产甘油假丝酵母与酿酒酵母胞浆3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶基因的功能比较

胞浆3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶(GPD)是酿酒酵母细胞甘油合成过程中的关键限速酶．尽管高产甘油菌株产甘油假丝酵母基因组中编码该酶的基因CgGPD已经被克隆出来,但是具体的功能,特别是与酿酒酵母GPD1和GPD2基因的功能比较值得进一步研究．以酿酒酵母渗透压敏感型的gpd1/gpd2和gpd1突变株为宿主,分别导入CgGPD、GPD1和GPD2基因,比较分析了CgGPD、GPD1和GPD2基因在高渗透压胁迫条件下和厌氧环境中的表达调控,及其对细胞甘油合成能力的影响．研究发现,GPD1基因受到渗透压诱导表达,GPD2基因在细胞厌氧条件下起着氧化还原平衡调节作用,而CgGPD基因不仅能够在渗透压胁迫条件下通过过量快速合成甘油调节渗透压平衡,而且能够在厌氧培养环境中互补GPD2基因的缺失,使gpd1/gpd2缺失突变株能够正常生长,同时提高了突变株的甘油合成能力．结果表明,CgGPD基因在gpd1/gpd2缺失突变株中既具有GPD1基因的功能,又能发挥GPD2基因的功能．     

产甘油假丝酵母HOG1 MAPK同源基因CgHOG1的克隆及特征分析

摘要:【目的】获得产甘油假丝酵母(Candida glycerinogenes)耐高渗和过量合成甘油的关键调控基因—丝裂原活化蛋白激酶基因(CgHOG1),并考察其渗透压调节功能。【方法】运用简并PCR 结合Self-Formed Adaptor PCR技术从产甘油假丝酵母基因组中克隆CgHOG1基因并进行生物信息学相关分析,将CgHOG1基因在酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303-1A)hog1Δ缺失突变株中互补表达,考察菌株耐渗透压能力变化。【结果】所获得CgHOG1基因全长1164 bp,编码387个氨基酸序列(GenBank No. KC480066);氨基酸序列与来源于Ogataea parapolymorpha的Hog1p同源性最高,为86%;该基因在酿酒酵母hog1Δ缺失突变株中异源表达能够显著提高菌株的抗盐耐高渗和甘油合成能力。【结论】本文所获得的基因CgHOG1是一个具有耐高渗和过量合成甘油调控功能的新基因,研究结果为产甘油假丝酵母超高渗应答机制的研究及抗盐耐旱作物改造提供了新的基因。     

新型渗透压调控的工业酵母启动子

摘要:【目的】筛选工业酵母Candida glycerinogenes渗透压调控性能优越的启动子,为工业酵母改造及转基因研究提供新途径。【方法】PCR扩增C. glycerinogenes新型系列启动子PCgPGI、PCgTPI、PCgZWF、PCgSTL1、PCgSTL2、PCgSTL3,利用生物信息学技术解析启动子序列中渗透压胁迫应答元件,构建包含gfp荧光蛋白报告基因和PCgPGI、PCgTPI、PCgZWF、PCgSTL1、PCgSTL2、PCgSTL3启动子的5.8S rDNA整合表达载体,通过荧光强度及mRNA转录的qRT-PCR测定结果检验各启动子活性强度及其受渗透压调控情况。【结果】启动子PCgSTL3包含多个STRE渗透压胁迫应答元件,在工业酵母中受渗透压调控更敏感,启动强烈,转录水平高,gfp表达量大。【结论】PCgSTL3是受渗透压调控能够实现外源基因可控表达的优良工业酵母启动子。     

利用荧光蛋白研究产甘油假丝酵母胞浆3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶基因CgGPD启动子

[目的]克隆产甘油假丝酵母(Candida glycerinogenes)胞浆3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶基因CgGPD的启动子(PCggpd),并通过报告基因gfp的差异表达来研究葡萄糖浓度对PCggpd在酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)中的诱导特性.[方法]采用PCR扩增的方法分别从产甘油假丝酵母基因组和pCAMBIA1302载体中克隆出CgGPD的启动序列PCggpd和绿色荧光蛋白基因gfp.将两个基因同时构建到酿酒酵母表达载体pYX212-zeocin中,构建时将绿色荧光蛋白基因gfp置于CgGPD的启动序列下游,获得重组质粒pYX212-zeocin-PCggpd-gfp.通过电击转化酿酒酵母W303-lA.将重组酿酒酵母S.cerevisiae W303-1A-GFP置于不同葡萄糖浓度培养基中进行培养,利用荧光显微技术对其进行荧光检测.[结果]重组酿酒酵母能产生稳定的荧光,当葡萄糖浓度为2%时,重组酿酒酵母在YEPD培养基中产生较弱的荧光,随着葡萄糖浓度的升高,荧光强度有明显的增强.[结论]PCggpd属于环境胁迫诱导型启动子,高浓度的葡萄糖能诱导PCggpd启动绿色荧光蛋白的高水平表达,这对完善产甘油假丝酵母的遗传背景研究,阐明其高产甘油的机理具有重要意义.     

酵母细胞渗透压调节与甘油代谢

酵母甘油代谢与调控的信息主要来自于酿酒酵母和酿酒酵母细胞对高渗应答的研究。本文综述了酵母细胞非胁迫条件下的甘油合成与分解代谢特征;甘油在酵母细胞渗透压调节过程中的作用与酵母耐高渗机理;增强甘油合成的外环境及其甘油合成的途径工程;以及酵母感受上高渗信息及控制在高渗协迫条件下甘油合成的高渗甘油应答途径。     

ECF-σ^5因子参与阿维链霉菌中阿维菌素合成和环境胁迫的研究北大核心CSCD

【目的】研究阿维链霉菌中ECF-σ^5子对阿维菌素合成、形态分化和环境胁迫的调控,为揭示阿维菌素生物合成的调控机制和ECF-σ因子的调控网络提供依据。【方法】构建sig5基因缺失、回补和过表达菌株,通过形态观察和摇瓶发酵实验初步确定σ^5形态分化、菌体生长和阿维菌素合成的影响。进一步通过RT-q PCR、EMSA和Ch IP实验寻找确定σ^5靶基因,再通过胁迫实验揭示σ^5能参与的胁迫反应。【结果】对sig5相关突变株的摇瓶发酵和形态观察结果表明,σ^5阿维菌素合成具有抑制作用,但不影响菌体生长和形态分化。sig5基因缺失导致阿维菌素生物合成途径特异性正调控基因ave R和结构基因ave A1的转录水平提高,但σ^5不与ave R和ave A1的启动子区结合。σ^5结合在自身基因及附近基因SAV612、SAV615、SAV618的启动子区,正调控这些基因及所在操纵子的表达。胁迫实验暗示σ^5能参与渗透压引起的胁迫反应。【结论】ECF-σ^5子在转录水平间接负调控阿维菌素的合成。     

Candida amazonensis FLP/FRT基因敲除系统的构建及初步验证

【目的】构建一个适用于Candida amazonensis抗性标记可重复使用的FLP/FRT基因敲除系统,并通过敲除C.amazonensis的丙酮酸脱羧酶基因(Pyruvate decarboxylase,PDC)对该系统进行初步验证。【方法】以gfpm(绿色荧光蛋白基因)为报告基因,通过添加相应诱导剂评估Spathaspora passalidarum来源启动子(SpXYLp、SpMAL6p、SpMAL1p、SpGAL1p)和Saccharomyces cerevisiae来源Sc GAL1p启动子在C.amazonensis中的诱导调控性能。选择严格诱导型启动子调控FLP重组酶的表达,并在FLP表达盒和潮霉素(Hygromycin B)抗性标记基因(hphm)两端添加同向重复的FRT位点,以PDC基因作为靶基因构建敲除盒PRFg HRP,转化宿主菌C.amazonensis CBS 12363,筛选得到阳性转化子后,通过添加诱导剂,表达FLP重组酶,实现FRT位点间片段切除。【结果】诱导调控实验表明启动子SpGAL1p(受半乳糖诱导)和SpMAL1p(受麦芽糖诱导)是适用于C.amazonensis的严格诱导型启动子。以SpGAL1p调控FLP基因表达,构建的敲除盒PRFg HRP成功转化宿主菌,获得阳性转化子C.amazonensis PDC01,通过添加半乳糖诱导,成功切除基因组中FLP表达盒和抗性标记盒,获得突变株C.amazonensis PDC02。【结论】首次建立了一个适用于C.amazonensis抗性标记可重复使用的FLP/FRT基因敲除系统,并利用该系统成功敲除了C.amazonensis内的PDC基因,为进一步利用代谢工程改造C.amazonensis酵母奠定了良好基础。     

假单胞菌H78中全局调控蛋白Crc对Plt生物合成及其基因表达的调控

【目的】研究Pseudomonas protegens H78中全局调控蛋白Crc对藤黄绿菌素(Pyoluteorin,Plt)生物合成及其基因表达的调控。【方法】通过同源重组方法无痕敲除crc基因,并将H78Δcrc突变株与H78野生株在KMB培养基中发酵测定Plt产量;采用lac Z报告分析研究Crc对plt合成基因表达的调控。【结果】突变株H78Δcrc的Plt产量显著下降;Crc在整体水平、转录水平及转录后水平均正调控plt合成基因的表达。【结论】全局调控因子Crc对Plt合成及基因表达表现为正调控作用。     

酵母细胞渗透压调节与甘油代谢

酵母甘油代谢与调控的信息主要来自于酿酒酵母和酿酒酵母细胞对高渗应答的研究。本文综述了酵母细胞非协迫条件下的甘油合成与分解代谢特征;甘油在酵母细胞渗透压调节过程中的作用与酵母耐高渗机理;增强甘油合成的外环境及其甘油合成的途径工程;以及酵母感受胞外高渗信息及控制在高渗协迫条件下甘油合成的高渗甘油应答途径。     

MvaT调控铜绿假单胞菌吩嗪的合成机制

【背景】属于H-NS家族的MvaT转录因子参与了铜绿假单胞菌的许多重要代谢过程,如吩嗪合成代谢,但其调控方式仍不十分明确。【目的】确定转录调控因子MvaT是否直接调控铜绿假单胞菌的吩嗪合成过程,即该蛋白是否可以直接结合2个吩嗪-1-羧酸合成基因簇(phzA1G1和phzA2G2)与3个分支转化基因(phzH、phzS和phzM)的上游启动子区域。【方法】以铜绿假单胞菌SJTD-1和其mvaT基因敲除突变株SJTD-1(ΔmvaT)为研究对象,检测其在不同培养基条件下吩嗪化合物的合成量差异。通过体外异源表达与亲和纯化,获得重组蛋白MvaT。利用凝胶阻滞实验,确定MvaT重组蛋白对5个吩嗪代谢基因簇/基因上游启动子的结合情况。【结果】mvaT基因敲除突变株SJTD-1(ΔmvaT)的吩嗪产量较野生型显著提升。MvaT重组蛋白被有效表达与纯化,体外凝胶阻滞实验结果显示,该重组蛋白可与phzA1G1、phzA2G2、phzM、phzS和phzH的上游启动子区域均发生特异性结合。其中,重组蛋白MvaT与phzA1G1和phzA2G2的结合区域位于其上游启动子的200 bp以内,而该蛋白与phzM、phzS和phzH的结合区域则位于其上游启动子的100 bp以内。【结论】MvaT蛋白通过直接结合吩嗪合成代谢基因的上游启动子区域来直接调控假单胞菌的吩嗪类化合物合成。     

Cloning and characterization of a NAD+-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene from Candida glycerinogenes, an industrial glycerol producer

The osmotolerant yeast Candida glycerinogenes produces glycerol as a major metabolite on an industrial scale, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. We cloned and characterized a 4900-bp genomic fragment containing the CgGPD gene encoding a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase homologous to GPD genes in other yeasts using degenerate primers in conjunction with inverse PCR. Sequence analysis revealed a 1167-bp open reading frame encoding a putative peptide of 388 deduced amino acids with a molecular mass of 42 695 Da. The CgGPD gene consisted of an N-terminal NAD⁺-binding domain and a central catalytic domain, whereas seven stress response elements were found in the upstream region. Functional analysis revealed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae gpd1 Δ and gpd1 Δ/ gpd2 Δ osmosensitive mutants transformed with CgGPD were restored to the wild-type phenotype when cultured in high osmolarity media, suggesting that it is a functional GPD protein. Transformants also accumulated glycerol intracellularly and GPD-specific activity increased significantly when stressed with NaCl, whereas the S. cerevisiae mutants transformed with the empty plasmid showed only slight increases. The full-length CgGPD gene sequence including upstream and downstream regions has been deposited in GenBank under accession no. EU186536 .     

Cloning and characterization of a NAD+-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene from Candida glycerinogenes, an industrial glycerol producer.

The osmotolerant yeast Candida glycerinogenes produces glycerol as a major metabolite on an industrial scale, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. We cloned and characterized a 4900-bp genomic fragment containing the CgGPD gene encoding a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase homologous to GPD genes in other yeasts using degenerate primers in conjunction with inverse PCR. Sequence analysis revealed a 1167-bp open reading frame encoding a putative peptide of 388 deduced amino acids with a molecular mass of 42 695 Da. The CgGPD gene consisted of an N-terminal NAD(+)-binding domain and a central catalytic domain, whereas seven stress response elements were found in the upstream region. Functional analysis revealed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae gpd1Delta and gpd1Delta/gpd2Delta osmosensitive mutants transformed with CgGPD were restored to the wild-type phenotype when cultured in high osmolarity media, suggesting that it is a functional GPD protein. Transformants also accumulated glycerol intracellularly and GPD-specific activity increased significantly when stressed with NaCl, whereas the S. cerevisiae mutants transformed with the empty plasmid showed only slight increases. The full-length CgGPD gene sequence including upstream and downstream regions has been deposited in GenBank under accession no. EU186536.     

产甘油假丝酵母甘油合成关键酶编码基因的克隆

产甘油假丝酵母(Candida glycerinogenes)作为优良的甘油生产菌株已经成功应用于工业化生产。但相对于酿酒酵母, 该菌株的耐高渗机理和甘油代谢的分子机制还不甚清楚。本文根据已公布的3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶基因的序列信息, 设计出一组寡核苷酸, 再运用简并PCR结合反向PCR技术从C. glycerinogenes的基因组DNA中获得了4 900 bp的核苷酸序列, 递交GenBank (No. EU186536)。该序列包含完整的编码胞浆3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶编码基因(CgGPD)开放阅读框及其上、下游调控序列。1 167 bp的开放阅读框编码388个氨基酸残基的蛋白。所演绎出氨基酸序列分析比对结果表明该基因产物的序列具有典型的胞浆3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶结构特征, 但与已鉴定的相关基因存在中等程度的同源性并在相应的辅酶催化位点和底物结合位点区域具有高度的保守性, 在氨基酸水平上与安格斯毕赤酵母的相似性最高, 达到70.9%。该基因在Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303A中异源表达能够显著提高细胞的甘油合成能力。     

GPD1, which encodes glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, is essential for growth under osmotic stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and its expression is regulated by the high-osmolarity glycerol response pathway.

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae responds to osmotic stress, i.e., an increase in osmolarity of the growth medium, by enhanced production and intracellular accumulation of glycerol as a compatible solute. We have cloned a gene encoding the key enzyme of glycerol synthesis, the NADH-dependent cytosolic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and we named it GPD1. gpd1 delta mutants produced very little glycerol, and they were sensitive to osmotic stress. Thus, glycerol production is indeed essential for the growth of yeast cells during reduced water availability. hog1 delta mutants lacking a protein kinase involved in osmostress-induced signal transduction (the high-osmolarity glycerol response [HOG] pathway) failed to increase glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and mRNA levels when osmotic stress was imposed. Thus, expression of GPD1 is regulated through the HOG pathway. However, there may be Hog1-independent mechanisms mediating osmostress-induced glycerol accumulation, since a hog1 delta strain could still enhance its glycerol content, although less than the wild type. hog1 delta mutants are more sensitive to osmotic stress than isogenic gpd1 delta strains, and gpd1 delta hog1 delta double mutants are even more sensitive than either single mutant. Thus, the HOG pathway most probably has additional targets in the mechanism of adaptation to hypertonic medium.     

Minimization of glycerol synthesis in industrial ethanol yeast without influencing its fermentation performance

To synthesize glycerol, a major by-product during anaerobic production of ethanol, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae would consume up to 4% of the sugar feedstock in typical industrial ethanol processes. The present study was dedicated to decreasing the glycerol production mostly in industrial ethanol producing yeast without affecting its desirable fermentation properties including high osmotic and ethanol tolerance, natural robustness in industrial processes. In the present study, the GPD1 gene, encoding NAD+-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in an industrial ethanol producing strain of S. cerevisiae, was deleted. Simultaneously, a non-phosphorylating NADP+-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPN) from Bacillus cereus was expressed in the mutant deletion of GPD1. Although the resultant strain AG1A (gpd1△ P(PGK)-gapN) exhibited a 48.7±0.3% (relative to the amount of substrate consumed) lower glycerol yield and a 7.6±0.1% (relative to the amount of substrate consumed) higher ethanol yield compared to the wild-type strain, it was sensitive to osmotic stress and failed to ferment on 25% glucose. However, when trehalose synthesis genes TPS1 and TPS2 were over-expressed in the above recombinant strain AG1A, its high osmotic stress tolerance was not only restored but also improved. In addition, this new recombinant yeast strain displayed further reduced glycerol yield, indistinguishable maximum specific growth rate (μ(max)) and fermentation ability compared to the wild type in anaerobic batch fermentations. This study provides a promising strategy to improve ethanol yields by minimization of glycerol production.     

Osmoregulation of fission yeast: cloning of two distinct genes encoding glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, one of which is responsible for osmotolerance for growth

Many types of microorganisms, including both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, have developed mechanisms to adapt to severe osmotic stress. In this study, we isolated multicopy suppressor genes for a Schizosaccharomyces pombe mutant, which exhibited the clear phenotype of being osmosensitive for growth (Osm^s) on agar plates containing high concentrations of either non-ionic or ionic osmotic solutes. Two genes were thus identified, and each was suggested to encode an NADH-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD), which is required for glycerol synthesis. The nucleotide sequences, determined for these genes (named gpd1 ⁺ and gpd2 ⁺, respectively), revealed that S. pombe has two distinct GPD isozymes. They are only 60% identical to each other in their amino acid sequences. One such isozyme, GPD1, was shown to be directly involved in osmoregulation, based on the following observations. (i) Expression of gpd1 ⁺ was regulated at the mRNA level in response to osmotic upshift, (ii) It was demonstrated that wild-type cells markedly accumulated internal glycerol under high-osmolarity growth conditions. (iii) Δ gpd1 mutants, however, failed to do so even in a high-osmolarity medium, and thus exhibited an Osm^s phenotype. On the other hand, the gpd2 ⁺ gene was constitutively expressed at a particular low level, regardless of the osmolarity of the medium.     

产甘油假丝酵母胞浆3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶编码基因的克隆

当酵母细胞处于高渗压环境时,甘油被诱导合成以提高其胞内渗透压,这一过程受ＨＯＧ途径的调控。ＧＰＤ１基因为ＨＯＧ途径的重要靶基因,高效表达使胞内３磷酸甘油脱氢酶酶活水平提高可极大地提高甘油的产量。本研究将产甘油假丝酵母（Ｃａｎｄｉｄａｇｌｙｃｅｒｏｌｏｇｅｎｅｓｉｓ）染色体ＤＮＡ经Ｓａｕ３ＡＩ部分酶解后的５～１０ｋｂＤＮＡ片段与经ＢａｍＨＩ线性化及ＣＩＰ处理过的酵母大肠杆菌穿梭质粒ＹＥｐ５１连接,以大肠杆菌ＤＨ５α为受体,构建产甘油假丝酵母的染色体基因文库。通过遗传互补法,在含５０ｇ／Ｌ氯化钠的培养基上筛选出１５个转化子,对转化子０６０１进行了进一步鉴定,转化子０６０１所含质粒ＹＥｐ０６０１带有ＹＥｐ５１的标记并可以消除Ｓａｃｃｂａｒｏｍｙｃｅｓｃｅｒｅｖｉｓｉａｅ６４２菌株由于其ＧＰＤ１,ＧＰＤ２两基因的缺失突变而表现出的渗透压敏感性,表明已克隆到产甘油假丝酵母的编码胞浆３磷酸甘油脱氢酶的基因