泰安市异色瓢虫色斑型和性比变化

昆虫色斑型与基因型的关联性以及与环境适应性的关系,是昆虫学的研究热点之一。异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis Pallas作为一种重要的昆虫色斑多型性资源,受到广泛重视。本文于2012-2015年通过调查统计泰安市异色瓢虫不同时期鞘翅底色、不同位置斑点、联斑、二窗型和四窗型、性比等指标的变化特点,并进行了多项式拟合、χ2(卡方)检验和相关性分析,明确了异色瓢虫色斑型和性比的周年变化特点及其与月平均气温的关系。结果表明,浅色型异色瓢虫中,浅色型、不同位置斑点和联斑数量比例均随月份先降后升,与月平均温度显著负相关,均在夏季出现最低值。深色型中,深色型数量比例随月份先升后降,与月平均温度显著正相关;其中的二窗型数量比例在夏季和冬季上升,春季和秋季下降,四窗型则相反,但均于月平均气温相关性不显著,相关系数分别为-0.09和0.09。异色瓢虫种群、浅色型和深色型均表现为偏雌现象,在夏季更为明显,且与月平均气温显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.79、0.90和0.66。χ2检验可知,异色瓢虫浅色型和深色型数量、不同位置斑点数量、联斑数量、二窗型和四窗型数量以及种群、浅色型和深色型雌雄数量均与月份显著关联。综合分析可知,异色瓢虫浅色型中各指标受月平均气温影响均较大。除数量比例和性比受温度影响较大外,深色型中二窗型和四窗型比例变化较小。异色瓢虫各指标均月份显著关联。     

不同色斑型异色瓢虫COⅠ和COⅡ基因序列系统进化分析

利用线粒体COⅠ和COⅡ基因序列分析法,研究13种色斑型异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis Pallas的系统分化,计算核苷酸的使用频率,并构建分子系统树,以便更好地探索异色瓢虫色斑变异的规律。结果表明,在用于分析的COⅠ基因和COⅡ基因的序列中,共有31个变异位点,29个简约信息位点,A+T平均约占71.2%,大部分碱基改变为颠换。13种不同色斑型异色瓢虫的遗传距离为0.0021～0.0328,平均相似系数为0.0193。分别采用邻接法(NJ)、最大简约法(MP)、最小进化法(ME)构建系统发育树。分子系统树显示:各类群间遗传分化很小,鞘翅颜色相同的瓢虫均已较高的置信值聚在一起;双月斑变型和显明变种亲缘关系最近,重名变种为原始类群,分化较早,与其它12种不同色斑异色瓢虫亲缘关系较远。     

不同色斑型异色瓢虫的同工酶比较

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板型电泳技术,对15种不同色斑型异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis(Pallas)的酯酶同工酶(EST)、过氧化氢同工酶(CAT)、淀粉酶(α-AMY)和苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)进行比较研究。结果表明:15份材料共获得25个同工酶位点,其中多态性位点20个,多态位点百分率为80%;根据酶带结果,利用NTSYSpc2·10e软件进行Jaccard相似系数分析,15种不同色斑型异色瓢虫遗传相似度为0·44~0·96,平均遗传距离为0·42;通过UPGMA聚类分析,在相似系数0·65处,15份瓢虫材料分为2大类群;主成分分析结果表明,显现变种、拟月斑变型和眼斑变型3种斑型瓢虫是异色瓢虫遗传变异的主线。     

七星瓢虫和异色瓢虫3变种成虫触角感器扫描电镜观察

七星瓢虫和异色瓢虫触角上分布粗大的毛状感器和短小的锥状感器。毛状感器分布于各个亚节,锥状感器主要密布于鞭节的末节端部。化感器的数量大小中顺序：七星瓢虫＞异色瓢虫显明变种＞异色瓢虫二斑变型和十九斑变种。     

外源补充多巴胺对异色瓢虫突变体gr生长发育及鞘翅颜色的影响

异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis是我国常见的一种捕食性天敌昆虫,其基于黑色素的体色在环境适应中发挥着重要作用.多巴胺(dopamine,DA)是昆虫合成黑色素的一类重要前体物质,同时在调节生理活动方面具有重要作用,但尚不清楚多巴胺在异色瓢虫生长发育中的作用.本实验室前期发现一异色瓢虫浅色突变体gr,其体色的黑化程度明显浅于野生型.本研究以该突变体为研究对象,以添加不同浓度DA的人工饲料(10 mg/g(D-H)、1 mg/g(D-M)、与0.1 mg/g(D-L))饲养幼虫,测定生长发育相关参数及新羽化成虫的鞘翅颜色参数.结果显示:桃蚜Myzus persicae饲喂至2龄的gr取食对照饲料后无法成功发育至3龄,而取食添加DA的饲料后可发育至4龄,但不同饲料间的存活率无显著差异,同时D-L处理的3龄幼虫发育时间显著短于D-H与D-M.桃蚜饲喂至4龄后取食人工饲料,D-M处理的化蛹率、羽化率、雌雄虫体重及鞘翅黑色斑点的Brightness值均高于其它两种饲料及对照处理,并且D-L处理新羽化成虫鞘翅黑色斑点的Brightness值最小(颜色最黑).上述结果表明DA在异色瓢虫幼虫生长发育中具有重要作用,但受浓度影响;幼虫期补充DA可影响成虫鞘翅颜色.     

两种豆科作物田捕食性瓢虫群落研究

利用生物多样性研究方法, 对通辽市科尔沁区两种豆科作物田开花期捕食性瓢虫群落进行研究。结果表明: 两种捕食性瓢虫群落的物种组成和发生个体数量上存在差异, 具体为大豆田分布捕食性瓢虫8属10种, 以异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis (Pallas)数量最多(122头); 苜蓿田分布5属8种, 以多异瓢虫Hippodamia variegata (Goeze)数量最多(68头)。两个捕食性瓢虫群落相似性较高, 差异性较大的捕食性瓢虫物种其个体数量均明显多于其它物种。色斑型研究显示异色瓢虫具27种变型, 多异瓢虫有8种, 龟纹瓢虫Propylea japonica (Thunberg) 有6种变型; 且大豆田捕食性瓢虫色斑变型(共35种)明显多于苜蓿田(共16种)。     

三种瓢虫集团内捕食卵对初龄幼虫生长发育的影响

种内和种间捕食卵现象常见于对食蚜瓢虫的研究报道中。源自亚洲、入侵北美和欧洲的异色瓢虫(Harmonia axyridis)由于卵含有生物碱而被认为可能是威胁本土瓢虫生存的原因,但该推测只有在明确异色瓢虫在原产地是否对本土瓢虫具有类似负面影响后,才能确证。通过饲喂实验,旨在明确异色瓢虫在原产地是否对本土七星瓢虫(Coccinella septempunctata)和龟纹瓢虫(Propylea japonica)具有食卵负面作用,为揭示异色瓢虫入侵机理提供依据。实验中用蚜虫(对照)和3种瓢虫卵对瓢虫初孵1龄幼虫进行饲喂处理,观察幼虫生长发育指标。对瓢虫初龄幼虫存活表现的分析结果表明:(1)龟纹瓢虫初孵幼虫取食同种卵和七星瓢虫卵后存活至2龄的比率均高于取食异色瓢虫卵的近7倍;(2)七星瓢虫幼虫取食异色瓢虫卵未存活到2龄,但取食其他瓢虫卵和蚜虫后85%以上个体存活至2龄;(3)异色瓢虫初孵幼虫取食同种和其他2种瓢虫卵后有90%以上存活至2龄。龟纹瓢虫和七星瓢虫1龄幼虫取食异种卵比同种卵后的发育历期显著延长,但异色瓢虫并未表现出差异。龟纹瓢虫和异色瓢虫1龄幼虫取食同种和异种卵后的体增重相同,但七星瓢虫取食龟纹瓢虫卵后体增重比取食同种卵减小。研究结果说明,异色瓢虫卵对七星瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫初孵幼虫的生存具有负面影响,反之不然。所以,取食异色瓢虫卵本身并非是导致北美和欧洲本土瓢虫数量减少的原因。     

中华草蛉、龟纹瓢虫和异色瓢虫对B型烟粉虱的捕食功能反应

室内研究了中华草蛉Chrysopa sinicaTjeder、龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica(Thunberg)和异色瓢虫Leis axyridis(Pallas)对B型烟粉虱Bemisiatabaci(Gennadius)若虫的捕食功能反应和寻找效应。结果表明,3种天敌成虫和幼虫的捕食量均随着猎物密度的增加而上升,当猎物增加到一定水平,捕食量趋向稳定,捕食功能反应曲线符合HollingⅡ型方程。异色瓢虫、中华草蛉和龟纹瓢虫成虫和幼虫对烟粉虱若虫的捕食量差异显著,理论最大日捕食量分别为417,263,156头和625,238,108头。3种天敌对烟粉虱若虫的寻找效应随着天敌密度的增加而下降,干扰作用逐渐增强,其寻找效应表现为龟纹瓢虫(0.5656)>异色瓢虫(0.4371)>中华草蛉(0.4029),对烟粉虱的控制能力表现为异色瓢虫>龟纹瓢虫>中华草蛉。     

异色瓢虫不同色斑型成虫的耐寒性研究

【目的】研究异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridi不同色斑型成虫的耐寒能力,以明确其色斑型比例所呈现的季节性变化的适应意义。【方法】本文测定了异色瓢虫实验种群和自然种群不同色斑型成虫的过冷却点(Supercooling point,SCP)及低温存活率。【结果】同一发育温度下异色瓢虫实验种群不同色斑型成虫的SCP和低温存活率均没有显著性差异(P>0.05),但是低温暴露中饲养在25℃下成虫的存活率下降更为剧烈。异色瓢虫自然种群黑底型与黄底型成虫的SCP呈现出明显的季节性变化,其SCP在7月份最高,分别为﹣8.2℃和﹣7.5℃;在1月份达到最低,分别为﹣16.8℃和﹣18.2℃。越冬开始(11月)黑底型成虫的SCP低于黄底型成虫的,整个越冬期间黄底型成虫的SCP一直低于黑底型成虫的,但是异色瓢虫黑底型与黄底型越冬成虫的低温存活率却没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。【结论】越冬期间异色瓢虫黄底型成虫的SCP低于黑底型的,这样可以通过体液过冷却的方式来避免结冰造成的伤害,以增强其越冬种群的耐寒能力,这也可能是越冬期间异色瓢虫黄底型成虫数量显著上升的一个原因。     

异色瓢虫对豆蚜的捕食功能反应

试验开展了异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis Pallas对豆蚜Aphis craccivora Koch的捕食功能反应研究。结果表明,异色瓢虫各虫态的功能反应类型均属于HollingⅡ型。随着豆蚜数量的上升,异色瓢虫对豆蚜的捕食增加量逐渐减小直至趋于稳定。异色瓢虫各龄幼虫、成虫对豆蚜的寻找效应均随豆蚜数量的增加而减小。异色瓢虫4龄幼虫的a/Th值最大,为2255.67,捕食功能最强,其后为成虫、3龄、2 龄、1龄幼虫。     

药剂处理有蚜烟叶对异色瓢虫选择行为的影响

【背景】植物挥发物的特性之一就是可变性,多种胁迫因子,如光照、干旱等,均可导致植物挥发物组分与含量发生改变,进而影响天敌搜索猎物的行为。【方法】本试验以杀虫剂作为影响植物挥发物的胁迫因子,利用“Y”形嗅觉仪观测8种杀虫剂处理有蚜烟叶后对异色瓢虫显明变种、显现变型和二斑变型选择行为的影响。【结果】异色瓢虫对健康无蚜烟叶无明显趋性;与洁净空气相比,异色瓢虫对无药剂处理有蚜烟叶的选择率为70％～74％。在氧乐果处理后,异色瓢虫显明变种、显现变型和二斑变型对有蚜烟叶的选择率分别为32％、36％和34％,氟虫腈·高氯处理后,其选择率分别为36％、38％和36％,多杀霉素处理后,其选择率分别为40％、42％和38％,异色瓢虫对这3种杀虫剂处理有蚜烟叶的趋性明显降低;吡虫啉处理后,其选择率分别为64％、62％和60％,啶虫脒处理后,其选择率分别为62％、68％和66％,这2种杀虫剂可略微降低瓢虫的趋性反应;氯氰菊酯处理后,其选择率分别为80％、82％和80％,氯氟氰菊酯处理后,其选择率均为78％,氟氯氰菊酯处理后,其选择率分别为76％、78％和76％,这3种杀虫剂可增强瓢虫的趋性反应。【结论与意义】杀虫剂可能会对烟草挥发物的组分和含量产生影响,但不同的杀虫剂影响效果不同。     

中国壳斗科植物空间多样性格局研究

采用地理信息系统技术,制作空间分布图、从空间上计算多样性格局指数,研究中国壳斗科植物属、种的空间多样性分布格局。结果显示,云南南部、广西北部和广东北部的属、种数量均较多,是中国壳斗科植物多样性的重要分布地区,甘肃南部、陕西南部、河南西部及南部是壳斗科植物向南、向北扩散的重要通道;从多样性指数来看,种的多样性指数值均比属的值高,但均匀度指数却是属的值高;当属或种的数量为1时,其所占面积、占景观的比例、斑块数量、最大斑块指数、景观形状指数均最大,随着属或种的数量逐渐增加,其多样性明显提高,但其各项指标基本呈依次降低的趋势。通过对壳斗科植物空间多样性格局进行量化研究,获取了中国壳斗科植物空间多样性分布规律及多样性格局数量特点,利用地理信息系统技术可以使多样性研究体现出空间性和定量化的特征。     

环境颜色对异色瓢虫生长发育及繁殖能力的影响

在室内利用不同颜色的饲养容器,对异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) 生长发育、体长体重变化及繁殖能力进行了比较研究。结果显示：不同环境颜色条件对异色瓢虫幼虫各龄历期均有显著影响; 尽管蛹期受不同颜色影响显著,但其总胚后发育期在各处理间差异不显著。异色瓢虫1龄和2龄幼虫体长增量在不同颜色处理间无显著差异,但3龄幼虫在红色条件下体长增量显著小于其余各处理。不同环境颜色条件下异色瓢虫各虫期体重增量均有显著差异,而4龄幼虫体重增量在各处理中均显著大于其余各虫期,并占总胚后发育期体重增量的50%以上。异色瓢虫成虫的交配持续时间在各处理间无显著差异,但其产卵前期在黄色及绿色条件下显著小于其余各处理。其首堆产卵量在各处理间无显著差异,但在红色及自然光下的48 h累计产卵量均显著小于其余处理。     

Effect of cannibalism and predation on the larval performance of two ladybird beetles

The relative impact of cannibalism and predation on the development and survival of fourth instar larvae was assessed in two species of aphidophagous ladybird beetles, Coccinella septempunctata and Harmonia axyridis. The effect of eating aphids, conspecific larvae or heterospecific larvae on larval performance differed in the two species: aphids were the best food for C. septempunctata and survival of C. septempunctata larvae was significantly lower when offered heterospecific larvae rather than conspecific larvae or aphids as food, indicating that H. axyridis larvae were not suitable food for C. septempunctata. However, as the different foods did not affect the larval performance of H. axyridis, this species appears to be more polyphagous. Both intraguild predation by the aggressive larvae of H. axyridis and the polyphagous food habit of this species may account for its dominance in ladybird assemblages and its displacing other ladybird beetles in several places in the world.     

悬铃木方翅网蝽在我国的潜在分布分析

运用生态位模型MaxEnt和GARP对悬铃木方翅网蝽Corythucha ciliate(Say)在我国的潜在分布进行了模拟,并结合其寄主植物悬铃木在我国的分布进行了分析。实验采用悬铃木方翅网蝽在我国的分布数据,结合6种气候变量和海拔数据构建模型,并将MaxEnt和GARP的输出结果进行合意。研究显示MaxEnt和GARP的模拟结果基本一致,均能较好的模拟悬铃木方翅网蝽在我国的分布,二者均显示山东西南部和中部、四川中部和东部、重庆、陕西中部、河南中部和东部、安徽、江苏、上海、贵州、湖南、江西、浙江、福建中部和北部、云南中部等地区为悬铃木方翅网蝽的适宜分布区,此外,河北中部和南部、山东东部,广东和广西的北部亦具潜在分布的可能性。与MaxEnt输出结果相比,GARP相对较为保守。MaxEnt输出结果显示年平均气温和极端低温对悬铃木方翅网蝽地理分布的限制作用最大。考虑到该虫对高低温度的耐受性,我国二球悬铃木栽培的南界(南宁和广州)和北界(大连、北京、石家庄、太原)需要重视和监控起来。     

Asymmetric reproductive interference between specialist and generalist predatory ladybirds

1.?Closely related species often differ greatly in the quality and breadth of resources exploited, but the actual mechanisms causing these differences are poorly understood. Because in the laboratory specialized species often survive and perform as well or better on host species that are never utilized in nature, negative ecological interactions restricting host range must exist. Here, we focused on reproductive interference, which has been theoretically predicted to drive niche separation between closely related species with overlapping mating signals. 2.?We examined the interspecific sexual interactions in relation to ecological specialization and generalization in two sibling ladybird species, Harmonia yedoensis and Harmonia axyridis. Harmonia yedoensis is a specialist predator that preys only on pine aphids, which are highly elusive prey for ladybird hatchlings, whereas H.?axyridis is a generalist predator with a broad prey and habitat range. 3.?We experimentally showed that conspecific sperm fertilized the vast majority of eggs regardless of mating order (i.e. conspecific sperm precedence) when a female of H.?yedoensis or H.?axyridis mated with both a conspecific and a heterospecific male. Moreover, we demonstrated that mating opportunities of H.?yedoensis females strongly decreased as heterospecific density increased relative to conspecific density. In contrast, in H.?axyridis, female mating success was high regardless of conspecific or heterospecific density. 4.?Our results suggest that the generalist H.?axyridis should be dominant to the specialist H.?yedoensis in terms of reproductive interference. Our results support the hypothesis that asymmetric reproductive interference from the dominant species may force the non-dominant species to become a specialist predator that exclusively utilizes less preferred prey in nature.     

A comparative study of larval cannibalism in three species of ladybird

Abstract. 1. Cannibalism was studied under laboratory conditions in three species of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera): Cycloneda sanguinea , Olla v-nigrum , and Harmonia axyridis . Larval cannibalism varied among species, C. sanguinea  > H. axyridis  ≥  O. v-nigrum .
2. Larvae of all species cannibalised more in response to reduced food availability (14 h starvation daily) than in response to reduced food quality (dry Ephestia eggs).
3. Larvae of H. axyridis cannibalised siblings at lower rates than non-siblings, but larvae of C. sanguinea and O. v-nigrum did not. Rates of cannibalism increased significantly with increasing size disparity among larvae of all three species.
4. Cannibalism in C. sanguinea and H. axyridis , but not in O. v-nigrum , increased with larval density, suggesting that not all attacks on conspecifics are driven by hunger.
5. Costs, not benefits, were the predominant effects of exclusively and partially cannibalistic diets. A diet of conspecific eggs yielded survival equivalent to the Ephestia egg diet for H. axyridis and O. v-nigrum , but developmental time was extended and adults were smaller. Larvae of C. sanguinea had superior survival and faster development on conspecific eggs than on the Ephestia egg diet. Only H. axyridis larvae survived as well on diets comprised exclusively or partially of conspecific larvae as on Ephestia eggs, although they developed more slowly.     

Relationships Between Attack and Escape Rates, Cannibalism, and Intraguild Predation in Larvae of Two Predatory Ladybirds

We compared incidences of cannibalism and intraguild (IG) predation (IGP) and quantified attack and escape rates—mechanisms which possibly account for the difference in incidences of these interactions—in laboratory experiments with Harmonia axyridis and Coccinella septempunctata. There was a tendency for H. axyridis to act as an IG predator and C. septempunctata as an IG prey. Cannibalism was also often observed in both species. The incidences of both IGP and cannibalism were different between the species. The average attack rates of C. septempunctata were less than 20%, but those of the more aggressive H. axyridis exceeded 50%. Larvae of both species attacked conspecifics and heterospecifics H. axyridis larvae successfully escaped when attacked by both conspecifics and by heterospecifics, while larvae of C. septempunctata escaped from attacks of conspecifics but not from those of heterospecifics. Thus the aggressive behavior of H. axyridis, in particular, of the third and fourth instars, negatively affects the larval survival of C. septempunctata. It may contribute to the dominance of H. axyridis in ladybird assemblages and its displacement of other ladybird species in several places in the world.