小叶锦鸡儿幼苗非结构性碳水化合物积累及分配对干旱胁迫的响应

以2年生小叶锦鸡儿幼苗为研究对象,采用盆栽控水法,设置适宜水分、轻度、中度和重度胁迫处理(即田间持水量的80%、60%、40%和20%),探讨小叶锦鸡儿幼苗在干旱胁迫历时15、30、45和60 d各器官非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)的响应规律。结果表明:不同干旱胁迫处理程度与时间对小叶锦鸡儿幼苗叶片、茎、粗根和细根可溶性糖、淀粉及总NSC含量均具有显著交互作用。轻度胁迫下,各器官可溶性糖、淀粉及总NSC含量在胁迫30 d时均显著低于适宜水分处理,细根可溶性糖和粗根淀粉含量在胁迫60 d时显著高于适宜水分处理。中度胁迫下,随着胁迫时间延长,茎和粗根可溶性糖含量先低于适宜水分处理,而后逐渐增加;与轻度胁迫处理相比,叶片、茎和细根可溶性糖含量增加,茎和粗根淀粉含量降低。重度胁迫下,各器官淀粉含量在胁迫15 d时显著低于适宜水分处理;在胁迫60d时显著高于适宜水分处理。以上结果说明,小叶锦鸡儿幼苗通过调整各器官NSC积累及分配应对不同干旱环境。     

蒙古莸幼苗干旱致死过程中非结构性碳水化合物的变化

以一年生蒙古莸幼苗为对象,设置适宜水分、慢速干旱致死和快速干旱致死3个处理,研究不同干旱强度致死下蒙古莸幼苗各器官中非结构性碳水化合物(NSC,包括可溶性糖和淀粉)的含量变化及其分配规律.结果表明:慢速干旱致死胁迫下各器官可溶性糖含量与适宜水分组无显著差异.随时间的推移,茎可溶性糖含量先增加后减少,淀粉和NSC含量增加;粗根可溶性糖含量减少,淀粉和NSC含量增加;叶可溶性糖含量增加,淀粉和NSC含量减少.致死时(80 d),叶、茎、粗根和细根的NSC含量分别为6.2%、7.8%、8.3%和7.4%.快速干旱致死胁迫下,各器官可溶性糖含量均高于适宜水分处理组,而淀粉和NSC含量均低于适宜水分组.随时间的推移,根可溶性糖含量下降,淀粉和NSC含量上升;茎可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC含量均上升;叶可溶性糖含量上升,淀粉和NSC含量下降.致死时(30 d),叶、茎、粗根和细根的NSC含量分别为5.9%、6.6%、8.9%和7.7%.应对不同的干旱致死情况,蒙古莸幼苗各器官间非结构性碳水化合物呈现出不同的动态变化.在慢速干旱致死胁迫下,NSC优先为维持各器官生理代谢活动提供能量;而在快速干旱致死下,NSC主要以可溶性糖形式维持植物代谢,调节渗透势,促进吸水,应对急剧的干旱胁迫.     

油松幼苗非结构性碳水化合物对干旱胁迫的阶段性响应

为探讨干旱胁迫对油松非结构性碳水化合物（NSC）的影响及其响应机制,以2年生油松幼苗为对象,设置适宜水分、轻度、中度和重度干旱胁迫处理（即80%、60%、40%和20%田间持水量）,比较幼苗在不同胁迫时间（15、30、45和60 d）各器官NSC含量的变化规律。结果表明：不同干旱胁迫处理程度与时间对油松幼苗当年生叶、1年生叶、茎、粗根和细根的可溶性糖、淀粉及总NSC含量均具有显著交互作用。干旱胁迫15 d时,当年生叶NSC含量在干旱胁迫处理显著低于适宜水分处理,细根NSC含量在轻度和重度胁迫处理显著高于适宜水分处理。干旱胁迫45 d时,随着胁迫程度增加,当年生叶、1年生叶、茎、粗根和细根淀粉含量均呈增加趋势。干旱胁迫60 d时,随着胁迫程度增加,细根淀粉含量呈下降趋势,细根可溶性糖及NSC含量在胁迫处理显著低于适宜水分处理。综上所述,油松幼苗胁迫初期,NSC优先供给细根以促进吸收水分,而长期胁迫,将导致NSC向下运输受阻,根系生长和吸收功能下降。这种NSC对干旱胁迫阶段性响应策略的揭示为东北地区油松幼苗造林最佳时间选择及水分管理提供数据支持。     

干旱-高钙对麻栎幼苗非结构性碳水化合物含量和分配的影响

土壤高钙胁迫是干旱-半干旱区影响树木生长的重要环境因子,为阐明干旱-高钙对树木非结构性碳水化合物(Non-structural carbohydrate,NSC)的含量和分配的影响,以麻栎幼苗为研究对象,阐明干旱和干旱-高钙条件对其生长、光合特征及非结构碳水化合物含量与分配的影响。结果表明:干旱显著降低麻栎幼苗生物量,而干旱-高钙处理较干旱进一步降低了麻栎生物量;干旱-高钙在处理初期就能显著抑制麻栎幼苗净光合速率,处理3个月后干旱和干旱-高钙处理的麻栎幼苗光合速率均显著低于对照;干旱处理麻栎幼苗平均非结构性碳水化合物含量增加19.90%,干旱-高钙处理麻栎幼苗整株的平均NSC含量则显著降低25.62%;干旱和干旱-高钙对麻栎幼苗NSC在不同器官间分配也产生不同影响,干旱条件下麻栎幼苗茎中NSC含量增加最多,较对照增加了52.34%,且淀粉的增高幅度(61.94%)高于可溶性糖(25.53%),干旱、高钙共同作用下麻栎幼苗全株平均NSC含量显著减少的同时,NSC积累在叶中,叶NSC含量显著提高32.31%,根、茎中NSC含量则分别显著降低了49.38%和35.31%。干旱-高钙胁迫降低麻栎幼苗NSC含量,且会减少NSC向枝干和根系分配。     

水分胁迫对杨树幼苗非结构性碳水化合物分配的影响

以1年生杨树幼苗为对象,采用盆栽控水法,设置适宜水分、轻度、中度和重度干旱胁迫处理,研究杨树幼苗叶、茎和根在处理15、30、45和60 d时非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)的变化。结果表明:与适宜水分处理相比,随着水分处理时间延长,水分胁迫导致杨树幼苗叶和茎的可溶性糖及NSC含量先增加后减少;根可溶性糖及NSC含量在轻度和中度胁迫处理呈下降趋势,在重度胁迫处理先增加后减少;叶淀粉含量在轻度胁迫处理先增加后降低,在中度和重度胁迫处理先减少后升高。水分处理45 d后,水分胁迫导致茎和根的淀粉及NSC含量显著下降。水分处理60 d时,NSC含量在各器官的下降率表现为根茎叶,淀粉含量下降率大于NSC含量。可溶性糖含量主要在叶中下降,在枝和根中保持稳定。水分胁迫导致杨树幼苗NSC储量降低,易遭受环境胁迫而导致死亡。     

干旱胁迫下红砂幼苗非结构性碳水化合物动态变化特征

该试验以荒漠区主要建群种红砂幼苗为研究对象,设置适宜水分(CK)、轻度干旱(MD)、中度干旱(SD)和重度干旱(VSD)4个胁迫处理(即田间持水量的80%、60%、40%和20%),采用盆栽控水试验,分别测定干旱胁迫15、30、45和60 d时红砂幼苗的叶、茎、粗根和细根中非结构碳水化合物(NSC)及其组分的含量,分析不同胁迫强度下不同干旱持续时间红砂幼苗NSC的动态变化及各组分差异,以揭示红砂NSC对干旱胁迫的响应机制。结果表明:(1)干旱胁迫强度和胁迫持续时间对红砂幼苗不同器官NSC及其组分均有显著影响,其中胁迫持续时间对NSC动态变化的影响尤为显著。(2)干旱胁迫初期,红砂叶中的NSC含量呈下降趋势,而茎中的NSC含量呈上升趋势,粗根和细根中NSC含量在各胁迫处理下基本保持稳定。(3)干旱胁迫后期,红砂叶和茎中的可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC含量逐渐增加,而粗根和细根中的淀粉和NSC含量呈下降趋势(中度干旱除外),且这一时期重度干旱处理下各器官可溶性糖和NSC的含量明显高于CK。研究发现,重度干旱胁迫能显著诱导提高红砂幼苗不同器官中的NSC含量,并通过分解根中淀粉和增加叶片中可溶性糖含量的方式来调节细胞渗透势平衡,以维持细胞活力,进而保持红砂在干旱胁迫后期的存活。     

干旱胁迫下接种丛枝菌根真菌对七子花非结构性碳水化合物积累及C、N、P化学计量特征的影响

以濒危植物七子花二年生幼苗为研究材料,采用盆栽试验方法,研究干旱胁迫和接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)处理对幼苗不同器官C、N、P化学计量关系和非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)含量的影响。试验共设计4个处理:对照(CK)、干旱胁迫(D)、接种AMF(AMF)、干旱胁迫和接种AMF(D+AMF)。结果表明: 在干旱胁迫下七子花根系AMF的侵染率显著下降,但接种AMF处理植株的株高、叶片数显著高于未接种处理。接种AMF显著提高了干旱胁迫下植株根、叶可溶性糖和NSC含量及茎、叶淀粉含量,且茎和叶可溶性糖与淀粉比显著下降。干旱胁迫导致植株C含量在根和叶中显著增加,P含量在茎中显著减少;与干旱胁迫相比,胁迫下接种AMF植株根、茎、叶P含量及叶C含量显著提高,而根C、N含量及茎C含量显著降低。胁迫下接种AMF植株根、茎C∶N、C∶P、N∶P和叶N∶P均显著低于单一胁迫处理。NSC与C∶N∶P计量比的相关性分析表明,根、叶P含量与可溶性糖和NSC含量呈显著正相关,茎P含量与淀粉和NSC含量呈显著正相关,各器官N∶P与NSC含量呈显著负相关。综上,干旱胁迫显著抑制了七子花幼苗的生长,接种AMF通过提高植株根和叶的可溶性糖含量、根的可溶性糖/淀粉,增加地上部分淀粉含量,促进P元素吸收和降低各器官N∶P来增强植株耐旱性,从而提高七子花幼苗在干旱环境中的存活率。     

沙地樟子松幼苗干旱致死过程中非结构性碳水化合物的变化

以2年生沙地樟子松幼苗为对象,通过持续自然干旱处理,研究当土壤含水量下降到田间持水量的60%、40%、30%、20%和15%时幼苗叶片水势及不同器官(一年生叶、当年生叶、茎、粗根和细根)的可溶性糖、淀粉和非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)的含量,分析沙地樟子松幼苗在干旱致死过程中各器官NSC的分配规律及其适应机制.结果表明: 土壤含水量从田间持水量的40%下降到15%,幼苗叶片凌晨及正午水势无显著变化.当土壤含水量从田间持水量的60%下降到30%,各器官可溶性糖、淀粉、NSC含量和可溶性糖/淀粉先下降后上升.从30%下降到20%,当年生叶、一年生叶、茎和细根可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC含量降低,而粗根可溶性糖含量增加,淀粉和NSC含量减少.从20%下降到15%,当年生叶、一年生叶和茎可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC含量降低,粗根可溶性糖和NSC含量下降,淀粉含量上升,细根可溶性糖含量减少,淀粉和NSC含量增加.沙地樟子松幼苗通过不断调整各器官NSC及其组分含量变化以适应不同干旱环境,土壤含水量下降到田间持水量的30%后,幼苗可溶性糖和NSC含量总体呈下降趋势,淀粉在粗根和细根中积累,幼苗可能因碳耗竭而死亡.     

岳桦幼苗光合特性和非结构性碳水化合物积累对干旱胁迫的响应

以长白山林线树种岳桦为对象,利用生长控制试验进行干旱处理,研究干旱对岳桦幼苗光合特性及非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)积累的影响。结果表明:干旱显著降低了岳桦幼苗的净光合速率和气孔导度,提高了其水分利用效率;干旱显著增加了岳桦幼苗叶、皮、干和根中的可溶性糖和总NSC的含量,但显著降低了淀粉含量;随着干旱的持续,叶片的气孔导度、光合速率和瞬时水分利用效率迅速降低,而可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC则是先增后减;在试验末期,叶片90%发黄,岳桦幼苗干、皮和根中可溶性糖与淀粉含量的比值均显著高于对照。这表明岳桦在受到干旱胁迫时,迅速降低气孔导度以减少水分散失,提高水分利用效率,它属于避旱型植物;岳桦通过优先储存策略来提高组织器官中可溶性糖含量、增加淀粉与糖之间的转化率来应对水分亏缺的不利环境;在遭受持续干旱,幼苗面临死亡的时候,干旱胁迫可能超过了植物自我调节的阈值,但此时其组织器官中NSC含量并未降低,这说明岳桦最终的死亡可能不是碳饥饿导致的。     

氮添加与降雨变化对红砂幼苗非结构性碳水化合物的影响

非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)在植物体内的含量及分配对植物生长和存活至关重要。开展氮沉降和降雨变化对幼苗NSC影响的研究,为揭示干旱导致幼苗死亡机理及预测气候变化背景下幼苗自然更新及培育提供依据。本研究以1年生红砂幼苗为对象,测定了不同降雨(降雨减少(W-)、自然降水(W)和降雨增多(W+))和氮添加(N0(0 g N·m^-2·a^-1)、N1(4.6 g N·m^-2·a^-1)、N2(9.2 g N·m^-2·a^-1)、N3(13.8 g N·m^-2·a^-1))条件下红砂幼苗各器官NSC及其组分含量。结果表明:红砂幼苗各器官NSC含量为28.8~71.8mg·g-1,叶片含量最高,茎含量最低。氮添加和降雨变化对红砂幼苗叶片和根系淀粉及总NSC含量有显著影响,而对茎无显著影响。各降雨条件下,氮添加均促进了红砂幼苗叶片淀粉和总NSC累积,在降雨增加30%的条件下氮的促进效应更显著,中高氮(N2和N3)叶片淀粉与总NSC含量显著高于低氮水平(N1和N0);在低氮降雨减少30%(N1W-)处理下,红砂叶片淀粉和NSC含量最小,而根系淀粉和NSC含量最大,即低氮干旱胁迫下红砂可通过NSC在不同器官的重新分配来适应胁迫环境。在自然降雨和降雨增加30%情况下,根系淀粉和NSC的含量随氮添加的增加而减小,且中高氮处理(N2和N3)显著低于对照(N0)。可见,叶片是红砂NSC的源,氮添加会促进红砂幼苗叶片NSC的累积,且这种促进效应与水分紧密相关,在降水增加情况下其效应更显著;而过量的氮添加会抑制根系NSC含量的积累,在低氮干旱胁迫下红砂也可通过叶片NSC向根系转移来适应逆境胁迫。     

不同植物对黄顶菊根际土壤微生物和土壤养分的影响

[目的] 不同植物对外来入侵植物的抵御能力不同,研究不同植物对入侵植物根际土壤生态的影响可为筛选入侵植物的竞争替代植物提供科学依据。[方法] 利用同质园试验,以入侵植物黄顶菊为研究对象,设置黄顶菊单种、黄顶菊与不同植物（地肤、苘麻、苏丹草、反枝苋）混种处理,采用磷脂脂肪酸分析方法来研究不同植物对黄顶菊根际土壤微生物群落结构的影响,并结合土壤养分的变化探究不同植物对黄顶菊根际土壤生态的影响。[结果] 与黄顶菊单种相比,地肤和苘麻降低了黄顶菊根际微生物的总含量,改变了黄顶菊根际微生物群落结构。地肤、苘麻能竞争性抑制黄顶菊对铵态氮的吸收,从而抑制黄顶菊的生长。[结论] 不同植物的抵御能力与其土壤生态有关,替代植物通过改变黄顶菊根际土壤微生物,抑制黄顶菊对氮的吸收,从而抑制黄顶菊的生长,实现对黄顶菊的替代控制。     

产胞外多糖菌株的分离鉴定及其功能研究

微生物产生的胞外多糖(exopolysaccharides, EPS)可促进大粒径土壤团聚体形成,高产EPS的菌株在土壤改良、促进作物生长方面具有较好的应用前景。【目的】从土壤样品中筛选高产胞外多糖的细菌,研究其在土壤改良、环境适应性、广谱抗病等方面的功能,为制备土壤改良型功能菌剂提供候选菌株。【方法】采用蒽酮硫酸法测定菌株胞外多糖的产量,通过形态学观察、生理生化试验及16S rRNA基因序列测定确定其分类地位,结合土壤培养试验研究菌株对土壤团聚体形成的影响。【结果】获得3株胞外多糖产量大于500 mg/L的细菌,经鉴定A-5为地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis),XJ-3为萎缩芽孢杆菌(Bacillus atrophaeus),KW3-10为耐盐芽孢杆菌(Bacillus halotolerans)。菌株A-5、XJ-3、KW3-10处理后,土壤大团聚体(>0.25 mm)含量较对照分别提高了4.07、2.14和3.16倍。3株菌株对疮痂链霉菌(Streptomyces scabies)、尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、茄链格孢菌(Alternaria solani)和立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)等多种植物病原菌具有明显的抑制效果,可耐受pH为5-9和NaCl含量1%‒9%的盐碱环境,促进植物生长,其中KW3-10的代谢产物中IAA含量为25.58 mg/L。【结论】菌株A-5、XJ-3、KW3-10可显著促进土壤团粒结构形成,具有较好的广谱抗病性和促生长特性,可作为高效复合功能菌剂的候选菌株。     

Investigations into the exploitation of heterogeneous soils by Lupinus albus L. and L. pilosus Murr. and the effect upon plant growth

In calcareous soils, genotypes of Lupinus albus L. generally grow poorly, resulting in stunted plants that often develop lime-induced chlorosis. In contrast, some genotypes of L. pilosus Murr. occur naturally in calcareous soils without developing any visible symptoms of stress. Some genotypic variation for tolerance to calcareous soil does exist in L. albus and the tolerance mechanisms need to be determined. The adaptation through root system morphological plasticity of L. albus and L. pilosus, to heterogeneous limed soil profiles (pH 7.8) containing either patches of acid (non-limed) soil, or vertically split between acid and limed soil, was investigated. When grown in the presence of patches of acid soil, L. albus had a 52% greater shoot dry weight and visibly greener leaves compared with plants grown in the homogeneous limed soil. Total root dry matter in the acid-soil patches was greater than in the control limed-soil patches. This was due to a four-fold increase in the cluster root mass, accounting for 95% of the root dry matter in the acid-soil patch. Although these cluster roots secreted no more citric acid per unit mass than those in the limed soil did, their greater mass resulted in a higher citrate concentration in the surrounding soil. L. pilosus responded to the patches of acid soil in a manner comparable with L. albus. When grown in the homogeneous limed soil, L. pilosus had a greater maximum net CO₂ assimilation rate (P_max) than L. albus, however, the P_max of both species increased after they had accessed a patch of acid soil. Differences were apparent between the L. albus genotypes grown in soil profiles split vertically into limed and acid soil. A genotype by soil interaction occurred in the partitioning between soils of the cluster roots. The genotype La 674 was comparable with L. pilosus and produced over 11% of its cluster roots in the limed soil, whereas the other genotypes produced only 1–3% of their cluster roots in the limed soil. These results indicate L. pilosus is better adapted to the limed soil than L. albus, but that both species respond to a heterogeneous soil by producing mainly cluster roots in an acid-soil patch. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

微地形对大西沟新疆野杏萌发层土壤因子的影响

野杏是新疆野果林的主要建群种和种质资源树种。野杏在种子萌发成苗期,幼苗的根系主要分布在0—15 cm土层中。为了阐明坡向、坡位、坡度和坡形等微地形因子对野杏种子萌发层土壤特征和养分分布的影响,在新疆伊犁州霍城县大西沟的封育野果林内(44°26′01.09″—44°26′17.12″N,80°46′27.49″—80°47′03.26″E)设置样地,测定0—15 cm土层的土壤砾石、酸碱值、有机质和全氮、全磷、全钾、水解性氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,分析各土壤因子和地形因子的关系。结果表明:(1)东北坡土壤养分含量较高,其土壤砾石含量、酸碱值、有机质、全磷、水解性氮和速效钾含量与东南坡、南坡皆存在显著差异(P0.05),阴坡的土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量都高于阳坡,不同坡向的土壤特征和养分分布存在显著差异(P0.05);(2)不同坡位的土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和有效磷含量均表现为中坡位下坡位上坡位,土壤砾石、全钾和速效钾含量均呈现上坡位中坡位下坡位,全钾、全磷和有效磷含量在同坡位分布较均匀,不同坡位的土壤特征和土壤养分分布无显著差异(P0.05);(3)不同坡度下的土壤水解性氮和有效磷含量是缓坡中坡缓中坡陡坡,土壤砾石、酸碱值、全氮、水解性氮、有效磷和速效钾含量有显著差异(P0.05),陡坡土壤有机质、全氮、水解性氮和有效磷含量均低于其他坡度,而土壤砾石、土壤酸碱值和全钾在陡坡土层中含量最高,缓坡与缓中坡的土壤养分含量丰富,陡坡较为贫瘠,坡度对土壤特征和土壤养分分布有显著影响(P0.05);(4)不同坡形下的土壤砾石、全钾、水解性氮、有效磷和速效钾含量是凸形坡凹形坡直线坡,不同坡形下的土壤特征和土壤养分(除全钾和速效钾)均存在显著差异性(P0.05)。野果林地形因子对野杏萌发层土壤特征和土壤养分分布有显著影响,东北坡、中坡位、缓坡和凸形坡土壤养分含量较为丰富,是适宜野杏萌发的地形。研究结果可为探究影响野杏种子萌发和生长的气候与土壤水热等因子奠定良好基础。     

pH buffering in acidic soils developed under Picea abies and Quercus robur – effects of soil organic matter, adsorbed cations and soil solution ionic strength

Soil solution chemistry, soil acidity andcomposition of adsorbed cations were determinedin two soil profiles developed under a mixedspruce (Picea abies and Piceasitchensis) stand and in one soil profiledeveloped under an oak (Quercus robur)stand. Soils under spruce were classified asSpodosols and soils under oak were classifiedas Inceptisols. All profiles were developed inthe same parent material; a Saahlian sandy tillcontaining less than 2% clay. In the mineralsoil, the contribution from mineral surfaces tothe total cation-exchange capacity (CEC_t)was estimated to be less than 3%. Soilsolution pH and the percent base saturation ofCEC_t [%BS = 100 (2Ca + 2Mg + Na + K)CEC_t ^–1] were substantially lower inthe upper 35–40 cm of the two Spodosols, ascompared to the Inceptisol. The total amount ofsoil adsorbed base cations (BC) did not differamong the three profiles on an area basis downto 1 m soil depth. Thus, soil acidification ofCEC_t due to net losses of BC could notexplain differences in soil pH and %BS amongthe soil profiles. A weak acid analogue, takingthe pH-effect of metal complexation intoconsideration, combined with soil solutionionic strength as a covariate, could describeboth the pH variation by depth within soilprofiles and pH differences between theInceptisol and the two Spodosol profiles. Ourresults confirm and extend earlier findingsfrom O and E horizons of Spodosols that theextent to which organic acid groups react withAl minerals to form Al-SOM complexes is a majorpH-buffering process in acidic forest soils. Wesuggest that an increasing Al-saturation of SOMis the major reason for the widely observed pHincrease by depth in acidic forest soils with apH less than approximately 4.5. Our resultsstrongly imply that changes in mass of SOM, theionic strength in soil solution and therelative composition of soil adsorbed Al and Hneed to be considered when the causality behindchanges in pH and base saturation isinvestigated.     

模拟降水减少对中亚热带杉木人工林土壤甲烷吸收的影响

森林土壤是大气中甲烷重要的汇,降水变化是影响森林土壤甲烷吸收速率(V_(CH_4))的重要因子。以中亚热带地区不同降水减少程度的杉木林土壤为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法来测定不同模拟降水减少处理样地的土壤甲烷吸收速率。结果表明:模拟降水减少后显著改变了土壤中的含水量,降水减少60%、降水减少20%和对照样地的年均土壤含水量分别为18.87%、23.89%和28.33%。杉木人工林土壤甲烷吸收速率在月变化上存在较大幅度的波动,其中土壤甲烷吸收速率在8月份达到一年中的最大值(对照75μg m~(-2) h~(-1)),2月份达到一年中的最小值(对照10.93μg m~(-2) h~(-1))。3种处理样地的土壤全年均为甲烷汇,与对照样地的甲烷年通量(2.48 kg hm~(-2) a~(-1))相比,降水减少60%和20%样地的甲烷年通量分别增加44%和19%。在对照样地中,土壤甲烷吸收速率与土壤含水量呈现负相关(P=0.001),与温度相关性不显著(P0.05);而模拟降水减少后,土壤甲烷吸收速率与土壤温度呈正相关关系(P=0.006和P=0.034),与土壤含水量相关性不显著(P0.05)。总之,模拟降水减少后不仅提高了杉木人工林土壤甲烷吸收的能力,同时也可能改变影响土壤甲烷吸收的环境因子;在模拟降水减少前土壤甲烷吸收速率与土壤水分相关性更为密切,而模拟降水减少后土壤甲烷吸收速率可能主要受土壤温度的影响。     

高原鼢鼠干扰下高寒草甸大型土壤动物多样性对环境因子的响应

为研究高寒草甸大型土壤动物群落组成和分布对环境因子的响应,选取祁连山东段的甘肃省天祝县高原鼢鼠典型分布区域,以鼠丘密度代表干扰强度设置4个干扰区。调查各干扰区植被群落特征、土壤理化性质、大型土壤动物类群组成及其数量,采用约束性排序方法分析环境因子对大型土壤动物类群组成和分布的影响。结果表明：高原鼢鼠干扰下高寒草甸大型土壤动物优势类群为瓦娄蜗牛科、象甲科和短角亚目幼虫;极重度干扰区大型土壤动物类群的丰度、丰富度、Shannon指数显著高于重度干扰区（P<0.05）;多元回归分析表明大型土壤动物类群丰度、丰富度和Shannon指数与土壤温度呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,丰富度与土壤含水量呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,丰度与土壤紧实度呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,丰富度和Shannon指数与植物Shannon指数呈显著负相关（P<0.05）;冗余分析和偏冗余分析表明,土壤温度、紧实度和含水量是影响高寒草甸大型土壤动物类群组成和分布的主要环境因子。     

南亚热带马尾松人工林土壤氮矿化对减雨的响应

为预测降水变化对人工林生态系统土壤氮矿化过程的影响,以南亚热带马尾松（Pinus massoniana Lamb.）人工林为研究对象,采用PVC顶盖埋管法,研究穿透雨减少50%和不减雨（对照）下土壤氮矿化特征。铵态氮是南亚热带马尾松人工林无机氮存在的主要形态,土壤氮矿化以氨化作用为主。穿透雨减少显著降低了土壤净硝化速率、土壤含水量、pH、可溶性有机碳含量、过氧化物酶及丛枝菌根真菌饱和脂肪酸,而显著增加了土壤净氨化速率、硝态氮、N-乙酰-葡萄糖苷酶和蛋白酶,但是影响程度因季节和土层而异。土壤净氨化速率与N-乙酰-葡萄糖苷酶呈极显著负相关,土壤含水量是对土壤净硝化速率影响力最大的变量,β-葡萄糖苷酶、真菌饱和脂肪酸及细菌真菌饱和脂肪酸比的影响次之。表明短期降水减少显著改变了马尾松人工林的土壤理化性质、净氨化和硝化速率,这可能会进一步影响其树木生长和养分吸收。     

Soil acidity in relation to groundnut-Bradyrhizobium symbiotic performance

Effects of soil acidity on groundnut-Bradyrhizobium symbiotic performance were studied in a potted, sandy soil in a glasshouse in Zimbabwe. The soil was limed to soil-pH levels of 5.0 and 6.5. Soil acidity negatively affected plant development, measured as leaf area and plant dry weight, while nodulation was enhanced. This acidity-enhanced nodulation was most evident when nodulation was caused by the indigenousBradyrhizobium population. Effects of soil acidity differed between groundnut cultivars andBradyrhizobium spp. strains, the former having greater importance. TwoArachis hypogaea L. Spanish-type cultivars, Falcon and Plover, performed equally well at neutral soil pH, but Falcon was more acid tolerant. Comparison of the symbiotic performance in neutral versus acid soil of twoBradyrhizobium spp. strains, MAR 411 (3G4b20) and MAR 1510 (CB 756), showed that MAR 411 performed superiorly in neutral soil, but MAR 1510 in acid soil. The indigenousBradyrhizobium population was more effective than was inoculation with strains MAR 411 or MAR 1510. Comparison of twelveBradyrhizobium spp. strains for their symbiotic performance in acid soil showed that some strains were totally ineffective under acidity stress (MAR 253, MAR 967 and MAR 1506), while others performed well.Bradyrhizobium spp. strain MAR 1576 (32 H1) ranked highest for nitrogen accumulation, plant dry weight and leaf area, with strains MAR 1555 (TAL 11) and MAR 1510 following closely. Nitrate fertilisation of groundnut plants led to soil alkalinisation, while nitrogen fixation resulted in soil acidification. Soil acidity in combination with soil sterilisation gave rise to symptoms associated with Al and Mn toxicity.     

Soil boron and selenium removal by three plant species

High concentrations of boron (B) and selenium (Se) naturally found in the environment are detrimental to sustainable agriculture in the western USA. Greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to study B and Se uptake in three different plant species; Brassica juncea (L.) Czern (wild brown mustard), Festuca arundinacea Schreb. L. (tall fescue), and Brassica napus (canola) were grown in soil containing naturally occurring concentrations of 3.00 mg extractable B kg^–1 and 1.17 mg total Se kg^–1 soil. During the growing season, four intermediate harvests were performed on wild mustard and tall fescue. Final harvest I consisted of harvesting wild mustard, canola, and clipping tall fescue. Final harvest II consisted of harvesting wild mustard, which had been planted in soil in which wild mustard was previously grown, and harvesting previously clipped tall fescue. The greatest total amount of above ground biomass and below surface biomass was produced by tall fescue. Plants were separated into shoots and roots, weighted, and plant tissues were analyzed for total B and Se. The highest concentrations of tissue B were recovered in shoots of wild mustard and canola at final harvest I, while roots from tall fescue contained the highest concentrations of B irrespective of the harvest. Tissue Se concentrations were similar in all plants species. Soils were analyzed for residual B and Se. Extractable soil B concentrations at harvest times were lowered no less than 32% and total Se no less than 24% for all three species. The planting of wild mustard, canola, or tall fescue can reduce water-extractable B and total Se in the soil.