汞胁迫下氮磷减施及铁膜形成对水稻幼苗根系生长的影响

以水稻(绿旱1号)为供试材料,通过对根系形态及生物量分配的测定,探索了汞胁迫下水稻根系生长对缺氮、缺磷和铁膜诱导的响应。结果发现:减少氮、磷供应和铁膜诱导均可促进水稻根系的生长,其中根长分别提高了35.8%、75.3%、102.2%,根表面积分别提高了46.6%、47.8%、60.8%,根冠比分别从对照组的22.1%提高到29.9%、27.3%、28.23%。与此同时,在汞胁迫条件下(0.5 mg Hg(II)·L-1),减少氮、磷供应及铁膜诱导的处理对水稻根系生长的影响没有达到显著水平。单独的汞胁迫处理对水稻根系的生长有抑制作用,但效果并不显著。另一方面,在汞胁迫且减少氮磷施用的条件下,进行铁膜诱导能够促进根系的生长,表现为:铁膜诱导处理提高了汞胁迫下缺氮水稻的根长,增幅为64.6%;对于汞胁迫下的缺磷水稻,铁膜的形成对根长、根表面积、根尖数均有提高作用,增幅分别为74.9%、56.5%和94.7%。研究表明:汞胁迫对水稻根系的生长有抑制作用,减弱了水稻根系对养分缺乏的响应,而铁膜的生成可以在一定程度上减弱汞离子对根系的危害。     

高温下花红苋和绿叶苋叶片生理特性变化的比较

40℃连续6 d处理苋菜(Amaranthus tricolor)两个栽培品种花红苋和绿叶苋,探讨热胁迫下它们生理特性的改变.结果表明:与绿叶苋相比,高温下花红苋叶中可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量明显增加,PPO(多酚氧化酶)和POD(过氧化物酶)活性增强,苋菜红素显著积累.绿叶苋对高温表现敏感,苋菜红素含量在处理2 d后明显降低,膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛和质膜透性均高于花红苋,叶片呈现较明显的氧化漂白症状.与常温对照相比,高温下两种苋菜的总酚含量变化不大.热胁迫下花红苋积累较多的苋菜红素和渗透调节物质,酶活性提高,可能是其对高温逆境具有较好耐受能力的生理基础.     

汞化合物对红细胞膜作用的研究

本文研究了汞化合物对红细胞膜作用的光谱变化,观察了膜蛋白的荧光和磷光,膜上DPH的荧光偏振和ANS与红细胞膜的结合,以及他们与汞产生红血球溶血的关系。 在5P7.5缓冲液中红细胞膜蛋白的荧光随HgCl_2 Hg(AC)_2和PCMB的浓度加大而降低,表现为快和慢双相变化的过程,其淬灭作用的大小为HgCl_2>Hg(AC)_2PCMB,这是由于膜上形成了不发荧光的R—Trp—Hg~ 络合物以及能量从Trp转移到R—S—Hg~ 络合物上。HgCl_2对膜蛋白磷光的作用也是随汞离子浓度加大而降低,但磷光/荧光比则是增加的。标记红细胞膜的DPH偏振度是随HgCl_2浓度增加,表明膜流动性是随汞离子浓度加大而降低。标记膜上的ANS的荧光强度随HgCl_2和Hg(AC)_2的浓度加大而增加,这是由于ANS与膜的结合数随汞离子浓度加大而增加的缘故。上述各种变化是与汞离子对红血球溶血的作用一致的。     

硒与巯基作用稳定红细胞膜骨架

Na_2SeO_3可以减少人红细胞膜血影收缩蛋白(Spectrin)从膜骨架上解离下来.当含有巯基的二硫苏糖醇(DTT)存在下或红细胞膜用碘代乙酰胺(IAA)封闭巯基后.Na_2SeO_3的效应就不再呈现.用与巯基结合的荧光探针:N-[3-芘]-马来酰胺(N-[3-P]-M)来测试不同浓度Na_2SeO_3存在下红细胞膜的荧光强度.结果表明,随着Na_2SeO_3浓度增加,荧光强度就相应降低,这都说明硒是通过与红细胞膜巯基相作用来发挥效应的.~(31)P-NMR测试表明,人红细胞膜在加硒条件下透析,化学位移各向异性(Δσ)值低于不加硒的样品,这提示硒与红细胞膜蛋白巯基作用后红细胞膜脂-蛋白质的相互作用发生了变化.根据实验结果对硒作用后可能引起膜蛋白构象的变化也进行了讨论.     

干湿交替条件下三峡水库消落带土壤汞形态变化

对三峡水库消落带干湿交替条件下土壤汞赋存形态变化、影响因素和生物可利用性进行了模拟研究.结果表明: 干湿交替条件下土壤汞会发生形态转化和释放,总汞含量逐渐降低,两次“淹水-落干”后总汞含量降低了28.9%.土壤中不同汞形态所占比例分别为:水溶态汞(Hg-w)6.1%～16.8%;交换态汞(Hg-e)5.8%～12.9%;碳酸盐结合态汞(Hg-c)4.5%～17.7%;腐植酸结合态汞(Hg-h)12.5%～29.9%;有机质结合态汞(Hg-o)5.3%～12.8%,残渣态汞(Hg-r)34.5%～51.6%.土壤中汞形态以残渣态(Hg-r)为主,干湿交替条件下其所占比例有降低的趋势,腐植酸结合态汞(Hg-h)则逐渐增加,生物可利用态汞(Hg-w、Hg-e、Hg-c和Hg-h之和)总体呈增加趋势,易被水生生物利用并进入食物链,可能会增加水库生态系统的汞生态风险.     

球形红细菌厌氧降解邻二氯苯及其机理研究

研究分析光合细菌球形红细菌在厌氧光照条件下降解邻二氯苯的条件和机理.结果表明,在厌氧光照条件下球形红细菌的最佳生长和对邻二氯苯的最佳降解条件为:pH 7.0,温度为30℃,接种量10%.在最佳条件下,邻二氯苯的去除率可达90%以上;其降解中间产物主要有氯苯、4-羟基苯甲酸;根据降解产物的分析,推断球形红细菌降解邻二氯苯的机理主要是按照先脱掉一个氯原子生成氯苯,然后氯苯进一步脱氯并通过4-羟基苯甲酸的代谢途径开环进行.     

流动注射复合酶电极法测定麦芽糖的研究

利用聚乙烯醇(PVA)包埋法共固定糖化酶和葡萄氧化酶(GOD)制成酶膜,与氧电极结合成为复合酶电极;该电极可以用于流动注射分析系统中测定溶液中麦芽糖.对酶电极的pH效应和温度效应作了研究.酶电极的线性范围为0.5-35mmol/L.响应周期小于2min.变异系数(CV)为1.8%.在半连续使用状态下,酶电极可以使用10d以上.糖化酶保持活力为60%.对延长酶电极寿命和克服共存葡萄糖的干扰的方法作了探讨.     

电极介导的菌紫质干膜微分光电流响应的整流性质

在长方形光脉冲光照下,菌紫质(bacteriorhodopsin,BR)干膜组装成夹层光电池具有微分光电流响应．在氧化铟锡(ITO)导电玻璃/BR膜/封口膜/不锈钢形成的干膜电池下可观察到整流特性,而在不锈钢/BR膜/封口膜/ITO导电玻璃形成的干膜电池下则观察不到整流特性,这说明是电极介导的整流．平衡电压测定表明：工作电极/BR膜表面与对电极/BR膜表面有不同的性质,电极的界面效应控制了BR的取向．酸与碱产生的瞬间电流极性也证实了电极整流行为的存在．这些结果将有助于了解BR膜的微分光电响应．     

以中性红为电化学探针考察根皮苷、根皮素与DNA的作用

以中性红为电化学探针,采用循环伏安法考察了海棠叶提取产物根皮苷、根皮素与DNA的相互作用.在pH=4.1 的B-R缓冲溶液中,中性红在玻碳电极上产生一对明显的氧化还原峰.随着DNA的加入,NR的氧化还原峰电流ip明显下降,表明NR与DNA结合,溶液中游离的中性红减少.向体系中继续加入根皮苷(素),中性红的氧化还原峰回升,体系中游离的中性红增多.由于药物与中性红在DNA上有共同的结合位点,药物与DNA结合会游离出中性红.吸收光谱法证实了竞争结合的机制.在同样的实验条件下,根皮苷和根皮素与DNA结合的程度有明显差异,根皮素与DNA作用程度明显强于根皮苷.     

核酸及蛋白质合成、提取、纯化

922362 生物颗粒的浓缩系统[专,俄]/Res.Inst.Appl.Microbiol./SU 1603-281:18.02.88-SU-380687(30.10.90)18.02.88 as 380687.91-293384/40(3页)[译自DBA,1991,10(25),91-14574] 该系统有一个水平缓冲液容器,内含电极和一个小室(?)聚集室,它由一个垂直的透析膜与阳极分开。系统中还有一个电渗膜,由一个多孔栅与小室-聚集室分开,孔栅在阴极室与渗析膜平行放置。阳极和阴极室内的电极缓冲液同量。在电场中,通过膜发生液体移动。如果膜带有负电,缓冲液从阳极流向阴极。若带正电则相反。本系统可用于浓缩     

A simple differential pulse polarographic method for the determination of thymoquinone in black seed oil

A reliable and simple differential pulse polarographic method is described for the determination of thymoquinone in black seed oil. The polarographic behaviour of thymoquinone was examined in various buffer systems over the pH range 5.0-10.0. Thymoquinone is reduced in a single, reversible peak at the dropping mercury electrode. The differential pulse polarogram showed a distinct peak in S?rensen buffer:methanol (3:7, v/v; pH 8.5) at a peak potential of -0.095 V (vs. silver/silver chloride electrode), and a plot of peak height against concentration was found to be linear over the range 0.2-15.0 microg/mL (R = 0.9998). The limit of detection was calculated to be 0.054 microg/mL. The polarographic method has been applied to determine thymoquinone in two black seed oil preparations available on the Austrian pharmaceutical market.     

Cytochemical localization of mercury in Saccharomyces cerevisiae treated with mercuric chloride

We describe a cytochemical method for localizing mercury at the electron microscopic level in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. After addition of a lethal concentration of mercuric chloride to growing yeast cells, mercury was associated with the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane. Little or no mercury was present in the cytoplasm. Electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPMA) confirmed that the cytochemical reaction, visualized as mercury-silver complexes, was localized in dense bodies consisting of a core of mercury sulfide polymers surrounded by a shell of silver atoms.     

Silver enhancement of tissue mercury: demonstration of mercury in autometallographic silver grains from rat kidneys

The autometallographic silver enhancement method has been applied increasingly to detect trace amounts of mercury in preparations of biological tissue. It has, however, been difficult to establish the presence of a core of mercury within the silver grain by direct methods such as energy dispersive X-ray analysis. In the present work, a sample of autometallographic silver grains was prepared from kidneys of rats exposed to mercury in the drinking water. Frozen sections from the kidneys were silver-enhanced and subsequently all organic material was removed by enzymatic digestion. The remaining pellet of silver grains was analyzed by proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and mercury was demonstrated in an amount of 0.1-0.5% compared to silver. In addition, it was demonstrated that two pools of catalytic mercury compounds exist, probably corresponding to sulfide- and selenium-bound mercury.     

Ferrous iron-dependent volatilization of mercury by the plasma membrane of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans

Of 100 strains of iron-oxidizing bacteria isolated, Thiobacillus ferrooxidans SUG 2-2 was the most resistant to mercury toxicity and could grow in an Fe(2+) medium (pH 2.5) supplemented with 6 microM Hg(2+). In contrast, T. ferrooxidans AP19-3, a mercury-sensitive T. ferrooxidans strain, could not grow with 0.7 microM Hg(2+). When incubated for 3 h in a salt solution (pH 2.5) with 0.7 microM Hg(2+), resting cells of resistant and sensitive strains volatilized approximately 20 and 1.7%, respectively, of the total mercury added. The amount of mercury volatilized by resistant cells, but not by sensitive cells, increased to 62% when Fe(2+) was added. The optimum pH and temperature for mercury volatilization activity were 2.3 and 30 degrees C, respectively. Sodium cyanide, sodium molybdate, sodium tungstate, and silver nitrate strongly inhibited the Fe(2+)-dependent mercury volatilization activity of T. ferrooxidans. When incubated in a salt solution (pH 3.8) with 0.7 microM Hg(2+) and 1 mM Fe(2+), plasma membranes prepared from resistant cells volatilized 48% of the total mercury added after 5 days of incubation. However, the membrane did not have mercury reductase activity with NADPH as an electron donor. Fe(2+)-dependent mercury volatilization activity was not observed with plasma membranes pretreated with 2 mM sodium cyanide. Rusticyanin from resistant cells activated iron oxidation activity of the plasma membrane and activated the Fe(2+)-dependent mercury volatilization activity of the plasma membrane.     

Autometallography: tissue metals demonstrated by a silver enhancement kit

In biological tissue, minute accumulations of gold, silver, mercury and zinc can be visualized by a technique whereby metallic silver is precipitated on tiny accumulations of the two noble metals, or on selenites or sulphides of all four metals. In the present study a silver enhancement kit, primarily intended for the amplification of colloidal gold particles, has been used to demonstrate these catalytic tissue metals. Sections from animals exposed intravitally to aurothiomalatate, silver lactate, mercury chloride, sodium selenite or perfused with sodium sulphide were subjected to a commercial silver enhancement kit (IntenSE, Janssen Pharmaceutica). It was found that the kit performs adequately to the silver lactate gum arabic developer and to the photographic emulsion technique. The kit can be used as a silver enhancement medium for the demonstration of zinc by the Neo-Timm and selenium methods and for demonstration of gold, silver, and mercury in tissues from animals intravitally exposed to these metals. It can also be used for counterstaining silver treated osmium fixed tissues embedded in plastic.     

Immunohistology on formol-sublimate fixed and paraplast embedded kidney tissue with comparison to formalin fixation and to pre-embedding immunofluorescent staining

Many alternative methods for immunopathological evaluation of kidney tissue are now available. Immunofluorescent or immunoperoxidase staining of kidney can be performed after formalin fixation and paraffin embedding. This is also possible after fixation with formol-sublimate (Stieve's fluid) using the immunoperoxidase technique or by immunofluorescence after removal of mercury. Reduction of strong nonspecific fluorescence caused by the mercury fixative parallels the elimination of mercury as verified by X-ray microanalysis of the sections. Using a mouse model with injection of graded dilutions of antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies, immunofluorescent staining after Stieve fixation and embedding in Paraplast was about 60% of that in cryostat sections. Immunofluorescent staining after mercury removal can be followed by silver staining for detailed morphologic study of the same 1 micron Paraplast sections. A case of antiglomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis is illustrated in more detail to show the necessity of alternative methods, including the technique presented, pre-embedding immunofluorescent staining of Epon sections, and electron microscopy, to make a reliable diagnosis of this disease.     

THE DEMONSTRATION OF A BLOOD-OCULAR BARRIER IN THE ALBINO RAT BY MEANS OF THE INTRAVITAM DEPOSITION OF SILVER

When silver nitrate is administered to rats in their drinking water for many months, they develop a generalized argyria. In the central nervous system, the deposition of silver follows the pattern of the so called hematoencephalic barrier (Wislocki and Leduc, (2); Dempsey and Wislocki, (3)). The present observations concern the deposition of silver in the rat's eye, investigated by both light microscopy and the electron microscope. In the eye, silver is not detected in the specific neural elements of the retina. Instead, it is heavily deposited in the basement membrane of the epithelium of the ciliary processes and in Bruch's basal membrane between the choriocapillary layer and the retinal epithelium. Traces of silver are visible in the basement membranes of the retinal capillaries with the electron microscope, but cannot be identified with the light microscope. In all of these respects, the pattern of the silver resembles the mode of its deposition in the brain. The heavy accumulation of metal in Bruch's membrane and the ciliary processes is analogous to that observed in the chorioid plexuses, and the traces encountered in the walls of the retinal capillaries correspond to traces observed in the basement membranes of the cerebral capillaries. Hence, with respect to silver, the eye possesses a blood-ocular barrier similar to the hematoencephalic barrier. Silver appears to be restrained from entering the aqueous humor by a barrier in the basement membrane of the ciliary processes, from reaching the photoreceptor elements of the retina by Bruch's basal membrane, and from penetrating the inner layers of the retina by a barrier in the basement membrane surrounding the retinal capillaries.     

Heavy metal resistance in clinical isolates ofPseudomonas aeruginosa

One hundred clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were checked for their sensitivity towards silver nitrate. Majority of the isolates were resistant at 20 mg/L and the resistance decreased with increasing concentration of silver nitrate, only 5% of the organisms showed resistance above 70 mg/L. These silver-resistant isolates were further checked for their resistance towards mercury and cadmium at 20 mg/L of concentration and the level of resistance was found to be 33 and 40%, respectively. A correlation between silver ion resistance and concurrent mercury and cadmium ion resistance was observed, suggesting a possible linkage between resistance towards various metal ions.     

Comparison of fractionation methods for DNA of varying base composition by equilibrium density-gradient centrifugation

The fractionation of base composition differences in double-stranded DNA by several density-gradient techniques is compared to determine which technique provides the maximum resolution. Density-gradient separations based on complexing DNA with mercury, and under certain conditions silver, in cesium sulfate provide better overall resolution than separations based on dye binding.     

Immunohistology on Formol-Sublimate Fixed and Paraplast Embedded Kidney Tissue with Comparison to Formalin Fixation and to Pre-Embedding Immunofluorescent Staining

Many alternative methods for immunopathological evaluation of kidney tissue are now available. Immunofluorescent or immunoperoxidase staining of kidney can be performed after formalin fixation and paraffin embedding. This is also possible after fixation with formol-sublimate (Stieve's fluid) using the immunoperoxidase technique or by immunofluorescence after removal of mercury. Reduction of strong nonspecific fluorescence caused by the mercury fixative parallels the elimination of mercury as verified by X-ray microanalysis of the sections. Using a mouse model with injection of graded dilutions of antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies, immunofluorescent staining after Stieve fixation and embedding in Paraplast was about 60% of that in cryostat sections. Immunofluorescent staining after mercury removal can be followed by silver staining for detailed morphologic study of the same 1 μm Paraplast sections. A case of antiglomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis is illustrated in more detail to show the necessity of alternative methods, including the technique presented, pre-embedding immunofluorescent staining of Epon sections, and electron microscopy, to make a reliable diagnosis of this disease.