氮、磷对热带浅水湖泊惠州西湖蓝藻的控制

湖泊富营养化常导致蓝藻生物量的增加,水质恶化.于2011年2月至12月对热带浅水湖泊惠州西湖六个湖区的蓝藻群落结构进行研究,以了解其时空变化特征及主要影响因素.结果表明,以沉水植物为优势的元妙观湖区与南南湖蓝藻无明显的优势种;平湖蓝藻优势种为银灰平裂藻(Merismopedia glauca)和湖丝藻(Limnothrix sp.),南丰湖、北丰湖和北南湖的主要优势种均为银灰平裂藻(Merismopedia glauca).平湖、南丰湖、北丰湖和北南湖蓝藻丰度及生物量存在显著的季节变化.相关分析显示惠州西湖夏季蓝藻生物量受氮、磷盐控制.冬季温度的影响,蓝藻生物量与氮、磷的相关性不显著.     

惠州西湖生态修复对浮游甲壳动物群落结构的影响

为研究湖泊生态修复对浮游动物群落结构的影响,该文于2010年1-12月份对惠州西湖未修复的子湖-平湖及已实施生态修复后的子湖-元妙观湖、南南湖的浮游甲壳动物群落结构进行了调查。结果表明:龟状笔纹溞、卵型盘肠溞、矩形尖额溞和右突新镖水蚤仅出现在修复后的元妙观湖与南南湖,而颈沟基和溞与平直溞仅在平湖中检出;元妙观湖和南南湖浮游甲壳动物种属数、丰度及多样性指数均高于平湖。冗余分析结果表明:哲水蚤、剑水蚤和枝角类丰度与透明度呈正相关,哲水蚤密度与营养盐呈负相关。研究显示,湖泊生态修复对浮游动物群落结构有重要的影响。     

武汉南湖沉积物中水生植物残体及其氮磷分布

对武汉市南湖5个采样点30 cm沉积物柱样中水生植物残体的含量、植物残体的总氮和总磷量进行了研究.结果表明,在南湖中水生植物残体具有较大的沉积量,是一个重要的N、P库;不同采样点之间,水生植物残体的含量有着较大的差异性.在水生植物残体的TN和TP的垂向分布上,0～5cm段TN为20.230 mg·g-1, 25～30 cm段TN为 20.613 mg·g-1,检测TN 与沉积深度的相关系数为0.5851,P＞P 0.05,两者相关不显著;0～5cm 段的TP为2.546 mg·g-1 ,25～30 cm段的TP为 0.634 mg·g-1,上下相差4倍,TP 与沉积深度的相关系数为-0.9507(P＜P 0.01),说明两者呈紧密负相关,即沉积年代越早,TP值越低;沉积年代越晚,TP值越高,这与南湖的富营养化过程是一致的.研究表明,湖泊沉积物中的水生植物残体可作为湖泊富营养化过程的一种新的证据材料,其TP值可以作为一个环境变化的指标,对研究长江中下游浅水湖泊的富营养化过程具有参考意义.     

昆明小型城市湖泊叶绿素a浓度与硅藻群落的时空分布及主控因子

水体叶绿素a浓度(Chla)与硅藻群落特征是指示湖泊水质的常用生物指标。本研究于2017年3月—2019年12月调查了昆明市4个小型湖泊(云南师范大学校园内北潭、北湖、南湖、龙潭)的水体环境指标、Chla浓度和硅藻群落的季节变化。结果显示：4个湖泊水体总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和Chla浓度均呈现明显的季节波动。其中，营养水平最高的南湖水体Chla含量显著高于其他3个湖泊，影响南湖Chla变化的主要因子是TN;而在其他3个水体中，水温的增加显著促进了Chla浓度的上升。水温和TN是4个湖泊水体Chla时空变化的主要驱动因子。北潭、南湖和龙潭的硅藻群落以浮游硅藻占优，水深最浅的北湖以底栖硅藻为主，表明水深影响了硅藻群落的浮游物种占比与优势属种。水深、TN、TP、透明度以及水温驱动了硅藻群落的时空变化，其中，水温是影响硅藻群落季节差异的主要因子，而TN和TP是导致同一季节湖泊间硅藻群落差异的主要因子。     

惠州西湖底泥疏浚对后生浮游动物群落的影响

结合在一个热带浅水湖泊--惠州西湖的一个子湖--湖所实施的底泥疏浚工程,对比分析了底泥疏浚前后部分水质指标和后生浮游动物群落的种类组成、丰度、生物量和物种多样性的变化,研究了底泥疏浚对平湖后生浮游动物群落的影响.结果表明:疏浚后平湖的部分水质指标较疏浚前有所恶化;后生浮游动物的丰度由疏浚前的186.08 ind.·L-1增加到659.22 ind.·L-1,其中轮虫和桡足类的丰度显著增加,枝角类丰度降低;生物最由1.49 mg.·L-1增加到3.72 mg.·L-1,其中轮虫和枝角类的生物量均有所增加,但其在浮游动物总生物量中所占比例却有所下降,桡足类的生物量则由0.08 mg·L-1增加到0.80 mg·L-1,在总生物量所占比例明显上升;Shannon-Weaner指数由2.24下降到1.84.底泥疏浚造成水体营养盐的上升,促进了浮游植物的生长,从而为浮游动物的种群发展提供了充足的食物供给,加之由于干湖底泥疏浚所导致的鱼类捕食压力的减少,多种因素共同导致了疏浚后平湖后生浮游动物种群的生物量、丰度和个体火小的增加.结果看,惠州西湖的清淤不能有效改善水质,也不能恢复生态系统,湖泊恢复必须结合其他措施.     

洞庭湖表层沉积物营养物质污染特征与生态风险评价

为揭示洞庭湖表层沉积物营养物质的空间分布特征与生态风险, 分别于2012 年2 月和2013 年4 月采集了该湖具有代表性的9 个点位的表层沉积物, 测定了其OM、TN 和TP 的含量, 分析了营养物质的空间分布特征, 并采用沉积物质量基准法对其潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明, 洞庭湖表层沉积物中OM 含量在1.48%-4.22%之间, 平均值为2.06%, TN 含量在382-2217 mg·kg–1 之间, 平均值为1340 mg·kg–1, TP 含量在142-716 mg·kg–1 之间, 平均值为294 mg·kg–1, 与国内其它湖泊(水库)相比, 洞庭湖表层沉积物中OM 和TN 含量处于中等水平, 其内源负荷不容忽视;OM 和TN 含量的空间分布相似, 总体表现为南洞庭湖区>东洞庭湖区>西洞庭湖区, TP 含量总体表现为东洞庭湖区>西洞庭湖区>南洞庭湖区; 初步评价结果表明, 洞庭湖表层沉积物营养物质存在较低程度的生态风险, 主要来自TN 和OM。     

鄱阳湖-珠湖浮游植物群落结构时空变化特征与环境因子的关系

珠湖是鄱阳湖唯一具有重要饮用水水源供水功能的大型子湖和国家水质良好湖泊, 但长期以来对其浮游植物群落结构及其时空变化情况缺乏了解。为研究浮游植物在珠湖的空间分布特征及其与环境因子的关系, 2018年1月、7月、12月在珠湖设置13个采样点开展浮游植物调查。三期调查共鉴定浮游植物79种, 隶属于7门58属, 绿藻门和蓝藻门种类最丰富, 浮游植物平均生物量为4.80 mg·L-1, 平均细胞丰度为2.56×106 个·L-1。珠湖藻类在空间上分布存在差异, 在7月、1月内珠湖团林—四十里街湖区蓝藻较其他湖区优势明显, 在12月团林—四十里街湖区隐藻的优势度明显高于其他湖区, 双港湖区及县水源地湖区的硅藻较其他湖区优势明显。珠湖水质生物学评价结果表明, 珠湖目前处于中污型向重型过渡的状态。RDA分析显示, TDN、TN、CODMn、TP、WT等环境因子解释了物种与环境之间关系的93.96%, TDN是影响藻类生物量的主要环境因子。     

惠州西湖磷模型的初级研究

国家4A旅游景区之一的惠州西湖地处亚热带地区,属于典型的浅水型城市湖泊.在西湖水体完全混合的假设和西湖实地调查和2003年～2005年监测数据的基础上,对惠州西湖建立了零维总磷模型.文中对总磷模型进行了参数的率定、校正,并用模型对2003年10月到2004年9月一周年进行总磷浓度的模拟预测,从而验证了该模型在惠州西湖水质预测中的适用性和可行性.根据西湖底泥磷释放率的特征提出修正模型,大大降低了原模型模拟误差,更精确拟合惠州西湖的总磷浓度的动态变化,有助于西湖的长期预测工作的进一步开展.     

南京玄武湖底泥微生物群落结构研究

采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)的方法研究了南京玄武湖底泥中的微生物群落结构分布。此外,我们还采用了典范对应分析(CCA)的方法研究了底泥中一些环境因子对微生物群落结构的影响。在玄武湖三个不同湖区共选取八个采样点采集底泥样品,测定不同底泥样品中的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、有机质(OM)、pH和氧化还原电位(Eh),发现不同采样点的环境参数存在差异。其中,采样点S2底泥样品的总氮和有机质含量最高,氧化还原电位水平最低。对DGGE分离的DNA条带进行测序,测序结果利用BLAST与GenBank数据库中的菌种进行对比,运用MEGA 3.0软件构建了系统进化树。结果表明:玄武湖底泥中分离出的微生物属于Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia 和 Nitrospira,它们都属于富营养化湖泊中常见的微生物类群。典范对应分析(CCA)的结果表明: 底泥样品的pH值和氧化还原电位水平对底泥当中的微生物群落结构有显著影响。     

杭州西湖周丛原生动物的初步调查

西湖自1981年开始引入钱塘江水流。1981年引水量为8.3×10~6t,1982年为6.78×10~6t,1983年为6.4×10~5t。引流的目的,除补给西湖水源不足外,主要在于稀释西湖水质使之更适合风景湖泊的要求。作者于1984年1—12月对西湖水体进行了周丛原生动物的种类和数量的研究,以期了解引流对西湖水生态的改善情况。一、挂片点和工作方法钱塘江水流经玉皇山隧道出口,由明渠道引入西湖的小南湖、西里湖,再沿苏堤六座桥洞流入西湖本体湖。出水口在少年宫湖区,有闸     

The influence of water quality and sediment geochemistry on the horizontal and vertical distribution of phosphorus and nitrogen in sediments of a large,shallow lake

Distinct horizontal water column concentration gradients of nutrients and chlorophyll a (Chl a) occur within large, shallow, eutrophic Lake Taihu, China. Concentrations are high in the north, where some of the major polluted tributaries enter the lake, and relatively low in the south, where macrophytes generally are abundant. It is not clear, however, whether these water column concentration gradients are similarly reflected in spatial heterogeneity of nutrient concentrations within the bottom sediments. The main objective of this study was therefore to test if horizontal and vertical variations in the phosphorus and nitrogen content in bottom sediments of Lake Taihu are significantly related to (1) horizontal variations in overlying water column nutrient concentrations and (2) other sediment geochemical constituents. We measured the concentration of total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) in surficial sediments (0–2 cm) and TP, TN and Chl a concentrations in water column samples, collected from 32 sites in 2005. In 2006 sediment, TP, TN, carbon, iron and manganese concentrations were measured vertically at 2 cm intervals, extending to a depth of approximately 20 cm, at an additional eight sites. Linear correlation analysis revealed that surficial sediment TP concentrations across the 32 stations were related significantly, though weakly, to annual mean water column concentrations of TP, TN as well as Chl a. Correlations of surficial sediment TN with water column variables were, however, not significant (P > 0.05). Amongst the geochemical variables tested, the vertical variability of sediment TP concentrations was most strongly related to sediment manganese and carbon concentrations. A multiple stepwise linear regression revealed that the combination of sediment manganese and carbon concentrations explained 91% of the horizontal variability in sediment TP concentrations and 65% of the vertical variability. Handling editor: Luigi Naselli-Flores     

环境因子对杭州西湖沉积物各形态磷释放的影响

对西湖沉积物的磷形态、粒径组成、化学组成进行了分析, 模拟研究了上覆水磷含量、光照、pH、温度、水动力条件等不同环境因子对西湖沉积物各形态磷释放的影响。结果表明, 上覆水为蒸馏水时的最大释磷量约为底泥-湖水系统的1.15倍, 且释放形态均以IP中的Fe/Al-P为主。在蔽光条件下的最大TP释放量约为光照条件下最大TP释放量的1.35倍。pH 是影响磷释放的重要因素, 在碱性条件下, 促进Fe/Al-P的释放; 在酸性条件下, 促进Ca-P 的释放。在高温条件下沉积物的释磷量会高于低温条件下的释磷量。沉积物各形态磷的释放量在15h后逐渐趋于平衡扰动状态达到平衡时TP释放量是静态释放平衡状态的1.61倍。研究结果旨在探讨不同环境因子对湖泊沉积物磷迁移转化的生态环境效应, 预测西湖内源磷释放的发展趋势, 为控制沉积物内源污染提供理论基础。     

太湖沉积物微生物生物量及其与碳、氮、磷的相关性

对太湖沉积物中微生物生物量碳(MBc)、氮(MBN)、磷(MBp),以及沉积物总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)进行测定并进行相关性分析,揭示太湖沉积物微生物对太湖沉积物营养盐的响应及反馈特征.结果表明:沉积物微生物生物量(MB)在湖体沿岸地区大于湖心区,平均值为184.66 mg·kg-1,MBc在西部沿岸区以及竺山湾和梅梁湾区域较高,平均值为127.57 mg·kg-1;MBN在梅梁湾、贡湖部分区域以及靠近梅梁湾和贡湖的湖心区域和东部沿岸区较高,平均值为19.25 mg·kg-1;MBp在东部沿岸区及其附近的湖心区最高,平均值为19.09 mg·kg-1;沉积物TOC高值区(≥2.30 g· kg-1)主要集中在竺山湾、西部沿岸区、梅梁湾、贡湖地区,平均值为1.59 g·kg-1;沉积物TN高值区(≥0.30g· kg-1)主要集中在贡湖、梅梁湾、竺山湾部分地区以及西部沿岸区,平均值为0.21 g·kg-1;沉积物TP高值区(≥1.20g·kg-1)主要集中在东部沿岸区以及湖心部分区域,平均值为0.55 g·kg-1;太湖沉积物TOC/TN在7～19,平均值为8.97,表明太湖沉积物中的有机质具有明显的双重来源,其中陆源有机质主要集中在西部沿岸区;太湖沉积物MB与沉积物TOC和TN呈显著正相关,与沉积物TP相关性不显著;沉积物MBc/MBN与沉积物TOC/TN显著相关.太湖沉积物微生物主要受沉积物TOC、TN影响,且沉积物TOC/TN的变化显著影响微生物群落结构.     

Wave-induced shear stresses, plant nutrients and chlorophyll in seven shallow lakes

1. Sediment resuspension dynamics were investigated in relation to changes in water column nutrients (TP, TN, PO₄-P, NO₃-N and NH₄-N), chlorophyll a and phaeopigment in seven shallow ( Z _m < 1.5 m) lakes in South Island, New Zealand, ranging in area from 0.1 to 180 km².
2. Benthic shear stress, calculated from wind speed, effective fetch and depth, was a considerably better predictor of nutrient and pigment concentrations than wind speed.
3. For TP, TN, chlorophyll a and phaeopigment, sixteen of the possible twenty-eight linear correlations with benthic shear stress were significant at P < 0.05, with 16–87% of the variation being explained by shear stress.
4. Wind decreased the ratios of TN : TP, with ratios exponentially approaching those of the sediments as shear stress increased in four of the lakes.
5. Relationships of dissolved inorganic nutrients to shear stress were considerably weaker than those for total nutrients and showed no consistent trend over the seven lakes.
6. Estimated annual mean TP inclusive of resuspension was over four times higher than that derived from measured calm samples in two lakes.
7. The number of nutrient and pigment parameters that were significantly correlated with shear stress and the strengths of the relationships varied widely from lake to lake. We could establish no simple relationships between these effects and any single characteristic of the lake, sediment, or water.
8. A function is developed to predict the rate of entrainment of TN and TP in response to an applied shear stress, where the independent variables are sediment nutrient content and particle size, and the macrophyte density in the lake.     

Investigating Changes in Land Use Cover and Associated Environmental Parameters in Taihu Lake in Recent Decades Using Remote Sensing and Geochemistry

Humans have had a significant impact on the terrestrial pedosphere through activities such as agriculture and urbanization. The effects of human activities on land use and the related environmental changes were investigated through point and areal studies surrounding Meiliang Bay, which is an open area of extreme eutrophication in Taihu Lake, China. This study used remote sensing and environmental-tracer profiles [total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total organic carbon (TOC), grain size, and geochemical parameters] to determine the causes of changes in land use and the associated environmental parameters. The results of LUCCs (Land use/cover changes) indicate that over the past three decades, total farmland decreased by 862.49 km², with an annual decrement rate of 28.75 km²/year, and total urbanized land increased by 859.71 km², with an annual growth rate of 28.66 km²/year. The geochemical results indicate that the trophic state of Taihu Lake was persistently intensifying and that the TN, TP, and TOC concentrations increased twofold, threefold, and twofold, respectively, from 1949 to 2010. The sources of TN, TP, and TOC were highly similar after 1975. However, before 1974, TN and TP originated from different sources than TOC. The grassland and woodland around the lake retain nutrients and sand from the land of study area. The increase in urbanized land and tertiary industries significantly increased the sediment concentrations of TN, TP, and TOC after 1980.     

Surficial sediment phosphorus fractions along a biogeochemical gradient in Nyanza (Winam) Gulf, northeastern Lake Victoria and their possible role in phosphorus recycling and internal loading

Different phosphorus fractions and metal element composition of surficial sediments were measured on three occasions in 2005 and 2006 along a transect between Nyanza Gulf and offshore Lake Victoria, in order to assess the potential for sediments to contribute to the water column P concentrations in Lake Victoria. Total phosphorus (TP), apatite phosphorus (AP), inorganic phosphorus (IP) and organic phosphorus (OP) increased in sediments along the gulf towards the main lake while the non-apatite inorganic phosphorus (NAIP) increases were less defined. The longitudinal gradient of sediment TP and its fractions in Nyanza Gulf is a result of high rates of terrigenous input and resuspension and transport of the light, phosphorus rich inorganic and organic matter towards the main lake. TP in the sediment ranged from 812.7 to 1,738 mg/kg dry weight (DW) and was highest in the Rusinga Channel, the exchange zone between the gulf and the main lake. AP was the most important TP fraction, contributing between 35 and 57.3% of TP. Ca content in the sediment was strongly associated with TP and AP in the sediment (r² = 0.92 and 0.98, respectively) in the gulf and the channel, indicating the importance of apatite in controlling P availability in these zones. In the gulf and the Rusinga Channel, the less bioavailable apatite phosphorus dominated, whereas in the deeper main lake OP was the major fraction illustrating the importance of anaerobic release of P from sediments and acceleration of internal P loading in the main lake.     

环境因素对东平湖沉积物细菌群落结构的影响

【目的】探讨环境因素对东平湖沉积物细菌群落结构的影响。【方法】应用T-RFLP(Terminal RestrictionFragment Length Polymorphism)技术分析和比较了6个不同位置的东平湖沉积物在丰水期和枯水期的细菌多样性,并结合不同样品环境因子的差异,采用主成分分析(PCA)和典型对应分析(CCA),探讨了环境因子对细菌多样性的影响。【结果】不同沉积物样品的T-RFLP图谱具有较高的相似性。除2号样品外,所有枯水期样品的细菌群落具有较高的丰富度、多样性、均匀度和较低的优势度。CCA结果表明,558bp T-RF的丰度与总磷、总氮、总有机碳、铵态氮和硝态氮含量呈负相关而与碳氮比和水深呈正相关;64.5、164、509和543bp T-RFs的丰度与总氮、总有机碳、铵态氮、硝态氮、碳氮比和水深呈正相关;而其它14种主要的T-RFs在不同样品间分布较为稳定受环境因子影响不大。90、136.5、138和488bp等T-RFs可能代表了东平湖沉积物中占优势地位的土著菌群。通过Phylogenetic Assignment Tool在线分析结果推测,东平湖沉积物中的优势菌群可能属于Firmicutes和Proteobacteria门。【结论】环境因素对东平湖沉积物的细菌多样性产生显著影响,但对其土著菌群的影响不大。     

巢湖叶绿素a浓度的时空分布及其与氮、磷浓度关系

基于巢湖水体2002~2007年水质监测资料,对叶绿素a浓度的分布、动态及与TN、TP的关系进行了统计分析。巢湖叶绿素a浓度与TN、TP的浓度分布存在明显的空间差异,西半湖叶绿素a浓度全年高于20μg/L,TN为1.94~3.84mg/L,TP为0.20~0.42mg/L;东半湖叶绿素a浓度全年小于5.5μg/L,TN为0.95~1.83mg/L,TP为0.08~0.14mg/L。在东半湖,叶绿素a含量与TN呈不明显的正线性关系,当TP浓度较低时,叶绿素a随TP的增加小幅上升,但是当TP>0.15mg/L时,叶绿素a随TP的增加而明显上升;在西半湖,当水体TN<5.8mg/L或者TP<2.0mg/L时,叶绿素a含量与TN、TP关系为正线性关系,当TN在5.8~9.4mg/L或者TP介于0.2~0.3mg/L间时,叶绿素a含量与TN、TP关系为不显著的负线性关系,当TP浓度>0.3mg/L时,叶绿素a含量与TP关系又为正线性关系。西半湖叶绿素a浓度的变化可能是藻类生物活动与沉积物及水体中营养盐的相互作用结果。在治理巢湖富营养化时,应优先控制西半湖的磷元素。     

Effects of a sewage treatment plant outlet pipe extension on the distribution of contaminants in the sediments of the Bay of Vidy, Lake Geneva, Switzerland

In 2001, the municipality of Lausanne extended the outlet pipe of the sewage treatment plant into the Bay of Vidy (Lake Geneva, Switzerland) as a measure to reduce bacterial water pollution and sediment contamination close to the lake beaches. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of this measure. Lake bottom sediments were collected and analyzed for grain size, organic matter, organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, heavy metals and hydrophobic organic compounds to evaluate their concentration and spatial distribution. Our results demonstrate that, compared to results obtained before the outlet pipe prolongation, the surface area of highly contaminated sediments was reduced by one third after the pipe extension. However, contaminant concentrations are still high and the accumulation of pollutants may represent a significant source of toxicity for benthic organisms. One concludes that contaminant reduction at the source will be necessary for a further improvement.