华鳖养殖污水的净化效果研究

为解决中华鳖(Trionyx sinensis)养殖所造成的水环境污染问题,研究利用海藻酸钠、沸石对复合光合菌剂和枯草芽孢杆菌菌剂分别进行固定化,并研究了不同固定化微生物菌剂与蕹菜对中华鳖养殖污水的净化效果。结果表明:净化处理15d后,利用固定化微生物菌剂与蕹菜共同处理组对中华鳖养殖污水的净化处理效果最好,养殖污水的CODMn、NH 4+-N、NO3-N、NO 2-N、PO34的去除率分别为88.7%、87.3%、90.8%、98.3%、74.9%。蕹菜处理组对于NO3-N、NO 2-N、NH 4+-N的去除率显著高于固定化复合光合菌剂处理组和固定化枯草芽孢杆菌处理组。固定化复合光合菌剂处理组对于NO3-N、NO 2-N、NH 4+-N的去除率显著高于固定化枯草芽孢杆菌菌剂处理组,但固定化枯草芽孢杆菌处理组对于污水的CODMn的去除率最高,可达90.6%。     

高效净水异养硝化细菌的筛选鉴定及固定化应用研究

本研究从海参养殖水体、泥土中筛选出4株具有硝化能力的异养硝化细菌。分别将其游离菌体细胞投入海参养殖水体,测定亚硝态氮、氨氮去除率,筛选出HS．NOB2为高效净化菌株,对HS-NOB2进行16SrDNA扩增及序列测定,初步鉴定为节杆菌（Arthrobactersp．）。利用海藻酸钠包埋法对高效净化菌体细胞进行固定化,将该固定化菌投入养殖水体及人工合成污水,研究其对水体中亚硝态氮、氨氮的处理效果,并与游离菌体细胞进行比较。结果表明,固定化后亚硝态氮去除率达到49．85％,氨氮去除率达到56．58％,均明显高于游离菌体细胞。上述研究为探寻水体净化提供了新思路,为水质改良剂的实际生产提供可选菌株。     

一株紫色非硫光合细菌净化养殖水体初步研究

选取从杭州养鱼塘水样中分离得到的1株紫色非硫光合细菌菌株HZ-1,利用它的纯培养物处理养殖水体,测定COD去除率和亚硝态氮降解率。结果表明,菌株HZ-1可以有效地分解水体中的污染物,去除水体中的COD,对养鱼塘水去除率达到20.99%;对养虾池水去除率达到了36.09%;菌株HZ-1可以有效地降低水体的亚硝态氮,对养鱼塘水亚硝态氮的降解率为41.18%,具有较好净化效果。     

不同接种浓度绿球藻对水产养殖废水净化的影响

通过设置绿球藻(Chlorococcum sphacosum GD)的起始接种浓度(25—400 mg/L), 研究其对水产养殖废水的处理效果及藻细胞的生长特性。研究结果表明, 起始接种浓度为100 mg/L的绿球藻藻液, 其生长特性最佳, 比生长速率最大, 倍增时间最短。随着起始接种浓度的增加, 生长速率逐渐降低, 倍增时间逐渐增加。在起始接种浓度为100 mg/L的条件下, 在5d的培养周期内, 绿球藻能够去除水产养殖废水中96.92%的COD、98.08%的氨氮、98.67%的亚硝氮、91.42%的硝氮及98.36%的总磷。低起始接种浓度(尤其是100 mg/L)有利于绿球藻的生长和污染物降解。研究初步探明了微藻起始接种浓度对水产养殖废水处理效果的影响。通过控制微藻接种浓度有望在提高污染物去除率的同时缩短培养周期并提高容积负荷, 为今后微藻用于大规模水产养殖废水的处理提供了一定的理论支持。     

温度对4种大型海藻氮磷吸收效率及光合生理特性的影响

研究以裂片石莼(Ulva fasciata)、肠浒苔(Ulva intestinalis)、龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneaformis)、坛紫菜(Pyropia haitanensis)为实验材料, 分析了不同温度(15、20、25、30℃)下4种大型海藻对海水中N、P元素的吸收效率和光合特性的特点。结果显示: (1)4种大型海藻对水体N、P均有明显的吸收效果, 吸收能力高低依次为肠浒苔>裂片石莼>坛紫菜>龙须菜; (2)温度过高或过低都会限制藻类对N、P的吸收和正常生长, 同时降低4种藻的相对电子传递速率及光化学效率; (3)裂片石莼与肠浒苔的N、P吸收能力强, 且光合系统对温度耐受性高, 是实施养殖污水生物净化的良好材料; (4)4种海藻对水体中N、P营养盐的吸收在48h内基本完成, 实地应用中可考虑24—48h周期换水或采用流通循环式的培养模式, 以达到既促进藻类的生长又提高营养盐吸收效率的目的, 以避免藻体因营养缺乏引起负生长而造成二次污染。     

Effect of an integrated mangrove-aquaculture system on aquacultural health

Mangroves are unique intertidal halophyte formations growing in sheltered tropical and subtropical coastal areas. Due to the increasing population and economic development, mangroves have faced degrada-tion and loss, which has been mainly caused by land conversion into aquaculture ponds in Asia. In the past several decades, the rapid growth of aquaculture has induced water pollution. Using mangroves for effluent treatment from coastal aquaculture ponds could be a suitable approach for wastewater treatment and healthy aquaculture development. An Integrated Mangrove-Aquaculture System (IMAS) was established to test whether the idea of a mangrove in situ treatment for aquaculture wastewater is feasible. The monocultures of three mangroves, Sonneratia caseolaris, Kandelia obo-vata, and Aegiceras corniculatum were established with area proportions of 45%, 30%, or 15%, respectively. One control pond without mangroves was also set up. The results indicated that the mangroves had different toler-abilities to long-term inundation. The aquaculture ponds had different fishery yields, considering the mangrove species and area proportions. The water quality of most of the experimental ponds was better than the control pond, except for the planted Sonneratia. It is concluded that mangroves can reduce the concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphate, buffer the pH value and increase the concertration of dissolved oxygen in aqua-culture water bodies effectively. It is suggested to use 15% of the Aegiceras corniculatum area to conduct in situ purification of aquaculture wastewater and to enhance aquaculture production.     

Effect of photosynthetic bacteria on water quality and microbiota in grass carp culture

To investigate the effects of photosynthetic bacteria as additives on water quality, microbial community structure and diversity, a photosynthetic purple non-sulfur bacteria, Rhodopseudamonas palustris, was isolated and used to remove nitrogen in the aquaculture water. The results of water quality showed that the levels of ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, total inorganic nitrogen and total nitrogen in the treatment group were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than the nitrogen levels of the controls in an extended range. A 454-pyrosequencing analysis revealed that at the level of phylum, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were dominant in the control group respectively, compared to the dominance of the phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria in the treatment group. The relative abundance of phyla Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria in treatment witnessed an increase than that in the control. The results also indicated that the treatment group enjoyed a higher microbial diversity than that of the control group. Based on the oxygen requirement and metabolism, the authors observed that the water supplementation with photosynthetic bacteria could significantly decrease (p < 0.05) the number of nitrite reducer and anaerobic bacteria. Therefore, the results suggested that adding photosynthetic bacteria to water improves the water quality as it changes the microbial community structure.     

Human health risks from consuming cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) grown on wastewater irrigated soil

The present study investigated the impact of cumulative irrigation with wastewater on the soil properties and, its health hazards on the consumers of cabbage plants at south Cairo Province, Egypt. Irrigation water, soil and cabbage plants were sample d from two polluted and other two unpolluted farms. The physicochemical properties of water and soil were analyzed and the growth parameters, as well as nutrients and heavy metals concentration in cabbage were investigated. In addition, the daily intake of metals (DIM) and health risk index (HRI) were estimated. Wastewater posed a decrease in the availability of N, P and K, but increases heavy metals in the soil solution. Cabbage stem and root lengths as well as the number of leaves and biomass were greatly reduced in the polluted farms. In addition, the photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrates and proteins were decreased under pollution stress. The concentration of most investigated metals in the leaves and roots were increased with translocation factor greater than one for Pb, Cd, As, Cr, Ni, Fe, and Co. The study revealed that the HRI exceeded one for Pb and Cd in polluted and unpolluted plants; and Fe in polluted ones. Irrigation with wastewater is not suitable for cabbage as it has health risks on humans due to accumulation of heavy metals. It worth noting that, the high ability of cabbage plants to accumulate Pb and Cd from both polluted and unpolluted soils should be taken into consideration when consuming this plant.     

曝气充氧条件下污染河道氨挥发特性模拟

以污染河道为研究对象,模拟研究污染河道在曝气充氧(底泥曝气,ES组;水曝气,EW组)条件下氨挥发的特性,探讨主要影响因素及其作用过程.研究表明,污染河道水体具有一定氨挥发潜力,在实验室模拟条件下,氨挥发速率平均为2.51mg·m-2·h-1,相当于0.50 kgN· hm-2·d-1;曝气污染河道水体的氨挥发有一定的促进作用,与对照相比(EC组)氨挥发速率和累积氨挥发量存在显著差异(P＜ 0.05);不同曝气方式对氨挥发过程影响不同,氨挥发速率存在显著差异(P＜0.05);至实验结束,EW组的累积挥发量为2809.76 mg/m2,分别是ES组和EC组的1.17和2.25倍;各实验组的氨挥发累积量用一级动力学方程能很好地拟合,根据模型可以预测氨挥发量;同一温度条件下,pH值、铵氮浓度和通气频率是影响氨挥发的主要因素;曝气可以通过增加通气频率和提高水体pH值来促进氨挥发进行;在曝气作用下随着硝化过程的进行对氨挥发有一定的限制作用;曝气条件下,氨挥发作用在硝化过程启动阶段最为明显.     

Effect of an integrated mangrove-aquaculture system on aquacultural health

Mangroves are unique intertidal halophyte formations growing in sheltered tropical and subtropical coastal areas. Due to the increasing population and economic development, mangroves have faced degradation and loss, which has been mainly caused by land conversion into aquaculture ponds in Asia. In the past several decades, the rapid growth of aquaculture has induced water pollution. Using mangroves for effluent treatment from coastal aquaculture ponds could be a suitable approach for wastewater treatment and healthy aquaculture development. An Integrated Mangrove-Aquaculture System (IMAS) was established to test whether the idea of a mangrove in situ treatment for aquaculture wastewater is feasible. The monocultures of three mangroves, Sonneratia caseolaris, Kandelia obovata, and Aegiceras corniculatum were established with area proportions of 45%, 30%, or 15%, respectively. One control pond without mangroves was also set up. The results indicated that the mangroves had different tolerabilities to long-term inundation. The aquaculture ponds had different fishery yields, considering the mangrove species and area proportions. The water quality of most of the experimental ponds was better than the control pond, except for the planted Sonneratia. It is concluded that mangroves can reduce the concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphate, buffer the pH value and increase the concertration of dissolved oxygen in aquaculture water bodies effectively. It is suggested to use 15% of the Aegiceras corniculatum area to conduct in situ purification of aquaculture wastewater and to enhance aquaculture production.