矿质养分输入对森林生物固氮的影响

生物固氮是森林生态系统重要的氮素来源,并且在全球氮循环中占有重要的地位。近代以来,因人类活动加剧而导致氮沉降的增加以及其它矿质养分元素(如磷、钼、铁等)输入的改变已成为影响森林生态系统生物固氮的重要因素之一,并引起了学术界的普遍关注。综述了国内外关于森林生物固氮对矿质养分输入的响应及机理。主要内容包括:(1)森林生物固氮的概念及主要的测定方法;(2)矿质养分输入对森林生物固氮的影响。整体上讲,氮素输入抑制了森林生物固氮,磷和其他营养元素输入则表现为促进作用。氮和磷、磷和微量元素同时添加均提高了森林的固氮量;(3)矿质养分改变森林生物固氮的机理。包括生物作用机制(如改变地表层固氮菌的数量或群落丰度、改变结瘤植物的根瘤生物量和附生植物的丰度或盖度)和环境作用机制(如引起土壤酸化、改变碳源物质的含量);(4)探讨了矿质养分输入对森林生物固氮影响研究中所存在的问题,并对未来该领域的研究提出建议。     

植物化感物质及化感潜力与土壤养分的相互影响

植物化感作用与许多生态因子有关.土壤养分缺乏,影响着许多植物化感物质的产生,从而影响植物的化感潜力;反过来,植物化感物质也通过络合、吸附、酸溶解、竞争、抑制等方式影响土壤的养分形态和水平.本文总结了植物化感物质及化感潜力与土壤养分的相互影响,并提出了今后该领域值得进一步研究的问题.包括以下几方面：加强植物化感研究与土壤 植物营养学研究的结合,以更深入地阐明植物化感物质、化感作用与土壤养分变化的关系;加强植物化感研究与生态系统养分循环研究的结合,以类似自然（nature-like）的方式模拟自然界植物所受的养分干,使养分干扰的化感研究结果更加逼真、可靠;加强对养分过量及受污染时植物化感作用的研究,为揭示农业和林业生产中植物的相互作用机制和生物量变化机制提供新的思路,为生态保护提供科学依据.     

植物对矿质元素的吸收、运输和分配(续)

矿质元素在植物体内的运输和分配一株植物要想正常生存,就必须靠根系从土壤中不断吸收生活所必需的水分和矿质营养;靠叶片从周围环境中吸收二氧化碳和光能进行光合作用制造有机物质。这还不够,这些被吸收的和在体内制造的物质还必须进行交换、互通有无,才能满足植物作为一个整体来进行生命活动。那么矿质和有机物质是以什么方式,通过什么途径,用什么样的速度进行交换和运输的呢?运输的动力又是什么呢?这些问题有的已经弄清,有的至今还未解决,现就有关问题简述如下: 矿质元素在植物体内的运输 1.运输方式无机离子通过根系吸收后,     

松材线虫自然侵染后松树还原糖与矿质营养元素的变化

实验测定了马尾松Pinus massoniana、黑松Pinus thunbergii在松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus自然侵染状态下针叶内还原糖及矿质营养元素的变化趋势。结果表明,两种松树随病程发展针叶内还原糖及N元素含量均逐渐降低;其余矿质元素含量变化不一。表明由于松材线虫的侵入,破坏了植物的组织结构,影响了寄主的新陈代谢和物质循环,继而影响到对各种元素的吸收、转移及利用。     

杀灭土壤中线虫对小麦生长和吸收N,P的影响

盆栽条件下研究了施用杀线剂（克线磷,６７ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１干土）和干热（１０５℃,２ｈ）两种杀线措施对小麦生长和Ｎ、Ｐ养分吸收的影响．杀线剂对土壤中线虫的平均杀灭率约为８０％,干热处理的杀灭率为１００％．在杀线剂处理中,苗期至抽穗期小麦生物量、拔节期至成熟期植株含Ｎ量、全生育期植株吸Ｎ量以及抽穗和成熟期吸Ｐ量均显著低于对照．土壤干热处理后抽穗和成熟期小麦的生物量、含Ｎ量及Ｎ、Ｐ吸收量也比对照显著降低．两种杀线处理植株地上部生物量和Ｎ、Ｐ吸收量与相应处理全株变化趋势基本一致．但杀灭线虫对植株含Ｐ量影响较小．分析杀线虫后小麦生长和养分吸收受抑主要与土壤有机氮的矿化作用减弱、微生物活动产生的植物生长促进物质降低有关     

数种植物生物电流日周期变化观测初报

植物对养分吸收的方式分为:主动吸收、被动吸收和胞饮吸收三种^[1]。在植物体内,几乎可发现所有存在于土壤中的各种元素,这充分说明了被动吸收对植物矿质养分吸收的重要性。在矿质养分被动吸收过程中,溶于水中的离子对,以水为载体进入植物体内。土壤化学称这股荷电的离子为离子流;对植物而言,进入植物体内的这股离子流即营养流^[2]。荷电的离子流源源不断地通过根系,进入植物体内,并定向地运往地上部,这个过程表现为可检测出的植物生物电流。由此可见,植物矿质养分的被动吸收,不仅受到蒸腾作用、光合作用等耗水代谢的影响,而且还受到电磁场、太阳辐射能和月球引力作用--潮汐等大地物理诸因子的影响^[4]。因此,研究植物体生物电的变化规律,可在一定程度上较综合地反映植物对矿质养分的总体吸收情况。为此,本试验拟对数种植物生物电流日周期变化进行初步探讨。     

黔中石漠化区衰老退化与正常生长顶坛花椒根区土壤质量特征

为了探讨顶坛花椒(Zanthoxylum planispimum var. dintanensis)衰老退化的原因,实现林分稳定与可持续性经营,该文以开黄花为典型标志的衰老退化植株和正常生长的植株为研究对象,采用土壤农业化学和环境矿物学的方法,分析不同植株根区土壤矿质元素含量,评价土壤综合质量。结果表明:(1)正常生长植株根区土壤的C、P、K、S、Se、Sr、Mo、氧化物等总体水平显著高于衰老退化植株,总氮、速效磷、速效氮、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr无显著差异,其他元素的变化规律不明显。元素的有效态含量亦对植株生长产生影响。从植物营养需求角度看,大量、中量、微量元素均对土壤质量产生支配效应。(2)根区土壤质量指数表现为正常生长植株3最高、衰老退化植株1最低,说明土壤质量对顶坛花椒衰老退化具有影响。(3)顶坛花椒林分经营时,应培育良好的土壤结构,注重土壤养分的全面性和均衡性,关注矿质元素过低引起的亏缺效应。     

杀灭土壤中线虫对小麦生长和吸收N、P的影响

盆栽条件下研究了施用杀线剂(克线磷,67mg·kg^-1干土)和干热(105℃,2h)两种杀线措施对小麦生长和N、P养分吸收的影响。杀线剂对土壤中线虫的平均杀灭率约为80%, 干热处理的杀灭率为100%. 在杀线剂处理中,苗期至抽穗期小麦生物量、拔节期至成熟期植株含N量、全生育期植株吸N量以及抽穗和成熟期吸P量均显着低于对照。土壤干热处理后抽穗和成熟期小麦的生物量、含N量及N、P吸收量也比对照显着降低。两种杀线处理植株地上部生物量和N、P吸收量与相应处理全株变化趋势基本一致。但杀灭线虫对植株含P量影响较小。分析杀线虫后小麦生长和养分吸收受抑主要与土壤有机氮的矿化作用减弱、微生物活动产生的植物生长促进物质降低有关     

地表连年覆盖雷竹林叶片养分利用特征

对连续覆盖雷竹林换叶期林地土壤和叶片养分利用效率、养分再吸收效率进行了研究,旨在阐明地表连年覆盖栽培对雷竹林养分利用特征的影响.结果表明:连续覆盖3年雷竹林土壤N养分有效性、N素利用效率以及再吸收效率均显著性提高,雷竹林表现出较高的保存N养分的能力;土壤P元素有效性水平显著升高,而叶片P养分的利用效率显著降低,反映出叶片对土壤高P含量的适应策略,N、P养分利用效率之间存在显著的负相关关系(P＜0.05);土壤K元素的有效性水平显著降低,竹林通过提高自身的K再吸收效率来维持养分的正常循环,再吸收效率高达95.8％;不同覆盖年限雷竹林Nm/Pm均＜14,连续覆盖3年雷竹林Nm/Pm比值极显著下降,经推断是此时雷竹林对土壤有效P高吸收的结果.成熟叶片的Nm/Pm与N、P的再吸收效率均无显著相关性,Nm/Pm并不能很好地反映叶片在凋落前的养分再分配格局.     

间套作体系作物-土壤铁和锌营养研究进展

间套作能够提高对土地、光、水和养分等资源的利用,对增加农田生物多样性、发展可持续生态农业具有重要的理论和实践意义.间套作有助于改善土壤中微量元素铁和锌的活化、吸收和植株体内微量元素营养状况,实现微量元素的生物强化.本文综述了禾本科/双子叶植物间套作（主要以玉米/花生间作为例）对双子叶植物铁和锌营养的改善效应,从种间根际分子和生理过程、根系形态、分布及根际微生物变化方面详细阐述了可能的机理,同时综述了铁和锌在间套作植株体内累积、转运和分配方面的研究进展,对影响间套作体系铁和锌营养的可能因素进行了简单分析.从土壤养分活化吸收、植株体内养分累积分配和栽培管理措施及环境因子等方面指出目前研究中存在的问题,提出以后应加强间套作体系铁和锌营养田间试验、定量化、动态性和系统化方面的研究.     

连作对大豆根部土壤微生物的影响研究

研究了正茬与连作大豆根际及非根际土壤微生物区系的变化。结果表明,细菌总数占绝对优势,连作低于正茬。放线菌数量总体变化幅度不大,真菌数量有显著变化,连作明显高于正茬。连作使土壤pH、含水率和微生物主要生理类群数量明显下降,土壤肥力降低。无论细菌、放线菌和真菌,正茬及连作大豆根际微生物数量明显高于非根际。     

Glyphosate affects micro-organisms in rhizospheres of glyphosate-resistant soybeans

Aims: Glyphosate‐resistant (GR) soybean production increases each year because of the efficacy of glyphosate for weed management. A new or ‘second’ generation of GR soybean (GR2) is now commercially available for farmers that is being promoted as higher yielding relative to the previous, ‘first generation’ (GR1) cultivars. Recent reports show that glyphosate affects the biology and ecology of rhizosphere micro‐organisms in GR soybean that affect yield. The objective of this research was to evaluate the microbiological interactions in the rhizospheres of GR2 and GR1 soybean and the performance of the cultivars with different rates of glyphosate applied at different growth stages. Methods and Results: A greenhouse study was conducted using GR1 and GR2 soybean cultivars grown in a silt loam soil. Glyphosate was applied at V2, V4 and V6 growth stages at three rates. Plants harvested at R1 growth stage had high root colonization by Fusarium spp.; reduced rhizosphere fluorescent pseudomonads, Mn‐reducing bacteria, and indoleacetic acid–producing rhizobacteria; and reduced shoot and root biomass. Conclusions: Glyphosate applied to GR soybean, regardless of cultivar, negatively impacts the complex interactions of microbial groups, biochemical activity and root growth that can have subsequent detrimental effects on plant growth and productivity. Significance and Impact of the Study: The information presented here will be crucial in developing strategies to overcome the potential detrimental effects of glyphosate in GR cropping systems.     

On‐farm evaluation of a fall‐seeded rye cover crop for suppression of soybean aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on soybean

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Crop Yields and Nematode Population Densities in Triticale-Cotton and Triticale-Soybean Rotations

Triticale cv. Beagle 82, cotton cv. McNair 235, and soybean cv. Twiggs were arranged in three cropping sequences to determine the effects of fenamiphos and cropping sequence on nematode population densities and crop yields under conservation tillage for 4 years. The cropping sequences were triticale (T)-cotton (C)-T-C, T-soybean (S)-T-S, and T-C-T-S. Numbers of Meloidogyne incognita second-stage juveniles declined on trificale but increased on cotton and soybean each year. Root-gall indices of cotton and soybean ranged from 1.00 to 1.08 (1 to 5 scale: 1 = 0%, 2 = 1% to 25%, 3 = 26% to 50%, 4 = 51% to 75%, and 5 = 76% to 100% of roots galled) each year and were not affected by fenamiphos treatment or cropping sequence. Numbers of Pratylenchus brachyurus were maintained on trificale and generally increased more on soybean than on cotton. Population densities of Helicotylenchus dihystera were near or below detection levels in all plots during the first year and increased thereafter in untreated plots in the T-C-T-C and T-S-T-S sequences. Generally, yields of triticale in all cropping sequences declined over the years. Yields of cotton and soybean were not affected by fenamiphos at 6.7 kg a.i./ha. Cotton and soybean were grown successfully with little or no suppression in yields caused by nematodes in conservation tillage following triticale harvested for grain.     

玉米株型和幅宽对套作大豆初花期形态建成及产量的影响

在“麦/玉/豆”套作模式下研究了不同幅宽和玉米株型对大豆生长前期形态建成和产量的影响.结果表明：不同株型玉米下大豆生长带的温度、湿度和透光率是导致大豆茎叶形态和组织解剖结构出现差异的直接原因.较大幅宽和紧凑型玉米下大豆的植株较矮,主茎较粗、干物质积累量较大,叶面积指数和比叶质量较高,产量较高;而较小幅宽和松散型玉米下大豆的茎叶生长不良,株高增长过快,主茎柔弱,容易倒伏,产量较低.在1.17 m/0.83 m(大豆/玉米)幅宽下对不同株型玉米影响下的大豆初花期茎、叶组织切片观察发现,随着荫蔽程度的加重,大豆的叶片变薄,表皮细胞体积变大,角质层变薄,栅栏组织和海绵组织分化不明显,细胞间隙增大;茎的表皮和次生木质部也变薄,薄壁细胞排列疏松,导管分化较迟,韧皮纤维不发达.套作模式下保证全年高产、高效的田间最优配置为：与紧凑型玉米套作,大豆幅宽1.17 m,玉米幅宽0.83 m.     

连作障碍与根际微生态研究Ⅲ.土壤酚酸物质及其生物学效应

以黑龙江省大豆重茬 5年与正茬土壤和根系为主要研究对象 ,采用高效液相色谱法 ,研究土壤和根系浸提液中的酚酸物质的含量及其生物学效应 .结果表明 ,重茬土壤中对羟基苯甲酸和香草酸的含量 (1mol·L-1NaOH提取 )大于正茬土壤 ,且差异达到极显著水平 ,香草醛含量差异不显著 ;重茬大豆根系水提液中对羟基苯甲酸、香草酸、阿魏酸、香草醛、香豆素含量均高于正茬 .大豆连作条件下土壤多酚氧化酶活性高于正茬土壤 .重茬大豆根系水提液及在水培条件下外加对羟基苯甲酸对大豆幼苗生长发育有一定的抑制作用 ;酚酸物质加入土壤 1周后 ,对羟基苯甲酸、香草酸、香草醛、阿魏酸、苯甲酸、香豆素残留率分别为 10 .4%、15 .3 %、4.1%、2 .3 %、5 .0 %、17.5 % ;且外加酚酸浓度与土壤中真菌数量呈极显著指数相关 .     

大豆地上部水浸液的化感作用及化感物质的鉴定

研究了重迎茬大豆花荚期植株地上部水浸液及其提取物对大豆种子萌发及幼苗生长的化感作用 ,并鉴定了有明显化感作用组分的物质。结果表明 :与对照组比 ,0 .1 0 g DW/ ml重茬大豆水浸液显著地抑制了大豆胚根生长 ;3 .75× 1 0 - 2g DW/ ml、7.5 0× 1 0 - 2 g DW/ ml正茬、重茬、迎茬大豆水浸液对砂培大豆苗的生长有显著的化感抑制作用 ;重茬、正茬大豆水浸液乙酸乙酯提取的酸性组分、XAD-4树脂提取组分 ,在 0 .6～ 1 .2 g DW/ ml浓度下 ,对大豆种子萌发初期的萌发率及萌发过程中的胚根生长亦表现出显著的化感抑制作用 ;重茬水浸液乙酸乙酯提取的中性、碱性组分在 1 .2 g DW/ ml浓度下 ,对大豆胚根生长有显著抑制作用。上述各组分化感作用大小随组分浓度增加而增加。在相同浓度处理下水浸液及其提取物的化感抑制作用有重茬大于正茬的趋势 ,统计检验差异均不显著。 GC-MS鉴定结果显示 ,正茬、重茬乙酸乙酯酸性组分、XAD-4树脂提取组分中的有机化合物主要是 :丁二酸、苯甲酸、邻羟基苯甲酸、4-羟基苯甲酸、对羟基肉桂酸、2 -甲基苯酚、2 -甲氧基 -4-乙烯基苯酚、间苯三酚、2 -甲基苯甲醛、3 -甲基苯甲醛、5 ,6,7,7a-四氢 -4,4,7a-三甲基 -2 (4 H) -苯并呋喃酮、2 ,4-戊二烯腈等。     

Spatial distribution and sampling plan of the phytophagous stink bug complex in different soybean production systems

Phytophagous stink bugs are major soybean pests, and knowledge of spatial distribution models of the pest in the crop is fundamental to establishing an appropriate sequential sampling plan, and thus, allowing the correct utilization of control strategies. This work aimed to study the spatial distribution of phytophagous stink bugs in soybean grown in different cropping systems and determine a sequential sampling plan. The experiment was conducted in Maracaju, MS, Brazil, during the agricultural year of 2012/2013. Soybean cultivars BRS 284 and SYN 1163 RR were placed in an experimental area comprising six fields (two soybean cultivars × three cropping systems). Sampling was performed weekly, using a beat cloth per plot and counting the number of stink bugs found, virtually throughout the soybean reproductive period. Concerning the statistical analyses, we used the dispersion indexes (variance‐to‐mean ratio, Morisita's index, exponent k of the negative binomial and Green's coefficient) and probabilistic methods of frequency adjustment (negative binomial and Poisson). Adult and nymph phytophagous stink bugs showed aggregate disposition in the field regardless of the cropping system, and their numbers were adjusted to the negative binomial probability distribution. There was no difference in the behaviour of adult and nymphs considering the tested cultivars. We elaborated a practical sequential sampling plan for phytophagous stink bug complexes, considering crops intended for the production of grains and seeds.     

Population Development of Heterodera glycines and Soybean Yield in Soybean-maize Rotations Following Introduction into a Noninfested Field

An 11-year field study was initiated in 1979 to monitor population development of Heterodera glycines. Fifty cysts of a race 5 population were introduced into plots in a field with no history of soybean production and that had been in sod for 20 years. Soybean cultivars either susceptible or resistant to H. glycines were grown either in monoculture or rotated with maize in a 2-year rotation. During the first 5 years, resistant cultivars with the Peking source of resistance were planted. After year 5, monocuhure of Peking resistance resulted in 18 cysts/250 cm³ of soil, whereas populations resulting from the continuous cropping of susceptible soybean resulted in 45 cysts/250 cm³. Some plots in all treatments, including control plots, were contaminated at the end of year 5. Crop rotation delayed population development of H. glycines. During years 6 through 11 cv. Fayette (PI88.788 source of resistance) was planted. In year 6 numbers of cysts declined to 1/250 cm³ of soil in the treatment consisting of monocultured Fayette. At the end of year 10, cysts were below the detection level in all treatments in which Fayette was planted. Yield of susceptible soybean in monoculture with or without H. glycines infestation was lower beginning in year 6 when compared to yield of soybean grown in rotation and remained lower throughout the duration of the experiment except for 1987 (year 9). Yields of susceptible and resistant soybean were different each year except for drought years in 1980 and 1988. From 1979 to 1982 differences in yield were due to lower yield potential of resistant cultivars. Except for the drought year, yield of cv. Fayette was greater than susceptible Williams 82 during years 6 through 11.     

Potential role of allelopathy in the soil and the decomposing root of Chinese-fir replant woodland

The role of allelopathy in the Chinese-fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) replant problem was studied. The failure of Chinese-fir seedlings to grow normally in Chinese-fir replant woodland was not only caused by the depletion of nutrients and the deterioration of the structure of replant woodland soil, but also by biotic factors and allelopathy. Extracts of soils collected from replant woodlands significantly reduced the growth of Chinese-fir seedlings. Extracts and decomposing root residues also significantly inhibited the growth of Chinese-fir seedlings. Extracts of the replant soil and of the decomposing roots from Chinese-fir replant woodland were both toxic to other plants. The combination of the decomposing root residues and the pathogenic fungi reduced the growth of Chinese-fir seedlings the most when compared to the decomposing root residue alone and the control. It appears that allelopathy is at least partly involved in the Chinese-fir replant problem. ei]Section editor: R Rodriguez-Kabana