川西米亚罗林区主要树木生长对气候响应的差异

为分析青藏高原东缘半湿润区不同树种树木生长对气候变化的响应规律,于川西米亚罗林区海拔3000 m左右(低海拔)采集铁杉、岷江冷杉、紫果云杉,海拔4000 m左右林线位置(高海拔)采集岷江冷杉、四川红杉,共计182棵树木年轮样芯,建立了不同树种的树轮宽度年表,对不同树种的年轮指数与各月气候因子进行相关分析.结果表明： 在低海拔处,树木生长与4、5月气温呈负相关,与4、5月降雨呈正相关,受到春季干旱胁迫的影响;但树种之间存在显著差异： 铁杉的生长受春季干旱胁迫影响最严重,岷江冷杉次之,紫果云杉所受影响很小.在高海拔处,树木生长主要受生长季温度的影响,岷江冷杉年轮指数与当年2、7月最低气温呈显著正相关,与上一年10月最高气温亦呈正相关;四川红杉年轮指数与5月最高气温呈显著正相关,但与2月均温、3月最低气温呈显著负相关.近几十年青藏高原东北缘气候有干暖化趋势,如果这种趋势持续发生,低海拔紫果云杉长势将超过铁杉和岷江冷杉;高海拔处的升温更有利于岷江冷杉的生长.     

玉龙雪山不同海拔丽江云杉径向生长对气候变异的响应

为研究滇西北高原树木径向生长与气候关系随海拔的变化规律, 分别在玉龙雪山低、中、高海拔采集丽江云杉(Picea likiangensis)年轮样本, 建立了不同海拔丽江云杉树轮宽度残差年表, 将年轮指数与气候因子进行响应分析、冗余分析以及滑动响应分析。结果表明: 玉龙雪山丽江云杉径向生长受气温和降水共同影响, 但不同海拔径向生长响应模式存在差异。其中当年1-3月降水与不同海拔丽江云杉径向生长均呈显著正相关关系; 当年生长季后期降水与中、低海拔树木生长呈显著负相关关系, 与高海拔树木生长呈显著正相关关系; 中、低海拔树木生长还受当年春季干旱胁迫; 而当年7月气温升高促进高海拔丽江云杉生长。冗余分析与响应分析结果基本一致, 说明冗余分析能够有效量化树轮宽度指数与气候因子的关系。滑动响应分析显示气温和降水在小时间尺度上的变化也会影响树木生长。结合不同海拔丽江云杉生长对气候因子的响应模式及未来气候预测, 玉龙雪山高海拔丽江云杉生长将得到加强, 而中、低海拔丽江云杉生长则表现出不确定性。     

Radial growth responses of Picea likiangensis to climate variabilities at different altitudes in Yulong Snow Mountain,southwest China

为研究滇西北高原树木径向生长与气候关系随海拔的变化规律, 分别在玉龙雪山低、中、高海拔采集丽江云杉(Picea likiangensis)年轮样本, 建立了不同海拔丽江云杉树轮宽度残差年表, 将年轮指数与气候因子进行响应分析、冗余分析以及滑动响应分析。结果表明: 玉龙雪山丽江云杉径向生长受气温和降水共同影响, 但不同海拔径向生长响应模式存在差异。其中当年1-3月降水与不同海拔丽江云杉径向生长均呈显著正相关关系; 当年生长季后期降水与中、低海拔树木生长呈显著负相关关系, 与高海拔树木生长呈显著正相关关系; 中、低海拔树木生长还受当年春季干旱胁迫; 而当年7月气温升高促进高海拔丽江云杉生长。冗余分析与响应分析结果基本一致, 说明冗余分析能够有效量化树轮宽度指数与气候因子的关系。滑动响应分析显示气温和降水在小时间尺度上的变化也会影响树木生长。结合不同海拔丽江云杉生长对气候因子的响应模式及未来气候预测, 玉龙雪山高海拔丽江云杉生长将得到加强, 而中、低海拔丽江云杉生长则表现出不确定性。     

升温突变对川西马尔康树木生长的影响

以采自川西马尔康林区的岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)和岷江柏(Cupressus chengiana)树轮为研究对象,对树轮指数与气候要素进行相关分析,研究1995年升温突变前后该区主要针叶树种的树轮响应变化。结果显示:1955—1994年时段,高、中海拔岷江冷杉径向生长对温度正响应,年轮指数呈缓慢的上升趋势,低海拔岷江柏受温度影响不大,年轮指数上升较快;1995—2012年时段,随着温度升高,3样点树木年轮指数并未上升,甚至呈下降趋势,表现出"响应分异现象"。对月气候要素的响应,树种间存在差异:高海拔岷江冷杉在前一时段主要表现为与冬季温度的正相关,后一阶段则转变为与4月温度的显著负相关及与4月份降水的显著正相关,受到显著的4月干旱胁迫影响;中海拔岷江冷杉后一时段温度敏感性消失,5月干旱胁迫加剧;低海拔岷江柏主要受降水影响,后一时段4月份干旱胁迫加剧。升温突变后,川西马尔康林区岷江冷杉和岷江柏均表现出"响应分异现象",在今后的气候重建及碳循环模拟中应加以考虑。     

升温对祁连山东部青海云杉径向生长的影响

在祁连山东部西营河流域不同海拔采集年轮样品,利用树木年代学方法建立高海拔(3000 m)、中海拔(2750 m)、低海拔(2500 m)青海云杉标准化年表,将年轮宽度指数与不同时段气温和降水分别进行相关分析,研究祁连山东部不同海拔青海云杉径向生长对气候变暖的响应。结果表明: 水热是祁连山东部青海云杉径向生长的主要限制因子,不同海拔树木的生长限制因子基本一致。在显著升温之前(1961—1986年),低、中、高海拔3个样点的青海云杉径向生长均与上一年7—8月和当年8月平均最高温呈显著负相关,与当年6月相对湿度呈显著正相关。显著升温之后(1986—2014年),高、中、低海拔树木生长与气温仍呈显著负相关,而与当年2月的相对湿度由升温前的不显著负相关转为显著正相关,与6月降水和相对湿度由升温前的显著正相关转为不显著的负相关。升温导致祁连山东部各海拔青海云杉树轮生长变慢,其中高海拔所受影响最大。气候变暖导致的干旱胁迫可能是青海云杉径向生长发生变化的主要原因。     

升温突变对川西道孚林线川西云杉和鳞皮冷杉生长的影响

高山林线作为理想的全球气候变化监测器,是研究植被与气候变化关系的重要场所。利用川西道孚县高山林线川西云杉（Picea likiangensis var.balfouriana）和鳞皮冷杉（Abies squamata）的年轮宽度资料,基于树木年代学的方法,构建差值年表并通过升温突变前后（1995年前后）年轮指数与气候要素的相关分析,探讨了该区林线主要针叶树种的年轮响应变化,为研究青藏高原地区树木与气候响应关系提供研究基础。结果表明：（1）年尺度上,1995年气温突变前后川西云杉和鳞皮冷杉年轮指数和生长弹性时间变化趋势均不显著,没有发生显著的响应分歧现象。（2）月尺度上,升温突变前川西云杉年轮指数与前一年11月月均最高温、5-7月月均温、6月月均最高温、7月月均最低温呈显著正相关;鳞皮冷杉则与前一年11月月均温、11月月均最高温和12月月均温呈显著正相关;表明升温突变前林线树木生长分别受夏季和冬季温度控制;升温突变后川西云杉年轮指数与前一年11月月均温呈显著负相关,和当年2月降水量及7月月均最低温呈显著正相关;而鳞皮冷杉则与当年5月月均温和5月月均最低温呈显著负相关,与5月降水的正相关性达到最大;表明升温突变后林线川西云杉生长依然受夏季温度控制,而鳞皮冷杉生长则受到春季干旱胁迫的影响。未来气候若随着升温出现干暖化,则林线鳞皮冷杉可能会发生明显的响应分歧现象。     

庐山不同海拔日本柳杉年轮宽度对气候因子的响应

以庐山自然保护区3个不同海拔样地采集的138根日本柳杉样芯为研究材料,利用树木年轮学方法分析其径向生长与季节和月气候因子的响应关系。结果表明:低海拔处日本柳杉径向生长对气候因子的响应相比于中、高海拔更敏感;中、低海拔径向生长与春季相对湿度呈显著正相关(P<0.05),低海拔径向生长与春季日照时数、夏季均温呈显著负相关(P<0.05),而中海拔径向生长与夏、秋季均温呈显著负相关(P<0.05);高海拔径向生长与各个季节气候因子表现出一定的相关性,但相关性不显著;3个海拔径向生长均与当年1月均温呈显著正相关(P<0.05),中、低海拔径向生长与上年7月及当年7月均温呈显著负相关(P<0.05),高温会抑制树木的生长,低海拔径向生长与当年4月空气相对湿度、降水量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与当年4月日照时数呈显著负相关(P<0.05),随海拔的升高相关性降低;庐山日本柳杉径向生长与主要气候要素之间的相关性呈现出明显的季节性,日本柳杉径向生长主要受上年7及7月均温和4月空气相对湿度的影响,海拔是影响日本柳杉径向生长对气候因子响应的重要因素,最终建立的标准年轮宽度年表适合进行树木年轮气候学的研究。     

庐山不同海拔日本柳杉年轮宽度对气候因子的响应

以庐山自然保护区3个不同海拔样地采集的138根日本柳杉样芯为研究材料,利用树木年轮学方法分析其径向生长与季节和月气候因子的响应关系。结果表明:低海拔处日本柳杉径向生长对气候因子的响应相比于中、高海拔更敏感;中、低海拔径向生长与春季相对湿度呈显著正相关(P0.05),低海拔径向生长与春季日照时数、夏季均温呈显著负相关(P0.05),而中海拔径向生长与夏、秋季均温呈显著负相关(P0.05);高海拔径向生长与各个季节气候因子表现出一定的相关性,但相关性不显著; 3个海拔径向生长均与当年1月均温呈显著正相关(P0.05),中、低海拔径向生长与上年7月及当年7月均温呈显著负相关(P0.05),高温会抑制树木的生长,低海拔径向生长与当年4月空气相对湿度、降水量呈显著正相关(P0.05),与当年4月日照时数呈显著负相关(P0.05),随海拔的升高相关性降低;庐山日本柳杉径向生长与主要气候要素之间的相关性呈现出明显的季节性,日本柳杉径向生长主要受上年7及7月均温和4月空气相对湿度的影响,海拔是影响日本柳杉径向生长对气候因子响应的重要因素,最终建立的标准年轮宽度年表适合进行树木年轮气候学的研究。     

黄土丘陵区小流域不同海拔刺槐径向生长对气候的响应差异

为明确黄土高原丘陵区第三副区典型流域-甘肃天水罗玉沟流域刺槐生长过程及其与气候关系随海拔变化的规律。利用树木年代学方法分别建立高、中、低3个海拔刺槐的标准年表，并分析不同海拔刺槐径向生长过程以及对气候变化的响应。研究结果表明：(1)中、低海拔刺槐径向生长与温度因素多为负相关，而高海拔刺槐径向生长与温度因素多呈正相关。高海拔刺槐生长与上一年生长季(6月)、休眠期(当年3—4月)和当年生长季(6月)均温、最低温和最高温呈显著正相关，其中受最低温影响最显著；中、低海拔刺槐与上一年生长季和当年生长季的均温、最高温和最低温呈显著负相关，低海拔受均温影响显著。(2)随海拔升高，刺槐径向生长与降水和相对湿度的正相关呈降低趋势。低海拔刺槐生长与上一年生长季(7—9月)和当年生长季(6—9月)降水、相对湿度呈显著正相关，中海拔刺槐与当年生长季(6—9月)降水、相对湿度呈显著正相关，而高海拔刺槐生长与上一年生长季(6—7月)相对湿度呈显著负相关。(3)低海拔刺槐与上一年6月—当年10月帕默尔干旱指数(PDSI)呈显著正相关；中海拔刺槐与上一年6月和当年2—10月PDSI呈显著正相关；高海拔刺槐与上一年6—...     

玉龙雪山不同针叶树种树轮宽度年表特征及其与气候因子的关系北大核心CSCD

为揭示滇西北高原树木径向生长与气候关系的规律,该研究分别在玉龙雪山采集高山松(Pinus densata)、云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)和云南铁杉(Tsuga dumosa)年轮样本,建立3个树种树轮宽度差值年表,将年轮指数与气候因子进行响应分析和冗余分析,以明确影响玉龙雪山树木径向生长的主要气候因子,为该区域森林生态系统的管理保护提供依据,并为探讨气候变化背景下滇西北森林动态提供依据。结果表明:(1)所建立的3个树种树轮宽度差值年表具有较少的低频变化,且离散程度较低、逐年变化共性较高,可代表采样点树木的年轮特征;高山松、云南松和云南铁杉差值年表的平均敏感度依次分别为0.21、0.22和0.17,样本总体代表性分别为0.96、0.96和0.94,均高于0.85的阈值,说明年表中信息具有代表性。(2)响应分析结果显示,高山松径向生长与当年2月的降水量呈显著正相关关系;云南松径向生长与当年5月的平均气温和最高温呈显著负相关关系,与当年10月平均气温呈显著正相关关系;云南铁杉径向生长与当年1月和5月的降水、当年10月相对湿度均呈显著正相关关系,与当年5月最高气温呈显著负相关关系。(3)冗余分析结果显示,当年1月降水、2月降水、5月干旱指数对3个树种均具有促进作用,且5月干旱指数的显著相关性最强;当年10月降水的增加有利于高山松和云南铁杉的径向生长,但对云南松径向生长具有抑制作用。研究认为,当年冬季降水、5月湿润条件以及10月降水是影响玉龙雪山3个树种径向生长的重要环境因子;若干暖化趋势加剧,将不利于滇西北高原3个树种的生长,从而影响区域森林生态系统结构和功能。     

芦芽山阳坡不同海拔华北落叶松径向生长对气候变化的响应

为研究树木生长对气候变化的响应状况,选取芦芽山阳坡的3个海拔高度建立了华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)的树轮宽度年表。年表的统计参数表明,3条年表均为研究气候信息的可靠资料。结果表明,芦芽山阳坡华北落叶松的径向生长和生长与气候的关系均具有海拔差异,中海拔(2440 m)和高海拔(2540 m)的华北落叶松具有相似年际生长变化,而二者均与低海拔(2330 m)华北落叶松的年际生长不同。低海拔华北落叶松的生长与4月平均气温和上一年11月降水量显著负相关,而中海拔和高海拔的生长均与上一年10月平均气温和6月降水量显著负相关。通过年表与气候因子之间的滑动相关分析发现,3个海拔高度华北落叶松生长与气候因子的关系均不稳定,生长与气温条件之间的显著相关关系是随着气温升高而出现的。气温的升高引起了华北落叶松生长与气温因子关系的海拔差异,以及径向生长的海拔差异。这一结果对于气候变化对植被垂直梯度影响的研究具有一定参考价值。     

祁连山中部地区树轮宽度年表特征随海拔高度的变化

利用采自祁连山中部地区不同海拔高度的四个采样点的青海云杉树轮样芯 ,分别建立了树木年轮宽度年表。发现随海拔高度的上升 ,树轮宽度指数的振幅减小 ,年表的平均敏感性降低 ,样本间的一致性也逐步减小 ,上限年表与气候因子的相关性最低 ,这与目前大家普遍认同的上限树木的生长受温度控制的概念并不一致。进一步的分析表明 ,年表的敏感性随海拔高度降低主要是由于该区域树木生长的限制因子是春季降水 ,而降水随海拔高度的升高而增加 ,从而使得春季降水对树木生长的限制作用随海拔升高而逐步减弱 ;生物学指标的测定结果表明 ,生长在高海拔的树木对环境的生态适应策略发生变化 ,其生理代谢维持在较低水平 ,以避免环境变化带来的影响 ,因此生长在高海拔的青海云杉对环境变化的敏感性较差。     

Radial Growth of Qilian Juniper on the Northeast Tibetan Plateau and Potential Climate Associations

There is controversy regarding the limiting climatic factor for tree radial growth at the alpine treeline on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. In this study, we collected 594 increment cores from 331 trees, grouped within four altitude belts spanning the range 3550 to 4020 m.a.s.l. on a single hillside. We have developed four equivalent ring-width chronologies and shown that there are no significant differences in their growth-climate responses during 1956 to 2011 or in their longer-term growth patterns during the period AD 1110–2011. The main climate influence on radial growth is shown to be precipitation variability. Missing ring analysis shows that tree radial growth at the uppermost treeline location is more sensitive to climate variation than that at other elevations, and poor tree radial growth is particularly linked to the occurrence of serious drought events. Hence water limitation, rather than temperature stress, plays the pivotal role in controlling the radial growth of Sabina przewalskii Kom. at the treeline in this region. This finding contradicts any generalisation that tree-ring chronologies from high-elevation treeline environments are mostly indicators of temperature changes.     

芦芽山华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)树轮宽度年表对气候因子的响应

在芦芽山地区采集3个不同海拔的华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii),在传统去趋势的基础上,采用"signal-free"方法对拟合曲线进行修正,避免了中等频率的气候信息引起的拟合偏差,最终建立3个不同海拔树轮宽度标准年表(STD)。同时以10a为界对上述年表进行滤波处理,得到3个低频年表。年表特征值表明,随着海拔升高,年轮平均轮宽变窄,敏感性和高频信息增强,低频信息减弱,这可能与逐渐恶劣的生境有关。中、低海拔年表的低频信息更一致,中、高海拔的高频信息更接近,而高、低海拔无论是标准年表还是高频、低频年表相似性均较差。树轮气候响应分析显示,低海拔STD年表与5月最低温负相关最为显著,STD和低频年表均与5、6月份土壤温度显著负相关,说明生境暖干,树木主要受生长季的干旱胁迫;中海拔STD年表与当年5月最高温正相关最为显著,STD和低频年表与土壤温度相关均不显著,说明生境逐渐变得冷湿,生长季的低温成为树木生长的限制因子;高海拔STD年表与气象要素相关不显著,低频年表与当年4月土壤温度正相关,说明高海拔最为冷湿,并有季节性冻土分布,生长季的土壤低温成为树木生长的限制因子。因此,全球变暖的趋势将更有利于高海拔树木的生长,而低海拔树木的干旱胁迫进一步加剧。     

不同海拔温度和降水对新疆阿尔泰山西伯利亚落叶松径向生长的影响

为定量并分离关键气候因子对新疆阿尔泰山不同海拔树木径向生长的影响,通过对高、中和低海拔的西伯利亚落叶松(Larixsibirica)树轮宽度标准年表与气候因子分别进行相关、多元线性回归等统计分析,并进一步计算了线性模型中不同气候因素的绝对和相对贡献率。结果表明,高海拔地区,当年6月温度和上年7月降水分别与径向生长呈显著正相关和负相关,两者共同解释西伯利亚落叶松径向生长变异的33.1%,相对贡献率分别为66.2%和33.8%;中海拔地区,当年6月温度和上年6月降水分别与径向生长呈显著正相关和负相关,两者共同解释径向生长变异的26.8%,相对贡献率分别为40.1%和59.9%;低海拔地区,上年6月温度和7月降水分别与径向生长呈显著负相关和正相关,两者共同解释径向生长变异的29.4%,相对贡献率分别为31.9%和68.1%。这表明限制树木径向生长的主要影响因子随海拔的不同而异,在高海拔地区,温度是主要限制因子;而在低海拔地区,降雨是主要限制因子。     

Tree growth–climate relationships of Juniperus tibetica along an altitudinal gradient on the southern Tibetan Plateau

The southern Tibetan Plateau forms the ecotone between forest areas and alpine steppes and thus, tree growth is expect to react sensitive to climate variability in this semi-humid region. We sampled 328 increment cores from 169 trees at two study sites at four elevations along altitudinal transects from 4,000 to 4,500 m a.s.l. to evaluate elevation-dependent tree growth–climate relationships of Juniperus tibetica. Standard dendrochronological statistical parameters like mean inter-series correlation (Rbar), expressed population signal as well as signal-to-noise ratio is not significantly correlated to elevation. Mean segment lengths and average growth rates of the tree-ring series increase with elevation. Correlation and response function analysis with available climate data indicate that elevation has no significant effect on tree growth–climate relationships. Instead, local tree growth is mainly driven by common regional climatic signals as it is also indicated by significant correlations between all chronologies over their common period of A.D. 1550–2010. Moisture variability during April–June has the highest impact on tree growth, even close to the upper tree limit.     

Climate–growth analysis of Qilian juniper across an altitudinal gradient in the central Qilian Mountains, northwest China

In the context of global warming, it is of high importance to assess the influence of climatic change and geographic factors on the radial growth of high-elevation trees. Using tree-ring data collected from four stands of Qilian juniper (Juniperus przewalskii Kom.) across an altitudinal gradient in the central Qilian Mountains, northwest China, we compared the radial growth characteristics and climate–growth relationships at different elevations. Results indicated that there was little difference in the tree-ring parameters of the four chronologies. Correlation analyses both for unfiltered and 10-year high-passed data of monthly climatic variables and chronologies were presented to investigate the climatic forcing on tree growth, and results revealed that the correlation patterns were consistent among the four sites, especially for high-passed data. We employed the principal components analysis method to obtain the first principal component (PC1) of the four chronologies and computed the correlations between PC1 and climate factors. The PC1 correlated significantly with winter (November–January) temperature, prior August and current May temperature, and precipitation in the previous September and current January and April, indicating that tree growth in this region was mainly limited by cold winter temperature and drought in early growing season and prior growing season (prior August and September). However, the climate–growth relationships were unstable; with an increase in temperature, the sensitivity of tree growth to temperature had decreased over the past few decades. Considering the instability of the climate–growth relationships, climate reconstructions based on tree rings in the study area should be approached with more caution.     

Climatic responses of Pinus pseudostrobus and Abies religiosa in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve,Central Mexico

Understanding the effects of climate on the growth of trees is important to project the response of forests to climate change. Dendrochronological analysis offers a “proxy” source for the effects of climatic variation on tree growth at different spatial and temporal scales. To examine influences of temperature and precipitation on radial growth of Pinus pseudostrobus and Abies religiosa, this study combines measurements of radial growth patterns of forest trees in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve (MBBR) in central Mexico with temperature and precipitation variables from instrumental records. Dendrochronological samples were collected as cross sections and increment cores by using a chainsaw and increment borers, respectively. Total ring-width chronologies were developed for each site. Principal component analyses (PCA) were used to identify common temperature, precipitation and tree growth variation patterns. Correlation and response function analyses between chronologies and records of temperature and precipitation were used to evaluate the relation of climate variables on tree growth. The months during which tree growth was most strongly affected by precipitation were January, February and October from the previous year; only the temperature of September from the previous year affected the tree growth. In some chronologies, May’s average monthly maximum temperature was negatively correlated with tree growth. PCA and a comparison of PCA factor scores of climatic variables and chronologies showed no significant differences between northern, central or southern portions of the MBBR. Apparently, tree growth in the MBBR is reduced in years of low January–May precipitation combined with high summer (September of the previous year) temperatures, a scenario which is likely to occur as a consequence of global climate change.     

Individual and time-varying tree-ring growth to climate sensitivity of Pinus tabuliformis Carr. and Sabina przewalskii Kom. in the eastern Qilian Mountains, China

Individual tree-ring width chronologies and mean chronologies from Pinus tabuliformis Carr. (Chinese pine) and Sabina przewalskii Kom. (Qilian juniper) tree cores were collected and analyzed from two sites in the eastern Qilian Mountains of China. The chronologies were used to analyze individual and time-varying tree-ring growth to climate sensitivity with monthly mean air temperature and total precipitation data for the period 1958–2008. Climate–growth relationships were assessed with correlation functions and their stationarity and consistency over time were measured using moving correlation analysis. Individuals’ growth–climate correlations suggested increased percentages of individuals are correlated with certain variables (e.g., current June temperature at the P. tabuliformis site; previous June, December and current May temperature and May precipitation at the S. przewalskii site). These same climatic variables also correspond to the mean chronology correlations. A decreased percentage of individuals correlated with these climatic variables indicates a reduced sensitivity of the mean chronology. Moving correlation analysis indicated a significant change over time in the sensitivity of trees to climatic variability. Our results suggested: (1) that individual tree analysis might be a worthwhile tool to improve the quality and reliability of the climate signal from tree-ring series for dendroclimatology research; and (2) time-dependent fluctuations of climate growth relationships should be taken into account when assessing the quality and reliability of reconstructed climate signals.