稀碱法提取食用蝇蛆蛋白

对蝇蛆粉充分脱脂后采用稀碱法提取蝇蛆蛋白。结果表明,液料比、浸提温度、碱浓度对提取得率有显著影响(P<0.01),提取时间对提取得率影响差异不显著。蛋白提取的最佳条件为:液料比20mL/g,浸提温度80℃,浸提时间2h,碱浓度1%(w/v)。在此条件下,所得蝇蛆蛋白粉蛋白氮含量为11.14%,蛋白得率为57.53%,提取效率为69.84%。对最优条件下得到的蝇蛆蛋白粉进行理化指标检测,并与速溶豆粉的企业标准以及脱脂乳粉的国家标准进行比较。结果表明,水分、灰分、脂肪、蛋白含量均已达到可食用级别的要求,重金属铅、汞、砷含量均低于限量要求,微生物检测不含致病菌和大肠杆菌,在最优提取条件下所得蝇蛆蛋白粉,综合指标已达可食用标准。     

甜荞不同品种不同海拔地区种子蛋白组分含量研究

该研究通过分析甜荞10个品种在4个不同海拔栽培的种子蛋白质组分(清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白)的含量变异,以揭示不同荞麦品种之间以及不同栽培地点甜荞种子蛋白组分的变异规律。结果表明:在所有甜荞品种种子蛋白组分含量中清蛋白谷蛋白球蛋白醇溶蛋白。其中,种植于海拔最低的内蒙古通辽的甜荞种子平均球蛋白含量最高(1.081%),而种植于海拔1 450 m的河北甜荞谷蛋白平均含量最高(2.805%);海拔2 620 m的青海甜荞清蛋白平均含量为4.750%,而在海拔最高的西藏日喀则收获的甜荞种子的醇溶蛋白最高(平均为0.393%)。另外,蒙0530在4个地区的平均种子清蛋白和谷蛋白含量都最高,而球蛋白含量最高的品种是赤甜荞1号,定甜荞2号的种子醇溶蛋白含量最高。双因素方差分析表明,种子清蛋白含量品种间变异达极显著水平,不同地点间的种子醇溶蛋白含量达极显著水平,而地点和品种两个因素对种子球蛋白含量和谷蛋白含量的变异都有极显著影响。相关性分析表明,赤甜荞1号的醇溶蛋白含量与海拔呈显著正相关,蒙0530的球蛋白含量与海拔呈显著负相关,其他品种蛋白组分与海拔的相关性不显著。该研究结果对于甜荞优质品种培育和栽培以及推广都有一定的指导意义。     

氮素对不同类型玉米籽粒氨基酸、蛋白质含量及其组分变化的影响

以普通玉米掖单22和高油玉米高油115为材料,研究了不同供氮条件下玉米籽粒中蛋白质及其组分的含量、清蛋白和球蛋白含量、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量、籽粒氨基酸总鼍以及氨基酸组分含量的品种差异。结果表明。氮素供应水平对两种类型玉米灌浆期间籽粒蛋白质含量变化作用相同,前期逐渐下降,至成熟期略有升高;籽粒清蛋白和球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和符蛋白含量变化动态各处理基本一致,两种类型玉米籽粒清蛋白含量随时间的推移逐渐降低。球蛋门含量的变化动态旱单峰曲线,峰值出现在授粉后30d。醇溶蛋白含量均呈“V”型变化,以授粉30d后最低。谷蛋白的含量则均呈上升趋势。氮素供应水平对两种类型玉米籽粒中各蛋白质组分禽量的变化的影响作用有所不同。对高油115籽粒中球蛋白含量的影响较小;施氮水平并不改变两种类型玉米籽粒氨基酸总量的变化趋势。但两种类型玉米籽粒中氨基酸组分的含量变化较大。     

不同干燥方法对蝇蛆蛋白粉营养价值的影响

采用化学分析和动物实验的方法对冷冻干燥、微波干燥和低温干燥的蝇蛆粉进行了营养评价。结果表明,3种干燥方法不影响蝇蛆粉的粗蛋白和灰分含量,但微波干燥蝇蛆粉的脂肪含量显著降低;氨基酸分析显示,冷冻干燥蝇蛆粉的氨基酸总含量>微波干燥的蝇蛆粉>低温干燥的蝇蛆粉,而3种方法干燥的蝇蛆粉EAA/TAA均等于或大于41%,说明干燥所得的蝇蛆粉均属优质蛋白。另外,与FAO/WHO参考模式值相比,冷冻干燥蝇蛆粉的必需和半必需氨基酸总量明显高于FAO/WHO参考模式值,微波干燥的蝇蛆粉与FAO/WHO参考模式值相当,而低温干燥的蝇蛆粉中必需与半必需氨基酸含量显著低于FAO/WHO参考模式值,说明微波干燥及低温干燥会破坏蝇蛆中的某些必需或半必需氨基酸。动物实验结果表明,冷冻干燥的蝇蛆粉在动物体内被吸收利用的程度最高,其次是酪蛋白,再次是低温干燥的蝇蛆粉,而微波干燥的蝇蛆粉被动物吸收利用的程度最低。     

薏苡仁蛋白质组分研究

目的:对药食两用功能的薏苡仁蛋白质四类组分和氨基酸含量进行分析。方法:采用旋光法、索氏提取法、烘干法、马弗炉法分别进行淀粉、粗脂肪、水分和灰分的测定;采用顺序抽提法依次进行清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白的提取,用Brandford和凯式定氮法进行蛋白质含量分析;采用氨基酸分析仪进行氨基酸含量测定。结果:薏苡仁总蛋白含量为14.17%,其中清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量分别为0.20、0.88、6.34和5.30 mg/100mg鲜重,分别占总蛋白质含量的1.43%、6.20%、44.74%和37.38%;薏苡仁粉经酸水解后共检测到15种氨基酸,除Trp外,人体必需氨基酸和半必需氨基酸均有检测到;各氨基酸含量也存在着差异,含量最高的为Glu(3.59 mg/100mg),含量最低的为Me(t0.17 mg/100mg)。结论:薏苡仁蛋白中醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量较丰富,为今后进一步开发薏苡仁功能食品提供了理论数据。     

3种生态型翅果油树种子贮藏蛋白分析

采用考马斯亮蓝G-250染色法和SDS-PAGE电泳技术对翅果油树3种生态类型种子贮藏蛋白含量进行测定和图谱分析.结果显示:大宫灯、长果型、小宫灯3种生态类型种子中总贮藏蛋白含量分别为33.753%、32.075%和26.633%;3种生态类型种子贮藏蛋白均以谷蛋白含量最高(65.971%～68.267%),其次为球蛋白和清蛋白,醇溶蛋白的含量最低;电泳图谱显示,3种生态类型之间清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白的蛋白质条带信息均存在差异.研究表明,翅果油树3种生态类型间种子贮藏蛋白具有多态性.     

trxS基因对大麦发芽籽粒中蛋白质降解的影响

对转trxS基因大麦籽粒发芽过程中蛋白酶活性、不同蛋白组分含量和贮藏蛋白SDS-PAGE图谱的变化进行了研究。结果表明：与对照相比,转基因籽粒中的蛋白酶活性提高;清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量低于对照。SDS-PAGE图谱也表明,转基因籽粒中贮藏蛋白降解快于对照。     

不同倍性水稻胚乳蛋白的差异表达研究

以4份同源四倍体水稻和4份相应的二倍体水稻为研究材料, 对其种子内清、球蛋白(清蛋白和球蛋白)、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白的含量进行了测定, 利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)技术分析了其特异性。结果表明: 同源四倍体水稻胚乳蛋白各组分含量与相应的二倍体相比, 大部分呈增加趋势; 同源四倍体水稻胚乳蛋白的亚基类型与相应的二倍体水稻基本一致, 仅在全蛋白电泳和清、球蛋白电泳中各发现1条差异条带。研究结果认为: 二倍体水稻经过染色体组加倍之后, 同源四倍体水稻重复基因组在蛋白质水平上的表达结果趋于“二倍化”, 即与二倍体水稻表现出相似的特点, 但在蛋白质表达量上前者往往高于后者。基因组多倍化对同源四倍体水稻重复基因组进化最主要的影响并不是体现在蛋白质结构上的差异, 而是体现在蛋白质表达量上的差异。     

荞麦远缘杂交种质(Fagopyrumtatari-cymosum)的 再生特性与品质分析

该文选用荞麦远缘杂交育成品系‘贵多苦75’为材料,进行40 cm(I)、20 cm(Ⅱ)和10 cm(Ⅲ)留桩高度处理,对再生植株主要农艺性状、产量性状和品质性状进行分析。结果表明:留桩高度40 cm内,留桩高度对再生植株株高、茎叶重、单株粒数、单株产量和产量影响显著;处理I植株的株高、茎叶重、单株粒数、单株产量和产量均显著或极显著高于处理Ⅱ和处理Ⅲ,说明留40 cm高桩有利于再生植株营养器官的生长与产量的形成。‘贵多苦75’种子清蛋白含量谷蛋白含量醇溶蛋白含量球蛋白含量。留桩高度40 cm内,留桩高度对种子总蛋白和谷蛋白影响显著,但对清蛋白、醇溶蛋白和球蛋白含量影响不显著。‘贵多苦75’再生植株种子总黄酮含量在3.17%～3.33%之间,受留桩高度的影响不显著。留桩高度为40 cm时,‘贵多苦75’再生植株产量达到1.5 t·hm-2,清蛋白、谷蛋白、醇溶蛋白、球蛋白、总黄酮含量分别达到4.06%、3.26%、1.27%、0.39%、3.33%,具有较高营养价值和药用价值。     

蚕豆蛋白质亚基分析与特异种质鉴定

采用SDS-PAGE方法,对112份不同基因型蚕豆的清蛋白和球蛋白亚基的差异性进行分析。结果显示:(1)蚕豆清蛋白和球蛋白亚基的有效等位变异分别为1.750 0±0.452 3、1.545 5±0.522 2,多态性比率分别为75.00%、54.55%,清蛋白的亚基遗传多样性指数较球蛋白亚基高。(2)蚕豆清蛋白和球蛋白分别含有在不同基因型蚕豆中构成不同的12和10个亚基,其中清蛋白含有9个基本亚基,116kD、96kD、45kD为清蛋白的3个特异亚基;球蛋白含有8个基本亚基,58kD、35kD为球蛋白的2个特异亚基;研究共鉴定筛选出42个含有清蛋白特异亚基和21个含有球蛋白亚基的种质资源。(3)清蛋白的97kD、63kD基本亚基和球蛋白的97kD、56kD、47kD基本亚基存在一定的缺失现象,共鉴定出19个清蛋白亚基和21个球蛋白亚基缺失的优异种质。研究表明,蚕豆清蛋白和球蛋白亚基构成在不同种质之间具有差异性,除基本亚基外,部分种质还含有特异亚基或缺失亚基。     

Effect of cosolvents on the stabilization of bioactive peptides from bovine milk alpha-casein

Peptides with more than one biological activity are many a times multifunctional peptides. Two peptides with multifunctional properties from alpha (S2)-casein were stabilized in presence of cosolvents for their biological activities like ACE inhibition activity and antioxidant activity. These bioactive peptides in cosolvents were also thermostable. Infra red spectra of peptides in cosolvents reveal no change in the secondary structure in presence of cosolvents. Correlation between sequence, structure and composition of peptides on biological activities were studied.     

Effect of elastin peptides on the activities of antioxidant enzymes in fibroblasts.

The effect of elastin peptides (kappa-elastin) was investigated on murine fibroblasts. The data indicate that elastin peptides increase the activities of antioxidant enzymes detoxifying free radicals and increase the lipid peroxide concentration within the cell. These results suggest that the influence of elastin peptides on oxygen metabolism may be related to their activities in vivo following elastin degradation and can contribute to their role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.     

Quantitative analysis of the relationship between structure and antioxidant activity of tripeptides

Peptides from enzymatic hydrolysates of food proteins exhibit significant antioxidant activity. Several studies have attempted to determine the factors contributing to the antioxidant activity of peptides; however, the physicochemical properties and factors essential for the antioxidant activity of peptides are still unclear. In this study, in order to clarify the factors important for peptide antioxidant activity based on the properties of component amino acids, 55 tripeptides were synthesized from 20 natural amino acids and their antioxidant activity was measured using the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay system. The tripeptides were divided into two data sets: a training set comprising 50 compounds and a validated set comprising five compounds. The structure‐activity relationship of the training set was then analyzed using classical quantitative structure‐activity relationship (QSAR) analysis. The study findings demonstrate that the presence of a cysteine residue at any position, an aromatic amino acid at the C‐terminus, higher hydrophobicity of the N‐terminal residue, and smaller HOMO‐LUMO energy gap of the middle residue can significantly enhance the antioxidant activity. The activities of the five validated compounds were predicted using the constructed QSAR model, and a good correlation between measured and predicted activities was observed. The information obtained from the QSAR model could be useful for effective production of antioxidant peptides from food proteins such as egg white proteins.     

Antioxidant peptides isolated from the marine rotifer,Brachionus rotundiformis

Protein derived from the rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis was hydrolyzed using different proteases (Alcalase, α-chymotrypsin, Neutrase, papain, pepsin and trypsin) for production of antioxidant peptide. Antioxidant activities of hydrolysates were evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging activity. Peptic hydrolysate exhibited the highest antioxidative activity compared to other hydrolysates. To identify antioxidant peptides, peptic hydrolysate was purified using consecutive chromatographic methods, and antioxidant peptides were identified to be Leu-Leu-Gly-Pro-Gly-Leu-Thr-Asn-His-Ala (1076 Da), and Asp-Leu-Gly-Leu-Gly-Leu-Pro-Gly-Ala-His (1033 Da) by Q-TOF ESI mass spectroscopy. EC₅₀ values of purified peptides were 189.8 and 167.7 μM, respectively. Antioxidant activities of peptides purified from the rotifer protein hydrolysate were evaluated, with results showing that peptides significantly quenched free radicals.     

Biological activities and potential health benefits of bioactive peptides derived from marine organisms

Marine organisms have been recognized as rich sources of bioactive compounds with valuable nutraceutical and pharmaceutical potentials. Recently, marine bioactive peptides have gained much attention because of their numerous health beneficial effects. Notably, these peptides exhibit various biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-hypertensive, anti-human immunodeficiency virus, anti-proliferative, anticoagulant, calcium-binding, anti-obesity and anti-diabetic activities. This review mainly presents biological activities of peptides from marine organisms and emphasizing their potential applications in foods as well as pharmaceutical areas.     

Investigation of jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) skin gelatin peptides for their in vitro antioxidant effects

Peptides derived from tryptic hydrolysate of jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) skin gelatin were assessed for their antioxidant properties in different in vitro assay systems. The hydrolysate itself exhibited a strong lipid peroxidation inhibition and it was much higher than that of natural antioxidant, alpha-tocopherol. In addition, it could scavenge highly active free radicals in oxidative systems, in the order of hydroxyl and carbon-centered radicals. Two representative peptides with comparatively higher antioxidant potency were purified and characterized as Phe-Asp-Ser-Gly-Pro-Ala-Gly-Val-Leu (880.18 Da) and Asn-Gly-Pro-Leu-Gln-Ala-Gly-Gln-Pro-Gly-Glu-Arg (1241.59 Da). Furthermore, viability of radical-mediated oxidation-induced human lung fibroblasts was enhanced following the treatment of two peptides. However it did not exhibit substantial ion chelation, and we presumed that the observed radical scavenging potency of these peptides play a vital role for their strong antioxidant activity. Based on our results we suggest that hydrophobic amino acids present in peptide sequences contributed greatly for observed antioxidant activities.     

Purification and in vitro antioxidative effects of giant squid muscle peptides on free radical-mediated oxidative systems

Low molecular weight peptides obtained from ultrafiltration (UF) of giant squid (Dosidicus gigas) muscle protein were studied for their antioxidative effects in different in vitro oxidative systems. The most potent two peptides, Asn-Ala-Asp-Phe-Gly-Leu-Asn-Gly-Leu-Glu-Gly-Leu-Ala (1307 Da) and Asn-Gly-Leu-Glu-Gly-Leu-Lys (747 Da), exhibited their antioxidant potential to act as chain-breaking antioxidants by inhibiting radical-mediated peroxidation of linoleic acid, and their activities were closer to highly active synthetic antioxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene. Addition of these peptides could enhance the viability of cytotoxic embryonic lung fibroblasts significantly (P<.05) at a low concentration of 50 microg/ml, and it was presumed due to the suppression of radical-induced oxidation of membrane lipids. Electron spin trapping studies revealed that the peptides were potent scavengers of free radicals in the order of carbon-centered (IC(50) 396.04 and 304.67 microM), hydroxyl (IC(50) 497.32 and 428.54 microM) and superoxide radicals (IC(50) 669.34 and 573.83 microM). Even though the exact molecular mechanism for scavenging of free radicals was unclear, unusually high hydrophobic amino acid composition (more than 75%) of giant squid muscle peptides was presumed to be involved in the observed activities.     

The biological activities of fish peptides and methods of their isolation

Fish, like other aquatic organisms, are a potential source of structurally diverse bioactive compounds. Studies of the pharmacological effects of fish peptides have revealed their antihypertensive, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antitumor, and antimicrobial activities. Analysis of the literature data confirms that fish can be used not only for nutritional purposes, but also as a source of unique peptides with a broad spectrum of biological activities. Further investigations will allow the inclusion of fish peptides as acting agents in modern medicinal drugs.     

Isolation, purification and characterization of antioxidant peptidic fractions from a bovine liver sarcoplasmic protein thermolysin hydrolyzate

Sarcoplasmic proteins isolated from bovine livers were hydrolyzed using the enzyme thermolysin at 37 ?C for 2 h. The hydrolyzates were filtered through molecular weight cut off membranes (MWCO) and filtrates were obtained. The water activity (a_w) of unhydrolysed sarcoplasmic protein, full hydrolyzates, 10-kDa and 3-kDa filtrates were below the limit necessary for microbial growth. The antioxidant activities of both filtrates and fractions were assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity assay, the ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and the Fe²⁺ chelating ability assay. RP-HPLC was used for purification of the full hydrolyzates, the 10-kDa and the 3-kDa filtrates. The peptidic content of the full hydrolyzates, the 10-kDa and the 3-kDa filtrates were assessed using the Dumas method and peptide contents of each fraction were characterized using electrospray quadrupole time-of-flight (ESI-Q-TOF) mass spectrometry with the resultant spectrum analysed using the software programmes Protein Lynx Global Server 2.4. and TurboSEQUEST. Similarities between the amino acid composition of characterized peptides from each fraction and previously reported antioxidant peptides were found. This study demonstrates that meat by-product such as liver can be utilised as raw material for the generation of bioactive peptides with demonstrated antioxidant activities in vitro using the enzyme thermolysin. It is significant as it presents a potential opportunity for meat processors to use their waste streams for the generation of bioactive peptides for potential functional food use.     

Structure–activity relationships of αs-casein peptides with multifunctional biological activities

Multifunctional bioactive peptides have a wider role in modulating physiological functions and possess multiple biological activities. Peptides from bovine milk with sequences QKALNEINQF [p10] and TKKTKLTEEEKNRL [p14] from α-_S2 casein f (79–88) and α-_S2 casein f (148–161) were identified to be having multifunctional biological activities and were synthesized. These synthesized peptides show various biological activities like angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition, prolyl endopeptidase inhibition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. The mode of antimicrobial mechanism was studied and p10 shows depolarization of cell membrane, whereas p14 was found to display DNA-binding activity. Structural studies envisaged backbone flexibility, for differences in their mode of action. Peptide structure function studies were correlated to understand their multifunctional biological activity.