川西米亚罗林区主要树木生长对气候响应的差异

为分析青藏高原东缘半湿润区不同树种树木生长对气候变化的响应规律,于川西米亚罗林区海拔3000 m左右(低海拔)采集铁杉、岷江冷杉、紫果云杉,海拔4000 m左右林线位置(高海拔)采集岷江冷杉、四川红杉,共计182棵树木年轮样芯,建立了不同树种的树轮宽度年表,对不同树种的年轮指数与各月气候因子进行相关分析.结果表明： 在低海拔处,树木生长与4、5月气温呈负相关,与4、5月降雨呈正相关,受到春季干旱胁迫的影响;但树种之间存在显著差异： 铁杉的生长受春季干旱胁迫影响最严重,岷江冷杉次之,紫果云杉所受影响很小.在高海拔处,树木生长主要受生长季温度的影响,岷江冷杉年轮指数与当年2、7月最低气温呈显著正相关,与上一年10月最高气温亦呈正相关;四川红杉年轮指数与5月最高气温呈显著正相关,但与2月均温、3月最低气温呈显著负相关.近几十年青藏高原东北缘气候有干暖化趋势,如果这种趋势持续发生,低海拔紫果云杉长势将超过铁杉和岷江冷杉;高海拔处的升温更有利于岷江冷杉的生长.     

川西米亚罗林区不同海拔岷江冷杉生长对气候变化的响应

为分析青藏高原东缘半湿润区树木生长与气候关系随海拔变化的规律,于川西米亚罗林区分别在高、中、低海拔选取3个采样点,共采集132棵岷江冷杉年轮样芯,建立了最长达170a(1842-2011年)3个海拔高度的差值年表.岷江冷杉年轮指数与气候因子的相关分析表明:随海拔高度降低,温度与生长的负相关呈增加趋势.高海拔岷江冷杉径向生长与前—年冬季最低温呈显著正相关,中低海拔与当年春季均温、最高温和年均最高温呈显著负相关.低海拔岷江冷杉与当年4月降水呈显著正相关,随海拔升高降水与岷江冷杉生长的相关性降低.中低海拔岷江冷杉年表与4、5月帕尔默干旱指数(P DSI)呈显著正相关,表明在中低海拔存在春季干旱胁迫,抑制了岷江冷杉的生长.另外,大龄树木比小龄树木对气候变化的响应更敏感.     

川西亚高山林线岷江冷杉和红杉对气候变化的响应

为揭示川西亚高山林线优势树种岷江冷杉（Abies fargesii var.faxoniana）和红杉（Larix potaninii）径向生长对气候变化的响应差异。通过树木年轮生态学的方法,研究了岷江冷杉和红杉径向生长与年均温的分异现象、生长衰退以及应对严重干旱事件的抵抗力和恢复力稳定性,并结合限制岷江冷杉和红杉径向生长的主要气候因素进行了分析。结果表明：（1）温度是限制林线岷江冷杉径向生长的主要气候因素,而限制红杉径向生长的主要气候因素是降水;（2）岷江冷杉的径向生长与年平均温度的变化趋势一致,红杉在20世纪90年代后径向生长呈现出下降的趋势,与年均温的升高出现分异;（3）1800-2019年间,岷江冷杉出现生长衰退2次,红杉出现生长衰退5次,相同的时间内,红杉的衰退频率高于岷江冷杉;（4）岷江冷杉对严重干旱事件的恢复力相比升温前有所增强,抵抗力相比升温前下降明显,红杉对严重干旱事件的抵抗力和恢复力相比升温前均呈现出下降的趋势。可为川西亚高山林线的植被动态变化预测和历史区域气候重建提供参考。     

川西高原不同坡向云、冷杉树轮对快速升温的响应差异

在川西高原松潘县二道海林区的东南坡、西北坡和扎日寺林区的东坡用零信号法建立4条云、冷杉树轮年表,通过年轮 气候响应分析、多因素方差分析等方法研究不同坡向树木生长对快速升温的响应差异.结果表明： 快速升温(1980年)后,东坡紫果云杉生长显著加速(0.011 a^-1),而西北坡紫果云杉生长则显著降低(-0.006 a^-1),东南坡紫果云杉和西北坡岷江冷杉生长降低,但不显著.随着快速升温,不同坡向云、冷杉径向生长与气候因子的关系均出现显著变化.快速升温后,生长季温度对东坡紫果云杉径向生长的促进作用显著增加,对东南坡和西北坡紫果云杉径向生长的抑制作用也显著增加,但生长季温度对西北坡岷江冷杉径向生长的影响在升温前后变化不明显.5月降水量对东坡紫果云杉径向生长由升温前的抑制作用变为升温后的显著促进作用,而对东南坡和西北坡紫果云杉径向生长的抑制作用显著增加,5月降水量对西北坡岷江冷杉径向生长的影响在升温前后变化不明显.树轮与帕尔默干旱指数响应分析表明,快速升温后,不同坡向的土壤湿度变化是造成树轮响应差异的重要原因.多因素方差分析表明,坡向与温度、降水的综合作用是影响紫果云杉径向生长的重要因素.因此,在模拟预测树木生长对气候变暖的响应动态时,应考虑不同坡向与温度、降水的综合作用.     

升温突变对川西道孚林线川西云杉和鳞皮冷杉生长的影响

高山林线作为理想的全球气候变化监测器,是研究植被与气候变化关系的重要场所。利用川西道孚县高山林线川西云杉（Picea likiangensis var.balfouriana）和鳞皮冷杉（Abies squamata）的年轮宽度资料,基于树木年代学的方法,构建差值年表并通过升温突变前后（1995年前后）年轮指数与气候要素的相关分析,探讨了该区林线主要针叶树种的年轮响应变化,为研究青藏高原地区树木与气候响应关系提供研究基础。结果表明：（1）年尺度上,1995年气温突变前后川西云杉和鳞皮冷杉年轮指数和生长弹性时间变化趋势均不显著,没有发生显著的响应分歧现象。（2）月尺度上,升温突变前川西云杉年轮指数与前一年11月月均最高温、5-7月月均温、6月月均最高温、7月月均最低温呈显著正相关;鳞皮冷杉则与前一年11月月均温、11月月均最高温和12月月均温呈显著正相关;表明升温突变前林线树木生长分别受夏季和冬季温度控制;升温突变后川西云杉年轮指数与前一年11月月均温呈显著负相关,和当年2月降水量及7月月均最低温呈显著正相关;而鳞皮冷杉则与当年5月月均温和5月月均最低温呈显著负相关,与5月降水的正相关性达到最大;表明升温突变后林线川西云杉生长依然受夏季温度控制,而鳞皮冷杉生长则受到春季干旱胁迫的影响。未来气候若随着升温出现干暖化,则林线鳞皮冷杉可能会发生明显的响应分歧现象。     

升温突变对川西不同坡向和海拔岷江冷杉径向生长的影响

坡向和海拔作为重要的地形因子决定着林木立地条件的水热分配，为揭示川西地区升温突变前后制约岷江冷杉(Abies fargesii var.faxoniana)径向生长的气候因子变化及其在坡向和海拔上的响应格局，通过树木年轮学方法构建了4个坡向(NE、N、NW和W)的3个海拔梯度(≥3650 m)共12个岷江冷杉的标准年表，采用皮尔逊相关分析和回归分析的方法分析了升温突变前后(1980年)限制岷江冷杉径向生长主要气候因子的变化及径向生长的变化趋势。结果表明：升温前，生长季(7月)低温和降水、前一年冬季(10—11月)最高温和平均温制约岷江冷杉的生长，而当年春季(3月)温度的升高和生长季前(5月)较多的降水不利于其生长。升温后，4个坡向的林线、东北坡中海拔，西坡中、低海拔岷江冷杉的径向生长与大部分月温度表现为正相关关系，且上述样点树木径向生长明显加速。1980年升温前，制约不同样点岷江冷杉径向生长的气候因子具有一致性——坡向和海拔对其径向生长与温度相关关系的干扰和影响较小。增温促进了各坡向林线岷江冷杉的径向生长，且偏阳坡在更大的海拔范围内对增温表现出正反馈。研究对未来气候变化背景下川西不同坡...     

川西高原两种针叶树径向生长对气候因子的响应

基于树轮年代学手段,建立了岷江冷杉和方枝柏树轮宽度标准年表以及混合树种年表,研究川西地区理县凉台沟两种针叶树种径向生长对气候变化的响应,为全球变暖背景下该地区森林生态系统的保护与管理提供依据。结果表明:混合年表中包含了2个单个年表的共同气候信息,其信噪比和样本总体解释量均高于单个年表。与气候因子的相关分析显示,3个年表对气候要素的响应表现出较好的一致性,均对温度响应敏感,尤其是方枝柏最为敏感。相对湿度在5、10月对两树种的限制作用明显强于降水。1994年升温突变后,岷江冷杉宽度年表与月均温的相关性变化最为明显,部分月份由负相关转变为正相关,表明岷江冷杉树木径向生长对温度的响应呈现出不稳定性,但两树种径向生长呈差异性变宽趋势,对气温响应的敏感性减弱。     

川西卧龙国家级自然保护区树木生长对气候响应的时间稳定性评估

根据川西卧龙地区岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)的年轮宽度资料, 分析了该地区树木生长特征及对气候响应在最近53年(1956-2008年)的异质性特征。结果表明, 在1956-1976年时段, 树木生长速率较快, 晚冬至早春(1月到4月)温度对树木生长有着明显的促进作用, 而春末5月份的高温对于树木生长有限制性影响, 而与日照时数关系不大; 在1977-2008年时段, 树轮生长主要受冬季(11月到1月)低温的限制, 另外, 日照时数对于树木生长的限制性影响明显增强。秋季到早冬(9-12月)降水在两个时段上对树木生长均有一定的限制性影响。树轮指数在1956-1976年时段与温度序列吻合较好, 而在1977-2008年时段树轮指数明显偏低, 与温度序列出现了明显的分离。1977-2008年时段内云层覆盖量增加导致太阳辐射量显著下降, 进而树木可利用的光合有效辐射也相应地降低, 这可能是树木生长速率在此时期明显较慢的主要原因。     

川西亚高山不同海拔岷江冷杉树轮碳稳定同位素对气候的响应

树木年轮(简称树轮)碳稳定同位素技术是研究树轮气候学的一种有效方法。利用四川卧龙亚高山暗针叶林不同海拔高度岷江冷杉树轮样本资料,提取该树轮稳定碳同位素(δ13C)和去趋势序列(DS),研究其树轮碳稳定同位素序列对气候要素(降水、月平均温度和月平均相对湿度)的响应关系,初步揭示了在全球气候变化背景下,川西亚高山森林岷江冷杉树木生长对气候因子变化(气候变暖、降水减少等)的响应方式。主要结论有:(1)岷江冷杉树轮δ13C组成变化范围为-23.33‰—-26.31‰,平均值为-24.91‰,变异系数为-0.011—-0.038,并表现出较强的一阶自相关;其对环境变化有较好的指示作用,表明岷江冷杉树轮δ13C组成在年际变化中较为稳定。(2)低海拔的岷江冷杉树轮δ13C分馏主要与当年8月月平均相对湿度和当年12月月平均温度相关性显著(P0.05);高海拔岷江冷杉树轮δ13C分馏主要与上一年8月月平均相对湿度和当年4月月平均温度相关性显著(P0.05);中海拔的岷江冷杉树轮δ13C分馏主要与上一年1、11月月平均温度和当年2、11月月平均温度相关性显著(P0.05),冬季温度是中海拔区岷江冷杉树木生长的限制因子,且具有明显的"滞后效应"。川西卧龙亚高山暗针叶林岷江冷杉树木径向生长主要受到气温的制约,从生物学基础上阐明了树木生长与环境的关系,冬季温度的升高,有利于植物生长期的提前,植物生长旺盛,抗旱能力减弱;同时证明了建群种岷江冷杉对雨水的依赖很小,这有利于植物生存,且维持了该植物群落的稳定性。该研究弥补了我国青藏高原高海拔地区气象台站稀少、观测资料时间短缺,为预测未来气候变化对岷江冷杉树木径向生长变化提供了科学的依据。     

罗霄山南部4个针叶树种生长特征及其气候响应对比分析

为了解影响罗霄山南部树木径向生长的主要气候要素, 该研究运用树木年轮气候学研究方法, 建立罗霄山南部4个针叶树种的树轮宽度标准化年表, 阐明影响该区域4个针叶树种径向生长的主要气候要素, 研究各树种在气温突变前后的径向生长特征及其对气候要素响应的异同。结果表明: 年表特征参数显示, 福建柏(Fokienia hodginsii)与其他树种相比, 其树轮宽度年表所包含的气候信息可能较少。与气候要素的相关分析显示, 铁杉(Tsuga chinensis)的径向生长同时受气温和降水的影响: 与上年10月的降水量呈显著正相关关系, 与气温的响应总体上呈负相关关系; 资源冷杉(Abies beshanzuensis var. ziyuanensis)仅与上年8月的降水量呈显著正相关关系; 马尾松(Pinus massoniana)与上年3月和当年1月的最高气温呈显著正相关关系, 与上年7月和当年8月的最低气温呈显著负相关关系; 福建柏仅与当年3月的降水量呈显著正相关关系。气温发生突变后, 4个树种树轮宽度指数的变化趋势相同, 均呈下降趋势, 除资源冷杉外, 各个树种的径向生长对气候要素的响应总体上有所增强, 且升温后产生的干旱胁迫抑制了各树种的生长。     

Recent decline of high altitude coniferous growth due to thermo-hydraulic constrains: evidence from the Miyaluo Forest Reserve,Western Sichuan Plateau of China

Tree growth decline has been reported in many places around the globe under the context of increasingly warming climate, and strengthening drought intensity is detected to be the primary factor for such decline, particularly in northern forest sites, as well as arid and semi-arid areas. Yet, the forest growth decline in high altitude, high mountain sites certainly merits investigation. Here, we reported faxon fir (Abies fargesii var. faxoniana) forest growth decline (slope = -0.64) at the tree line (4150 m above sea level) in Miyaluo Forest Reserve (MFR) at the Western Sichuan Plateau, southwestern China since 2000. We investigated the cause of tree growth decline by applying dendrochronological approaches. We took tree-ring samples from fir trees at the tree line and developed tree-ring width (TRW) chronology. The tree growth – climate relationship analysis showed that maximum temperature (Tmax) was the primary factor limiting the radial growth of fir trees in the investigated area. The moving correlation analysis indicated the strengthening positive influence of Tmax, spring precipitation, and cloud cover during winter and monsoon period on radial growth since 2000s. Our results have shown that both thermal and hydraulic constrains accounted for the radial growth decline of fir trees at the tree line of MFR in the western Sichuan Plateau.     

Allopatric divergence,demographic history,and conservation implications of an endangered conifer <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cupressus chengiana</Emphasis> in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Isolation and demographic history are key factors that affect lineage divergence of tree species in topographic complex areas, such as the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), yet few studies have evaluated these factors in a coalescent-based modeling framework. In the present study, we surveyed ten nuclear DNA sequence loci (nDNA) and six nuclear microsatellite loci (nSSR) for an endangered conifer, Cupressus chengiana, throughout its natural range in the eastern QTP. BARRIER analyses revealed a strong genetic barrier between Gansu and Sichuan populations of C. chengiana, and isolation with migration models detected limited gene flow between them, supporting the division of this species into two evolutionary significant units (ESUs). Two independent coalescent-based approaches suggest a Quaternary divergence between ESUs, their consensus age range ((0.09–) 0.59–1.53 (–2.71) Mya) largely overlaps with the time period when the largest glaciation occurred in the QTP. Both demographic inferences, IMa2 and DIYABC, suggest that both ESUs may have experienced a bottleneck or population contraction event during the late Quaternary. A documented massive recent anthropogenic habitat loss and fragmentation may have led to further decrease of the natural distribution of this conifer. We propose that the conservation and management of both natural stands and plantations of C. chengiana should be reconsidered in the light of our findings.     

Variability of climate–growth relationships along an elevation gradient in the Changbai Mountain, northeastern China

In order to explore climate–growth relationships at different elevations, tree-ring width chronologies of larch (Larix olgensis) were developed from three sampling sites on the northern slope of the Changbai Mountain, northeastern China. There were no consistent trends in statistical characteristics of the tree-ring chronologies along the elevation gradient, since trees in the forest interior had a complacent growth pattern. Monthly mean temperature and monthly total precipitation were used for the analysis. Correlation analysis indicated that temperatures in winter had negative correlations with tree growth (previous November, December and current March for the low-, mid- and high-elevation sites, respectively). The correlations between tree growth and June temperature varied from weakly negative at low elevations to significantly positive at high elevations. Precipitation in June of the growth year had negative relationship with the high-elevation chronology. However, high precipitation was associated with low temperature in early growing season, further supporting that temperature is a growth-limiting factor at high elevations. Our results suggest that along the elevation gradient, L. olgensis may respond in different ways to local climate change.     

Warming effects on growth and physiology in the seedlings of the two conifers <Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea asperata</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Abies faxoniana</Emphasis> under two contrasting light conditions

The short-term effects of two levels of air temperature (ambient and warmed) and light (full light and ca. 10% of full light regimes) on the early growth and physiology of Picea asperata and Abies faxoniana seedlings was determined using open-top chambers (OTC). The OTC manipulation increased mean air temperature and soil surface temperature by 0.51°C and 0.34°C under the 60-year plantation, and 0.69°C and 0.41°C under the forest opening, respectively. Warming, with either full-light or low-light conditions, generally caused a significant increase in plant growth, biomass accumulation, and stimulated photosynthetic performance of P. asperata seedlings. However, the warming of A. faxoniana seedlings only significantly increased their growth under low-light conditions, possibly as a result of photoinhibition caused by full light, which may shield and/or impair the effects of warming manipulation, per se, on the growth and physiological performance of A. faxoniana seedlings. In response to warming, P. asperata seedlings allocated relatively more biomass to roots and A. faxoniana more to foliage under similar environments. This might provide A. faxoniana with an adaptive advantage when soil moisture was not limiting and an advantage to P. asperata if substantial moisture stress occurred. Warming markedly increased the efficiency of PSII in terms of the increase in F _v/F _m and photosynthetic pigment concentrations for the two conifer seedlings, but the effects of warming were generally more pronounced under low-light conditions than under full-light conditions. On balance, this study suggested that warming had a beneficial impact on the early growth and development of conifer seedlings, at least in the short term. Consequently, warming may lead to changes in forest regeneration dynamics and species composition for subalpine coniferous ecosystems under future climate change.     

Forest Structure,Stand Composition,and Climate-Growth Response in Montane Forests of Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve,China

Montane forests of western China provide an opportunity to establish baseline studies for climate change. The region is being impacted by climate change, air pollution, and significant human impacts from tourism. We analyzed forest stand structure and climate-growth relationships from Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve in northwestern Sichuan province, along the eastern edge of the Tibetan plateau. We conducted a survey to characterize forest stand diversity and structure in plots occurring between 2050 and 3350 m in elevation. We also evaluated seedling and sapling recruitment and tree-ring data from four conifer species to assess: 1) whether the forest appears in transition toward increased hardwood composition; 2) if conifers appear stressed by recent climate change relative to hardwoods; and 3) how growth of four dominant species responds to recent climate. Our study is complicated by clear evidence of 20^th century timber extraction. Focusing on regions lacking evidence of logging, we found a diverse suite of conifers (Pinus, Abies, Juniperus, Picea, and Larix) strongly dominate the forest overstory. We found population size structures for most conifer tree species to be consistent with self-replacement and not providing evidence of shifting composition toward hardwoods. Climate-growth analyses indicate increased growth with cool temperatures in summer and fall. Warmer temperatures during the growing season could negatively impact conifer growth, indicating possible seasonal climate water deficit as a constraint on growth. In contrast, however, we found little relationship to seasonal precipitation. Projected warming does not yet have a discernible signal on trends in tree growth rates, but slower growth with warmer growing season climates suggests reduced potential future forest growth.     

Climatic signals in tree ring of Picea schrenkiana along an altitudinal gradient in the central Tianshan Mountains, northwestern China

Tree-ring samples of Picea schrenkiana (Fisch. et Mey) were studied along an altitudinal gradient in the central Tianshan Mountains, and ring-width chronologies were developed for three sites at different altitudes: low-forest border (1600–1700 m a.s.l.), interior forest (2100–2200 m a.s.l.), and upper treeline (2600–2700 m a.s.l.). Annual ring-width variations were similar among the three sites but variability was greatest at the low-forest border site. The statistical characters of the chronologies showed that mean sensitivity (MS) and standard deviation (SD) decreased with increasing elevation. In other words, the response of tree growth to environmental changes decreased with increasing altitude. To understand the differing response of trees at different elevations to the environmental changes, response function analysis was used to study the relationships between tree-ring widths and mean monthly temperature and total monthly precipitation from 1961 to 2000. The results showed that precipitation was the most important factor limiting tree radial growth in the arid central Tianshan Mountains, precipitation in August of the prior growth year played an important role on tree's radial growth across the entire altitudinal gradient even at the cold, high-elevation treeline site. It is expected that with increasing altitude air temperature decreased and precipitation increased, the importance of precipitation on tree growth decreased, and the response of tree growth to environmental changes decreased, too. This conclusion may be helpful to understand and research the relationship between climatic change and tree growth in arid and semiarid area.     

Assessment of tree-ring analysis of high-elevation Cedrus deodara D. Don from Western Himalaya (India) in relation to climate and glacier fluctuations

A 458-year-long regional tree-ring-width index chronology of Himalayan cedar (Cedrus deodara D. Don) prepared from three high-elevation sites of Western Himalaya has been presented. Dendroclimatological investigation indicates significant positive relationship of tree-ring index series with winter (December–February) temperature and summer precipitation and inverse relationship with summer temperature. Higher growth in the recent few decades detected in the tree-ring chronology has been noticed coinciding with the rapid retreat of the Himalayan glaciers. Suppressed and released growth patterns in tree-ring chronology have also been observed to be well related to the past glacial fluctuation records of the region. The higher tree growth in recent decades may be partially attributed to the warming trend over the region, particularly increasing the winter warmth, and thus to the regional manifestations of global warming.     

Climate sensitivity of conifer growth doesn’t reveal distinct low–high dipole along the elevation gradient in the Wolong National Natural Reserve,SW China

Recent climate warming is usually hypothesized to cause tree growth decline in the semi-arid regions where forests are particularly vulnerable to warming induced increases of water deficit. But there is still a large knowledge gap of climate warming effects on tree growth of cold temperate forest in the sub-humid region. Here we assess how climate warming has affected tree growth in the Wolong National Natural Reserve, Southwestern China, where recent warming might not cause tree growth decline because of the cold-humid climatic conditions. Tree-ring data from four co-dominant coniferous species (Larix potaninii var. macrocarpa, Tsuga chinensis, Abies faxoniana and Juniperus saltuaria) along an elevation gradient (from 2700 m to 3700 m) all imprinted temperature signals, and were both positively and significantly correlated with instrumental record of temperature data during the analyzed period of 1954–2010. Furthermore, the rising temperature since 1980 induced pervasive tree growth increases and stronger temperature signals for the coniferous species along the elevation gradient. The tree-ring chronology recorded a strong coherence with instrumental temperature since 1980 and was successful to keep up with the pace of climate warming rate. If climate warming continues, further increases in forest growth could be expected, and the terrestrial carbon sink will be strengthened for the local forest ecosystem in the future.