Compensating effect of fulvic acid and super-absorbent polymer on leaf gas exchange and water use efficiency of maize under moderate water deficit conditions

A field-based pot experiment with maize plants was conducted to examine the effect of combined fulvic acid (FA) and super-absorbent polymer (SAP) on leaf gas exchange, water use efficiency, and grain yield under soil water deficit. SAP (45 kg hm^?2) was applied to the topsoil at sowing. Plants were well-watered (80% field capacity), but subjected to water deficit (50% field capacity) from tassel stage to grain-fill. FA solution (2 g L^?1) was sprayed onto plant leaves at 2 and 9 days after imposing water deficit. Under water deficit, SAP and FA application did not affect evapotranspiration, but increased leaf abscisic acid and decreased leaf transpiration rate with a little change in photosynthesis, thus improving instantaneous water use efficiency. Applying SAP and FA under water deficit also increased grain yield by 19% and grain water use efficiency by 24%, largely attributed to an increase in kernel number. In contrast, under well-watered condition the two chemicals increased stomatal conductance, leaf transpiration, photosynthesis and chlorophyll content, but did not change kernel number and were relatively less effective in respect to water use efficiency compared to water-stressed condition. This study showed that application of foliar FA and soil SAP had little effect on evapotranspiration but maintained high photosynthesis and kernel number, and improved water use efficiency under soil water deficit.     

不同水分和氮素处理对寒地水稻生育及产量的影响

为了探讨不同水分和氮素处理对寒地水稻生长发育及产量的影响,以水稻品种空育131、龙粳21为试验材料,于2010—2011年度在黑龙江建三江进行水分、氮素处理大田试验,水分为雨养、间歇灌溉、水层灌溉3个水平,氮素为不施氮、常规施氮(112—135 kg/hm2)、高氮(142—173 kg/hm2)3个水平。结果表明:与水层灌溉相比,雨养水稻生育期缩短1—5 d,生长指标明显降低,产量显著降低,间歇灌溉水稻生育期、生长指标与其相似,产量差异不显著。与常规施氮相比,不施氮生育期缩短2—5 d,高氮条件下延长2—4 d;施氮量增加,生长指标增大,产量显著增加;低氮条件下,水分不足的限制作用明显,高氮能一定程度弥补水分的限制,促进水稻生长。增加施氮量及灌溉水平可以显著地提高有效穗数、每穗粒数。在试验条件下,水氮互作效应不显著。间歇灌溉及高氮管理具有较好的增产效应及资源利用率,研究可为寒地水稻生产进行水氮科学管理、实现高产高效提供理论依据。     

Effects of nitrogen application rate and topdressing times on yield and quality of Chinese cabbage and soil nitrogen dynamics

A good understanding of the relationship between vegetable quality and soil N balance is very important for proper nitrogen (N) management for crop productions. In this study, a field experiment was carried out to investigate the N application rate and times on Chinese cabbage yield and quality, N use efficiency, soil nitrate-N concentration, and soil pH. The experiment was implemented in a two-way factorial design and the two factors comprises of number of N applications (once, twice and three times, denoted as T1, T2 and T3) and N rates (15%, 30% and 45% less than conventional rates (CF), denoted as F1, F2 and F3, respectively). The treatments were also compared with a no-fertilizer blank and a control (CF) with a conventional N management practice. The results showed that the highest yield of cabbage (164.65 t hm^?2), Vitamine C content (14.80 g 100 g^?1 fresh mass), soluble sugar content (2.33 mg kg^?1), plant N uptake (119.2 kg hm^?2) were obtained under T3F1 treatment. Compared with CF treatment, T3F1 treatment significantly increased vegetable yield, vitamin C and soluble sugar content in fruit, and nitrogen use efficiency by 10.97%, 13.76% and 17.68%, and 18.76%, respectively. Nitrate-N content in cabbage was reduced by 7.55% in T3F1 treatment. With the reduced N application rate, soil pH gradually changed from 6.25 to 7.26. T3F1 treatment is a most suitable N management practice for vegetable production, in terms of higher vegetable yield and quality, soil N content, depressed soil acidification and nutrient uptake by Chinese cabbage.     

Boron application through seed coating improves the water relations, panicle fertility, kernel yield, and biofortification of fine grain aromatic rice

This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of boron (B) application through seed coating on leaf elongation, tillering, water relations, panicle sterility, kernel yield, and grain biofortification of fine grain aromatic rice. Boron was applied as seed coating at 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 g B kg^?1 seed in two rice cultivars Super Basmati and Shaheen Basmati. Boron seed coating significantly affected the leaf elongation, water relations, panicle fertility, kernel yield and grain biofortification in both rice cultivars. However, seed coating with 1.0–2.0 g B kg^?1 seed was effective in improving the leaf emergence and elongation, and tillering. Whereas water relations (water and osmotic potential) were improved by all B seed coating treatments, but pressure potential was only improved from seed coating with 2.0–3.0 g B kg^?1 seed. Kernel yield was improved by all B seed coating treatments; however seed coating with 2 g B kg^?1 seed was the most effective treatment in this regard. Increase in kernel yield, by B seed coating, was attributed to decrease in panicle sterility. Leaf and kernel B contents were increased with increase in B concentration in seed coating.     

限水灌溉冬小麦冠层氮分布与转运特征及其对供氮的响应

以高产冬小麦品种周麦18为材料,在大田春灌1水条件下,设置不同供氮水平和氮肥运筹处理试验,研究并探讨了在华北地区限水灌溉条件下氮肥施用对冬小麦冠层叶片氮素时空分布与转运及氮肥利用的影响。结果表明,冬小麦适量施氮可显著增产,2008-2009年以施氮量180 kg/hm²时(N21)产量最高,为8749 kg/hm²;2009-2010年以施氮量270 kg/hm²时(N32)产量最高,但施氮量210 kg/hm²(N22)处理与N32处理产量无显著差异,分别为8340 kg/hm²和8558 kg/hm²。氮肥利用效率和氮肥偏生产力均随施氮量增加而降低;氮肥利用率与氮肥农学效率均随施氮量的增加呈先升后降的趋势,分别在N21和N22处理时最高。冠层叶片氮素含量和积累量随叶层层次自上而下降低而下降,垂直梯度分明,各时期冠层叶片氮素垂直梯度随施氮量的增加总体呈先增大后减小的趋势。冠层叶片氮素转运量、转运率和对籽粒的贡献率均呈现为:第1层>第2层>第3层>第4层。相关分析表明,冠层叶片氮素梯度与叶片氮素转运率呈显著正相关关系(R²=0.722^*),与贡献率呈极显著正相关关系(R²=0.975^**)。适量施氮(120-210 kg/hm²)增大了叶层间氮素垂直分布梯度,促进了氮素在植株内的运移分配,有利于叶片氮素向外转运,提高了叶片氮素转运量和对籽粒贡献率,保持了较高的氮素利用率。施氮过多(330 kg/hm²)减小了叶层间氮素垂直分布梯度,减弱了氮素在植株内的再利用,叶片氮素转运不畅,导致叶片氮素转运量和对籽粒贡献率下降,氮素利用率显著降低。连续两年试验结果显示,通过适量氮肥调控可以增大冠层叶片氮素垂直梯度,有利于叶片中的氮素输出,促进氮素的再分配、再利用,从而提高氮素利用率,并可获得较高的籽粒产量和蛋白质含量。     

Comparison on physiological adaptation and phosphorus use efficiency of upland rice and lowland rice under alternate wetting and drying irrigation

As one of the most widely promoted water-saving irrigation strategies for rice, alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWD) can not only save water but also increase mineral nutrient use efficiency. In this study, we compared the growth conditions of four rice varieties (two lowland and two upland varieties) under three irrigation regimes: continuously flooded (CF), alternate wetting and moderate soil drying (AWD15) and alternate wetting and severe soil drying (AWD30). AWD15 and AWD30 enabled the plants to receive fewer irrigation events and less irrigation water than CF, thereby saving both water resources and labor. AWD15 reduced redundant vegetative growth, promoted root growth, and increased the root-shoot ratio and harvest index. AWD15 increased the grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) of upland rice and maintained the grain yield while increasing the WUE and PUE of lowland rice. More developed root systems under AWD helped upland rice to maintain a higher water status than lowland rice when plants were subjected to soil drying, which resulted in superior performance in grain yield in upland rice. AWD30 could not reconcile the demands of higher yield and the desire to reduce irrigation water use because it decreased grain yield. The results indicate that AWD15 irrigation of rice can not only increase rice yield and WUE but also enhance PUE, which can potentially reduce the use of phosphorus fertilizers. The results provide theoretical and technical support for improving rice cultivation.     

Induced leaf intercellular CO2, photosynthesis, potassium and nitrate retention and strawberry early fruit formation under macronutrient limitation

Relationships between induced high leaf intercellular CO₂ concentrations, leaf K⁺ and NO₃ ^? ion movement and early fruit formation under macronutrient limitation are not well understood. We examined the effects and interactions of reduced K/N input treatments on leaf intercellular CO₂, photosynthesis rate, carboxylation and water use efficiency, berry formation as well as leaf/fruit K⁺, NO₃ ^? and photosynthate retention of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) to enhance low-input agriculture. The field study was conducted in Nova Scotia, eastern Canada during 2009–2010. The experimental treatments consisted of five K₂O rates (0, 6, 12, 18, and 24 kg ha^?1) and five N rates (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 kg ha^?1), representing respectively, 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 % of regular macronutrient recommendations based on the soil testing. The treatments were arranged in a split-plot design with three blocks in the field. The cultivar was ‘Mira’, a June-bearing crop. The results showed that strawberry plants treated with 25 %-reduced inputs could induce significantly higher leaf intercellular CO₂ concentrations to improve plant photosynthesis, carboxylation and water use efficiency and translocation of leaf/fruit K⁺ and dissolved solids, which could advance berry formation by 6 days and produce significantly higher marketable yields (P < 0.05). Higher leaf intercellular CO₂ inhibited leaf/fruit NO₃ ^? ion retention, but this inhibition did not occur in leaf/fruit K⁺ retention. Linear interactions of the K/N treatments were significant on fruit marketable yields, intercellular CO₂, net photosynthesis, leaf transpiration rates, and leaf temperatures (P < 0.05). It was concluded that higher leaf CO₂ could enhance plant photosynthesis, promote plant carboxylation and water use efficiency, and advance berry formation, but it could inhibit leaf NO₃ ^? retention. This inhibition did not find in leaf K⁺ ion and dissolved solid retention. Overlay co-limitation of leaf intercellular CO₂ and translocation of leaf/fruit K⁺/NO₃ ^? and total dissolved solids could constrain more fruit formation attributes under full macronutrient supply than reduced inputs. It was suggested that low input would be an optimal and sustainable option for improving small fruit crop physiological development and dealing with macronutrient deficiency challenge.     

Effect of exogenous 24-epibrassinolide on chlorophyll fluorescence,leaf surface morphology and cellular ultrastructure of grape seedlings (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vitis vinifera</Emphasis> L.) under water stress

The effects of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) on chlorophyll fluorescence, leaf surface morphology and cellular ultrastructure of grape seedlings (Vitis vinifera L.) under water stress were investigated. The grape seedlings were subjected to 10 % (w/v) polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) and treated with 0.05, 0.10 or 0.20 mg L^?1 EBR, respectively. EBR application increased chlorophyll contents, the effective photochemical quantum yield of PSII, maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII, maximal fluorescence and non-photochemical quenching coefficient under water stress in each concentration. Compared with water stress control, higher stomatal density and stomatal length were observed in young leaves under EBR treatments, but not in mature leaves. In-depth analysis of the ultrastructure of leaves indicated that water stress induced disappearance of nucleus, chloroplast swelling, fractured mitochondrial cristae and disorder of thylakoid arrangement both in young leaves and mature leaves. However, EBR application counteracted the detrimental effects of water stress on the structure of the photosynthetic apparatus better in young leaves than in mature leaves. Compared to the other treatments, treatment of 0.10 mg L^?1 EBR had best ameliorative effect against water stress. These results suggested that exogenous EBR could alleviate water stress-induced inhibition of photosynthesis on grape possibly through increasing chlorophyll content, lessening the stomatal and non-stomatal limitation of photosynthesis performance.     

氮素对不同品种烤烟叶片衰老、光合特性及产量和品质的影响

以豫烟5号、豫烟7号和NC89为材料,研究氮素对不同品种烤烟叶片衰老、光合特性及产量和品质的影响.结果表明：增施氮素可显著增强烤烟叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,降低丙二醛(MDA)含量,提高叶绿素含量,增强光合性能,从而延缓烤烟叶片衰老.与豫烟5号和NC89相比,豫烟7号叶片叶绿素含量较低,光合性能较弱,SOD活性低,MDA含量高,叶片衰老较快.与60和75 kg·hm^-2施N处理相比,45 kg·hm^-2 施N处理的烟叶均价、产值、上等烟比例均最高,且化学品质指标较好,符合优质烟叶要求.表明不同品种烤烟衰老生理特性有明显差异;氮素营养对烤烟叶片衰老、产量和品质有明显的调节作用;适量施氮可提高烟叶品质,获得较高的经济效益.     

Carbon,Nitrogen and Phosphorus Accumulation and Partitioning,and C:N:P Stoichiometry in Late-Season Rice under Different Water and Nitrogen Managements

Water and nitrogen availability plays an important role in the biogeochemical cycles of essential elements, such as carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), in agricultural ecosystems. In this study, we investigated the seasonal changes of C, N and P concentrations, accumulation, partitioning, and C:N:P stoichiometric ratios in different plant tissues (root, stem-leaf, and panicle) of late-season rice under two irrigation regimes (continuous flooding, CF; alternate wetting and drying, AWD) and four N managements (control, N0; conventional urea at 240 kg N ha⁻¹, UREA; controlled-release bulk blending fertilizer at 240 kg N ha⁻¹, BBF; polymer-coated urea at 240 kg N ha⁻¹, PCU). We found that water and N treatments had remarkable effects on the measured parameters in different plant tissues after transplanting, but the water and N interactions had insignificant effects. Tissue C:N, N:P and C:P ratios ranged from 14.6 to 52.1, 3.1 to 7.8, and 76.9 to 254.3 over the rice growing seasons, respectively. The root and stem-leaf C:N:P and panicle C:N ratios showed overall uptrends with a peak at harvest whereas the panicle N:P and C:P ratios decreased from filling to harvest. The AWD treatment did not affect the concentrations and accumulation of tissue C and N, but greatly decreased those of P, resulting in enhanced N:P and C:P ratios. N fertilization significantly increased tissue N concentration, slightly enhanced tissue P concentration, but did not affect tissue C concentration, leading to a significant increase in tissue N:P ratio but a decrease in C:N and C:P ratios. Our results suggested that the growth of rice in the Taihu Lake region was co-limited by N and P. These findings broadened our understanding of the responses of plant C:N:P stoichiometry to simultaneous water and N managements in subtropical high-yielding rice systems.     

Variability of leaf photosynthetic characteristics in rice and its relationship with resistance to water stress under different nitrogen nutrition regimes

The negative effects of water stress on rice can be alleviated by NH₄⁺ nutrition. However, the effects of mixed nitrogen (N) nutrition (NO₃^? + NH₄⁺) on resistance to water stress are still not well known. To investigate the response of rice growth to water stress and its relationship with photosynthetic characteristics, a hydroponic experiment supplying different N forms was conducted. Compared with NO₃^? nutrition, mixed‐N and NH₄⁺ nutrition greatly alleviated the reduction of leaf area, chlorophyll content, and photosynthesis under water stress, whilst subsequently maintaining higher biomass. In contrast, water stress inhibited the root‐shoot ratios in NH₄⁺‐ and mixed‐N‐supplied plants, indicating reduced root growth and higher photosynthate availability to shoots. The following key observations were made: (1) a similar stomatal limitation and low proportion of activated Rubisco were observed among the three different N nutrition regimes; (2) increased mesophyll conductance in NH₄⁺‐ and mixed‐N‐supplied plants simultaneously stimulated leaf photosynthesis and improved the water use efficiency and (3), the maximum carboxylation rate and actual photochemical efficiency of photosystem II in NH₄⁺‐ and mixed‐N‐supplied plants were significantly higher than that in NO₃^?‐supplied plants, thus resulting in higher photochemical efficiency under water stress. In conclusion, mixed‐N and NH₄⁺ nutrition may be used to develop strategies for improved water stress resistance and stimulated biomass production under conditions of osmotic stress and possibly drought.     

Sugars,antioxidant enzymes and IAA mediate salicylic acid to prevent rice spikelet degeneration caused by heat stress

Salicylic acid (SA) can alleviate damage to rice plants induced by heat stress, but its role in preventing spikelet degeneration under high-temperature stress has not been documented. Rice plants pretreated with SA (0–50 mmol L^?1) were subjected to heat stress at 40?°C at the pollen mother cell meiosis stage for 10 days. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in grain yields and yield components among rice plants that were exogenously sprayed with SA (0–50 mmol L^?1) under natural conditions. Under heat stress, the grain yield, spikelet number per panicle and setting rate in response to SA treatments were higher than under the control (0 mmol L^?1 SA or NON-SA) treatment, especially with 1 and 10 mmol L^?1 SA. A higher grain yield, spikelet number per panicle and setting rate were recorded in these two SA treatments compared with the NON-SA treatment. During this process, soluble sugars, proline, phytohormones including ABA, GA₃, BRs, IAA, ZR and JA, and antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), were induced by SA. Moreover, soluble sugars, IAA, POD and APX in the spikelets with SA treatments were not only higher than with the NON-SA treatment but the changing patterns were also similar to that of the spikelet number per panicle under natural conditions and heat stress. Therefore, our results suggest that sugars, antioxidant enzymes and IAA might mediate SA to prevent spikelet degeneration caused by heat stress.     

Effect of foliar spray of zinc on chloroplast β-carbonic anhydrase expression and enzyme activity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) leaves

The β-carbonic anhydrase (β-CA) is regarded as a zinc-containing enzyme involved in photosynthesis. Here, the rice plants of cv. N22 were treated with foliar spray at a Zn²⁺ concentration range from 0–35.0 mM during the tillering stage. The β-CA expression in the treated leaves was quantitatively determined by RT-qPCR and gel-based immunoblotting techniques, and its enzyme activity and relative chlorophyll concentration were measured. Results indicated that exogenous zinc could benefit rice plants at the tillering stage, particularly chloroplast β-CA with a fourfold enhancement in gene expression and a 14.6 % increase in its activity by treating the rice leaves with the 7.0-mM Zn²⁺ concentration, thereby promoting photosynthesis by a 19.4 % increase in relative chlorophyll concentration per unit leaf area. Results also showed that the application of Zn²⁺ at a concentration exceeding 7.0 mM could result in leaf senescence, and in some cases leaf hurts with significant inactivation (decreasing by approximately 70 %) of β-CA enzyme. It could be concluded that the application of 7.0-mM Zn²⁺ benefits rice plants at the tillering stage. The β-CA activity was associated with the catalytic microenvironment, thus providing an indicator for physiological response to exogenous zinc in rice.     

秸秆还田配施不同比例化肥对晚稻产量及土壤养分的影响

在不同秸秆还田方式对早稻的效应研究确定的最佳还田方式和还田量(粉碎还田3000 kg/hm2)基础上,以单施秸秆为对照,研究了秸秆还田配施不同比例化肥对晚稻产量、干物质积累与分配及土壤养分的影响。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,秸秆3000 kg/hm2+N 150 kg/hm2+P2O575 kg/hm2+K2O 37.5 kg/hm2增产效果最为显著,在水稻的每穗粒数、千粒重、结实率、充实度和产量等方面增加幅度最大,分别为9.32%、4.28%、13.70%、2.74%和26.38%。(2)各处理的干物质茎鞘比例随着生育进程不断降低,从孕穗期的66.68%—77.00%降低至成熟期的25.97%—34.79%,除SNPK1外,叶片比例从孕穗期的23.00%—33.32%降低至成熟期的7.41%—21.03%;秸秆还田配施不同比例化肥处理的茎鞘比例在孕穗期、抽穗期和成熟期高于对照,而叶片比例与茎鞘比例呈相反趋势。(3)与对照相比,秸秆还田配施不同比例化肥处理提高了土壤pH值、有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、有效磷、全钾、速效钾,降低了土壤C/N比。研究结果说明,秸秆还田配施不同比例化肥可以提高植株干物质积累速率、群体生物量,合理改善土壤养分,保证较高的水稻增产潜力,其中秸秆3000 kg/hm2+N 150 kg/hm2+P2O575 kg/hm2+K2O 37.5 kg/hm2效果最为显著。     

"稻鸭共生"生态系统稻季N、P循环

稻鸭共生是对我国传统农业稻田养鸭的继承与发展。在长江流域双季稻主产区湖南布置了稻田养鸭田间试验,以常规稻作为对照,研究"稻鸭共生"生态系统N、P循环。结果表明:"稻鸭共生"生态系统N、P输出分别为153.50 kg/hm²和59.03 kg/hm²,其中鸭产品N、P输出分别是23.98 kg/hm²和3.10 kg/hm²;"稻鸭共生"系统在目前的N、P养分投入水平下,土壤存在严重的N和P亏缺;鸭子系统N、P输入对系统外饲料投入依赖高,自持能力较差;鸭粪N、P参与当季的稻田养分循环,其循环率分别为10.66%和28.16%。     

陕西关中小麦-玉米轮作区协调作物产量和环境效应的农田适宜氮肥用量

为了确定陕西关中小麦-玉米轮作区兼顾作物产量和环境效应的农田适宜氮肥用量,通过玉米-小麦-玉米连续3季田间试验研究了作物产量、氮肥利用效率、氮肥表观损失和土壤氮素平衡等对施氮量的响应。结果表明,随着氮肥用量的增加,不同年份作物产量和3季作物累计产量均表现为先增加后降低的趋势,而累计氮肥农学效率、氮肥表观利用率、氮肥吸收效率和氮肥偏生产力均表现为显著的降低趋势。土壤氮素平衡结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,低量施氮时(小麦施N150 kg/hm2,玉米施N180 kg/hm2),氮肥残留显著增加,表观损失和损失率变化不明显,而高量施氮时(小麦施N150 kg/hm2,玉米施N180 kg/hm2),氮肥残留变化不明显,表观损失和损失率却显著增加。回归和相关分析显示,矿质氮在土壤较深层次(100—200cm土层)大量累积是氮肥表观损失的重要途径之一。小麦施N 150 kg/hm2、玉米施N 180 kg/hm2时,作物即可获得相对较高的产量和氮肥利用率,且能保持作物收获前后土壤无机氮库的基本稳定,同时也可将氮肥表观损失降至较低水平。     

Basal and Foliar Treatment using an Organic Fertilizer Amendment Lowers Cadmium Availability in Soil and Cadmium Uptake by Rice on Field Micro-Plot Experiment Planted in Contaminated Acidic Paddy Soil

In the present study, field micro-plot experiments were conducted to investigate the basal and foliar application of a tested organic fertilizer amendment (OFA) for decreasing the risk of Cd accumulating in rice. The results showed that applications of OFA significantly increased rice yields in Cd-polluted soil and reduced the level of Cd in rice plants, especially in rice grain. In addition, three application methods of OFA were investigated (single basal application (B1, B2, and B3), combined basal application (+LM, +D, and +Z), and foliar application (F1, F2)). Treat B, F, +LM, +D were all higher than control on rice yield with 25.03, 28.05, 30.61, 22.50 g pot^?1 on average, respectively. Among which, rice cadmium depress to 0.33 mg kg^?1 in foliar application is considered to be a more efficient and economical method of heavy metal remediation. The mechanism of foliar application to alleviate the accumulation of Cd in brown rice may be related to the probable Cd sequestration in the leaves and straws. And the doses of the foliar application were 2.25–3.75 kg hm^?2, approximately 1.0–2.5% of the basal application amount yet with more effect (0.10 mg kg^?1 more than single basal; 0.23 mg kg^?1 more than combined basal) on Cd reduction.     

Mixed-nitrogen nutrition-mediated enhancement of drought tolerance of rice seedlings associated with photosynthesis,hormone balance and carbohydrate partitioning

To investigate whether mixed-N (NO₃ ^??+?NH₄ ⁺) nutrition can enhance rice growth under water-deficit condition, a hydroponic experiment in which rice plants were supplied with different N forms (NO₃ ^?, NH₄ ⁺ and mixed-N) was conducted, and the intrinsic mechanisms involved in photosynthesis, root-shoot carbon partitioning, and hormone signalling were investigated. Water stress was found to decrease rice biomass, leaf area, chlorophyll and Rubisco contents. However, mixed-N nutrition substantially alleviated these inhibitions compared with NO₃ ^? nutrition alone. Mixed-N nutrition also maintained a higher electron transport rate, actual photochemical efficiency of PSII, and non-photochemical quenching, causing higher photosynthesis and photochemical efficiency. Water stress up-regulated leaf sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS), but down-regulated acid invertase (InvA). However, leaf InvA and root sucrose synthase in the cleavage direction (SSc) in NO₃ ^? nutrition was higher than that in mixed-N nutrition. Water stress decreased indole acetic acid (IAA) content in leaves and cytokinins content in roots, but their contents in mixed-N nutrition were higher than those in NO₃ ^? nutrition. In mixed-N nutrition, the up-regulation of SPS and IAA in leaves and the reduction of sucrose metabolism (SSc and InvA) in roots jointly resulted in the accumulation of sucrose in leaves and the inhibition of its transportation to roots, finally reducing the root:shoot ratio (R/S). The reduced R/S provides more photosynthates for shoots and increases the utilisation efficiency, thereby strengthening the water-deficit tolerance of plants. We concluded that the strengthened water-deficit tolerance in mixed-N-supplied rice was closely associated with higher accumulation of dry matter mainly via improvement of photosynthesis and photochemical efficiency, hormone balance, and coupling with root-shoot carbon partitioning.     

施N对不同水稻品种N肥利用率及根际硝化作用和硝化微生物的影响

发生在水稻根际的硝化作用对水稻的氮素（N）营养受到人们越来越大的关注。在田间条件下研究了不同N效率粳稻品种（4007、武运粳7号和Elio）在无肥（0kgN/hm^2）、中肥（180kgN/hm^2）和高肥（300kgN/hm^2）水平下籽粒产量、吸N量、N肥利用率、根际土壤铵态氮（NH4^＋-N）和硝态氮（NO3^--N）含量、硝化强度和氨氧化细菌（AOB）数量。结果表明不同水稻品种的籽粒产量在3个N处理中差异极显著,4007在中肥处理中获得最高产量11117kg/hm^2,而Eilo在所有处理中籽粒产量均最低。各品种地上部吸N量随施N量增加而增加,但各品种之间差异不显著。不同水稻品种N肥利用率差异显著,4007显著高于武运粳7号和Elio。本试验根据不同品种水稻在不施N肥水平下的籽粒产量与N肥利用率的大小,将3个品种分为N肥高效敏感型（4007）、N肥高效不敏感型（武运粳7号）和N肥低效不敏感型（Elio）。在水稻中后期干湿交替的水分管理条件下,无肥和中肥区的水稻根际土壤以NO3^--N为主;而在高肥区则以NH4^＋-N为主。随着施N量增加,水稻根际土壤铵、硝态N含量也随之增加。NH4^＋-N含量在无肥、中肥和高肥水平下分别为0.88、0.94mg/kg和13.5mg/kg,而NO3^--N含量分别为1.61、1.73mg/kg和2.33mg/kg。不同水稻品种根际土壤硝化强度之间差异极显著,在3个施N水平下均表现为4007〉武运粳7号〉Elio。其平均值分别为6.94、5.46μg/（kg·h）和2.42μg/（kg·h）。在3个施N水平下,Elio根际土壤AOB数量均显著低于4007和武运粳7号。4007根际土壤AOB数量在高肥水平下达最大值2.02×106个/g土,而最小值为中肥水平下Elio的根际土壤（1.89×105个/g土）。相关性分析表明,水稻根际土壤硝化强度在无肥、中肥和高肥条件下与产量呈极显著正相关关系（r=0.799,0.877,0.934）,而且在中肥条件下与水稻N肥利用率显著相关（r=0.735）。水稻根际土壤AOB数量分别和硝化强度以及水稻籽粒产量呈极显著正相关关系。试验结果表明,水稻根际的硝化作用较大程度上决定着水稻籽粒产量或水稻N肥利用率。