镉胁迫对萝卜幼苗活性氧产生、脂质过氧化和抗氧化酶活性的影响

镉胁迫使萝卜幼苗超氧阴离子(O2)、过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量增加;随着镉浓度提高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性首先明显上升,然后逐渐下降,甚至低于对照;叶片过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性明显增加,根系CAT活性则减少;根系以及较高浓度镉处理后期叶片的谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性均显著增加.由此推测:在胁迫初期可能主要由SOD和CAT发挥抗氧化作用,而在胁迫后期由于抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(AsA-GsH)循环途径的激活,还原型谷胱甘肽和植物络合素含量的提高可能在清除活性氧或者直接螯合镉中起作用.     

钙抑制剂对机械损伤胁迫下合作杨叶片活性氧代谢的影响

以1年生合作杨扦插苗为材料,研究了叶面喷施Ca2+通道阻断剂氯化镧(LaCl3)和Ca2+螯合剂EGTA预处理对机械损伤胁迫下合作杨叶片抗氧化酶活性、过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量以及氧自由基(O2?-)产生速率的影响.结果显示,与对照相比,机械损伤胁迫下合作杨叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)等抗氧化酶活性均显著升高,活性氧水平和MDA含量显著增加;外源喷施EGTA和LaCl3降低了机械损伤胁迫下叶片SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性,减缓了O2?-产生速率,H2O2含量和MDA含量显著下降;且EGTA的抑制作用比LaCl3更强.研究表明,机械损伤胁迫诱导的活性氧代谢需要Ca2+的参与,Ca2+和活性氧在植物防御信号传递过程中密切相关;伤害诱导胞外Ca2+内流是胞内Ca2+浓度增加的重要来源.     

镉诱导萝卜幼苗活性氧产生、脂质过氧化和抗氧化酶活性的变化

通过水培试验,研究Cd2+胁迫对萝卜幼苗活性氧的产生、脂质过氧化和抗氧化酶活性的影响。超氧 阴离子(O 2)的产生速率和丙二醛(MDA)的含量与对照相比有不同程度的增加,表明Cd2+胁迫能导致萝卜体 内的氧化胁迫;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,随着Cd2+浓度提高,首先明显上升,然后逐渐下降,甚至低于 对照,叶片过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性明显增加,根系CAT活性则减少,根系以及较高浓度Cd2+处理后期叶片 谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性均显著增加。推测:胁迫初期可能主要由SOD和CAT发挥抗氧化作用;后期由 于抗坏血酸—谷胱甘肽(AsA GsH)循环途径的激活,以及还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和植物络合素(Phytochela tins,PCs)的合成,可能在清除活性氧或者直接鏊合Cd2+中起作用。     

高温干旱复合胁迫对构树幼苗抗氧化酶活性和活性氧代谢的影响

近年来,全球气温不断升高,亚热带部分地区夏季高温和临时性干旱现象日益显著,高温与干旱严重威胁着植物的生存与生长。采用盆栽和人工气候室方式模拟不同的温度和土壤水分梯度,研究了高温与干旱复合胁迫对构树幼苗超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)与过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、活性氧代谢和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明:(1)高温或干旱单一胁迫下,构树幼苗SOD、POD、CAT活性增加,复合胁迫下,SOD和POD酶活性高于单一胁迫,且随着复合胁迫时间延长而升高。SOD活性受温度和土壤水分双因素影响极其显著,复合胁迫对SOD活性有一定程度的叠加效应;(2)复合胁迫下,活性氧代谢物与MDA含量均显著高于单一胁迫,表明复合胁迫加剧对植物的伤害。通过改变抗氧化酶活性以减轻膜脂过氧化的伤害作用是有限的。     

镉胁迫下绿豆和箭舌豌豆幼苗的抗氧化反应

采用溶液培养法对Cd2 胁迫下绿豆和箭舌豌豆幼苗叶组织内的抗氧化酶活性、活性氧和丙二醛(MDA)含量以及细胞电解质泄漏率的变化进行了研究。结果显示,随着Cd2 胁迫浓度的增加和胁迫时间的延长,2种作物叶组织内的MDA含量和细胞电解质泄漏率明显增加;在胁迫期间,二者的过氧化氢(H2O2)和超氧阴离子(O2.-)的含量以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈先升高并在不同的时间达到高峰后再下降的趋势。与箭舌豌豆相比,Cd2 胁迫下的绿豆幼苗叶组织的MDA含量、电解质泄漏率及H2O2和O2.-的积累量较高,CAT、SOD和APX的活性较低。研究表明,Cd2 胁迫下箭舌豌豆的抗氧化能力高于绿豆的抗氧化能力。     

根系渗透胁迫时杨树光合作用光抑制与活性氧的关系

为更多地了解自然条件下活体叶片的光抑制,研究了渗透胁迫时杨树无性系幼苗叶片的光抑制与活性氧代谢的关系．结果表明,随胁迫时间的延长和胁迫强度的增大,杨树叶片O2^-生成加快,H2O2和丙二醛(MDA)含量增多,超氧物歧化酶(SOD)活性升高,过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性降低,活性氧代谢失衡,光合作用的光抑制加剧．用二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸铜盐抑制SOD活性,或用甲基紫精加速O2^-的生成,亦可使杨树叶片发生光抑制．渗透胁迫时杨树无性系幼苗清除H2O2能力降低,限制了叶片通过Mehler反应耗散过剩光能,防御光破坏作用的发挥;光抑制的发生与活性氧的积累有关．     

氯化胆碱对盐胁迫黄瓜幼苗渗透调节物质及活性氧代谢系统的影响

以盐敏感型黄瓜品种津春4号为材料,采用水培方法研究了叶面喷施不同浓度(0.5、1.0和1.5 mmol·L-1)氯化胆碱(CC)对NaCl胁迫(75 mmol·L-1)下黄瓜幼苗鲜重、叶片叶绿素、渗透调节物质含量及活性氧代谢系统的影响.结果表明:(1)单独CC处理可提高黄瓜叶片的叶绿素、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)与过氧化物酶(POD)活性,降低O2·-产生速率,但对植株鲜重及超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性影响不大;(2)NaCl胁迫处理增加了黄瓜幼苗叶片中可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量,增强了SOD、POD和CAT活性,提高了O2·-产生速率及丙二醛(MDA)的含量,但同时降低了叶绿素含量与植株鲜重;(3)盐胁迫前CC预处理可缓解黄瓜幼苗叶绿素含量和植株鲜重的下降、以及MDA含量和O2·-产生速率的上升趋势,且进一步提高了盐胁迫下黄瓜叶片中SOD、POD和CAT活性.因此,适宜浓度的氯化胆碱可显著提高盐胁迫下黄瓜叶片的抗氧化酶活性,提高清除活性氧的能力,缓解盐胁迫对黄瓜幼苗细胞膜的伤害,增强黄瓜幼苗的耐盐性.     

干旱胁迫对高山离子芥试管苗抗氧化系统及其活性氧代谢的影响

该试验以高山离子芥试管苗(Chorispora bungeana)为试材,采用固液培养法,设置对照(不添加PEG-6000,CK),轻度干旱胁迫(5%PEG-6000)、中度干旱胁迫(20%PEG-6000)、重度干旱胁迫(40%PEG-6000)4个干旱处理水平,分析干旱胁迫对高山离子芥幼苗抗氧化系统、活性氧代谢等部分生理特征的影响,以揭示高山离子芥在干旱胁迫下的生理响应特征,为进一步探讨其对干旱环境的适应机制奠定基础。结果显示:(1)随着干旱胁迫程度的增加以及在各时间胁迫处理下,抗氧化酶SOD活性及可溶性糖含量显著升高,POD活性、丙二醛含量、CAT活性和APX活性均经历了先升后降的过程。(2)超氧阴离子(O-·2)的产生速率和过氧化氢(H2O2)的含量均显著升高;高山离子芥试管苗叶片相对电导率呈现出升-降-升的变化趋势。(3)相关分析结果显示,MDA与相对电导率、可溶性糖、SOD、APX、O-·2及H2O2呈极显著正相关关系,可溶性糖与SOD、POD、O-·2及H2O2呈极显著正相关关系;相对电导率以及保护酶系均与O-·2、H2O2呈极显著正相关关系。研究表明,高山离子芥具有较强的耐旱性,高山离子芥试管苗在响应干旱胁迫过程中,抗氧化酶系、活性氧代谢、脂质过氧化及渗透调节物等共同参与了高山离子芥试管苗对干旱胁迫的综合抗逆性形成,从而积极启动应对外界干旱环境的耐旱响应机制。     

野牛草克隆分株酶促活性氧清除系统对差异光周期的响应

以盆栽野牛草克隆分株为材料,将克隆分株分别标记为O(姊株)和Y(妹株),设置连接组和断开组两种处理,其中,连接组中O分株和Y分株通过节间子相连,断开组则剪断分株节间子;两组处理的O分株光周期均设置为光照12h/黑暗12h,Y分株光周期均设置为黑暗12h/12h光照(恰好与O分株相反),经过7d的差异光周期处理后进行72h全光照稳定培养,并于全光照条件下在48h内连续测定各分株叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),过氧化物酶(POD),过氧化氢酶(CAT),抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)的活性以及丙二醛(MDA)的含量,探讨野牛草叶片酶促活性氧清除系统对差异光周期的响应特征。结果表明,差异光周期处理1周后,全光照条件下,断开状态的野牛草克隆分株O和Y间叶片中SOD、POD、CAT、APX活性以及MDA含量在24h内基本呈现相反的变化趋势,而野牛草相连克隆分株O和Y间叶片中以上指标在24h内呈现趋于一致的变化规律。研究发现,野牛草酶促活性氧清除系统活性在一天内呈现节律性表达模式,且差异光周期处理下的野牛草相连克隆分株的活性氧清除系统的活性的节律性变化趋于同步。     

夜间低温胁迫对番茄叶片活性氧代谢及AsA-GSH循环的影响

以番茄品种‘辽园多丽’为试材,利用人工气候室模拟设施生产中的夜间低温胁迫环境,研究9℃和6℃夜低温对番茄叶片活性氧代谢和AsA-GSH循环的影响。结果显示:9℃和6℃夜间低温胁迫3～9d可诱导番茄叶片中超氧阴离子(O2.-)产生速率、过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量上升;抑制过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性,增加超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和AsA-GSH循环中抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性,并提高还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)的含量。研究表明,在夜间低温胁迫过程中,增加的番茄叶片中SOD活性和AsA-GSH循环清除活性氧的能力并未与氧还原的速率一致,从而导致番茄叶片中活性氧的累积,使细胞膜系统受到一定破坏,在6℃处理的植物中尤为明显。     

植物抗氧化动态平衡研究进展

植物在生长发育的过程中会产生代谢副产物活性氧,其含量在植物生长过程中起双重作用。适量的活性氧可提高植物对逆境胁迫的耐受性,但是过量的活性氧会诱发氧化猝发反应,严重影响植物的生长发育。因此,提高植物的抗氧化能力对于提高植物的抗逆能力来说显得尤为重要,该方面的研究也成为近年来逆境生物学的一大热点。植物体为了应对逆境环境造成的活性氧动态失衡,进化出了含酶和非酶组分的抗氧化系统。本文主要介绍了参与高等植物活性氧代谢的相关物质,对近年来国内外报道的代谢途径进行了综述,为提高植物的抗逆能力提供参考依据。     

O3浓度升高对植物活性氧代谢系统影响的研究进展

为了揭示臭氧（O3）浓度升高对植物活性氧代谢系统的影响机理,从代谢生理角度,总结了近年来国内外关于臭氧浓度升高对植物活性氧自由基代谢速率、细胞膜脂过氧化程度、抗氧化系统及生物量和产量影响的研究进展,同时,就臭氧浓度升高与二氧化碳浓度升高的复合作用对植物活性氧代谢系统的影响,及阐明二者相互作用对植物抗氧化系统影响机理的研究进行了综述。在此基础上指出在未来研究中,要在分子水平上进一步深入研究植物活性氧代谢系统对高浓度臭氧、二氧化碳复合作用的响应机理,并应加强高浓度二氧化碳对臭氧胁迫下植物抗氧化系统影响的研究,为解决如何减轻臭氧浓度升高对植物造成的氧化伤害提供基础理论依据。     

Oxidative stress induced expression of monodehydroascorbate reductase gene in Eleusine coracana

Abiotic stresses constitute a serious threats to the world food security as they cause significant economic losses in terms of reduction in crop productivity and also greatly limit the geographical locations where crops can be grown. Exposure to abiotic stress causes over-production of reactive oxygen species, leading to oxidative stress in plants. Induction of oxidative stress is primarily responsible for a variety of detrimental changes in the cellular physiology. However, plants have evolved intricate anti-oxidative defence machinery, for their survival under stress. Plant defence strategies for stress tolerance rely on the expression of anti-oxidative genes required for scavenging the toxic reactive oxygen species. Monodehydroascorbate reductase is one of the key anti-oxidant enzyme responsible for scavenging reactive oxygen species. In the present study, efforts have been made to understand the role of monodehydroascorbate reductase in finger millet under different abiotic stresses (drought, salt and UV radiation). The study establishes a differential link between mdar gene expression and enzyme activity under oxidative stress that is validated under different types of imposed stresses. Alteration in correlation between gene expression and enzyme activities under varying magnitude of oxidative stress is elucidated.     

光氧化胁迫条件下叶绿体中活性氧的产生、清除及防御

活性氧(ROS)具有双重作用,高浓度引起细胞损伤,低浓度起保护作用。在光氧化胁迫条件下,光合作用高能态的反应与O2丰富供应使叶绿体成为活性氧丰富的来源。当ROS的积累超过抗氧化剂防护系统清除能力,叶绿体及细胞不可逆的光氧化损伤就会出现。而高等植物的质粒是半自主的细胞器,有它们自己的基因组学及转录、翻译机制来控制ROS生成、保护光合作用机构免受光氧化损伤。因此,本文就光氧化胁迫期间,叶绿体中ROS的乍成、功能与防护机制进行了综述。     

An Arabidopsis mitochondrial uncoupling protein confers tolerance to drought and salt stress in transgenic tobacco plants

Background

Plants are challenged by a large number of environmental stresses that reduce productivity and even cause death. Both chloroplasts and mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species under normal conditions; however, stress causes an imbalance in these species that leads to deviations from normal cellular conditions and a variety of toxic effects. Mitochondria have uncoupling proteins (UCPs) that uncouple electron transport from ATP synthesis. There is evidence that UCPs play a role in alleviating stress caused by reactive oxygen species overproduction. However, direct evidence that UCPs protect plants from abiotic stress is lacking.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Tolerances to salt and water deficit were analyzed in transgenic tobacco plants that overexpress a UCP (AtUCP1) from Arabidopsis thaliana. Seeds of AtUCP1 transgenic lines germinated faster, and adult plants showed better responses to drought and salt stress than wild-type (WT) plants. These phenotypes correlated with increased water retention and higher gas exchange parameters in transgenic plants that overexpress AtUCP1. WT plants exhibited increased respiration under stress, while transgenic plants were only slightly affected. Furthermore, the transgenic plants showed reduced accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in stressed leaves compared with WT plants.

Conclusions/Significance

Higher levels of AtUCP1 improved tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses, and this protection was correlated with lower oxidative stress. Our data support previous assumptions that UCPs reduce the imbalance of reactive oxygen species. Our data also suggest that UCPs may play a role in stomatal closure, which agrees with other evidence of a direct relationship between these proteins and photosynthesis. Manipulation of the UCP protein expression in mitochondria is a new avenue for crop improvement and may lead to crops with greater tolerance for challenging environmental conditions.     

Transgenic plants: An insight into oxidative stress tolerance mechanisms

Environmental stresses considerably limit plant productivity. At the molecular level the negative effect of stress is often mediated by reactive oxygen species-initiated oxidative damage. Hence, it was hypothesised that increased tolerance to several environmental constraints could be achieved through enhanced tolerance to oxidative stress. In recent years much effort has been undertaken to improve oxidative stress tolerance by transforming plants with native or bacterial genes coding either for reactive oxygen species-scavenging enzymes or for enzymes modulating the cellular antioxidant capacity. This review deals with data on transgenic plants with altered antioxidant capacity and focuses on the new insight into the antioxidant defence mechanism given by this type of experimental model.     

Increased tolerance of rice to cold, drought and oxidative stresses mediated by the overexpression of a gene that encodes the zinc finger protein ZFP245

ZFP245 is a cold- and drought-responsive gene that encodes a zinc finger protein in rice. The ZFP245 protein localizes in the nucleus and exhibits trans-activation activity. Transgenic rice plants overexpressing ZFP245 were generated and found to display high tolerance to cold and drought stresses. The transgenic plants did not exhibit growth retardation, but showed growth sensitivity against exogenous abscisic acid, increased free proline levels and elevated expression of rice pyrroline-5-carboxylatesynthetase and proline transporter genes under stress conditions. Overproduction of ZFP245 enhanced the activities of reactive oxygen species-scavenging enzymes under stress conditions and increased the tolerance of rice seedlings to oxidative stress. Our data suggest that ZFP245 may contribute to the tolerance of rice plants to cold and drought stresses by regulating proline levels and reactive oxygen species-scavenging activities, and therefore may be useful for developing transgenic crops with enhanced tolerance to abiotic stress.     

Oxidative and nitrosative signaling in plants: Two branches in the same tree?

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) constitute key features underpinning the dynamic nature of cell signaling systems in plants. Despite their importance in many aspects of cell biology, our understanding of oxidative and especially of nitrosative signaling and their regulation remains poorly understood. Early reports have established that ROS and RNS coordinately regulate plant defense responses to biotic stress. In addition, evidence has accumulated demonstrating that there is a strong cross-talk between oxidative and nitrosative signaling upon abiotic stress conditions. The goal of this mini-review is to provide latest findings showing how both ROS and RNS comprise a coordinated oxidative and nitrosative signaling network that modulates cellular responses in response to environmental stimuli.Key words: abiotic stress, nitrosative stress, oxidative stress, reactive nitrogen species, reactive oxygen species, signaling     

Reactive oxygen species, stress and cell death in plants

Plants are constantly exposed to changes in environmental conditions. During periods of stress, the cellular redox homeostasis is altered as a result of reactive oxygen species accumulation. The change in redox is responsible for the symptoms commonly observed during periods of stress and reflects the phytotoxic nature of oxygen radical accumulation. However, oxygen radicals have recently been identified as key actors in the response to stress and their role as secondary messengers is now clearly established. The identification of their role in gene regulation has allowed one to identify them as key regulators in the induction and execution of programmed cell death typically observed during developmental processes as well as during stress responses. This review presents recent advances in the characterisation of the role of reactive oxygen species in plants.     

New Role for an Old Rule: N-end Rule-Mediated Degradation of Ethylene Responsive Factor Proteins Governs Low Oxygen Response in Plants

The N-end rule pathway regulates protein degradation, which depends on exposed N-terminal sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In plants, conserved and specific enzymes stimulate selective proteolysis. Although a number of developmental and growth phenotypes have been reported for mutants in the N-end rule, its function has remained unrelated to specific physiological pathways. The first report of the direct involvement of the N-end rule in stress responses focused on hypoxic signaling and how the oxygen-dependent oxidation of cystein promotes the N-end rule-mediated degradation of ethylene responsive factor (ERF)-VII proteins, the master regulators of anaerobic responses. It has beensuggested that plants have evolved specific mechanisms to tune ERF-VII availability in the nucleus. In this review, we speculate that ERF-VII proteins are reversibly protected from degradation via membrane sequestration. The oxidative response in plants subjected to anoxic conditions suggests that reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species) may interact or interfere with the N-end rule pathway-mediated response to hypoxia.