巨大芽孢杆菌青霉素G酰化酶在新型环氧载体ZH-HA上的固定化

巨大芽孢杆菌青霉素G酰化酶共价结合在新型环氧-氨基型载体ZH-HA 上,通过对酶浓度、固定化时间、pH以及缓冲液浓度等条件的考察,确定了最优固定化条件:50 mg比活力6000 U/g的巨大芽孢杆菌青霉素G酰化酶蛋白和1g ZH-HA悬浮于pH 9.01 mol/L磷酸缓冲液,室温搅拌6 h,制得固定化巨大芽孢杆菌青霉素G酰化酶,活力2126 U/g湿载体,活力回收率7.67%.比较研究了固定化酶与原酶性质,原酶最适温度45℃,最适pH为8.0.固定化酶则分别是50℃和9.0,分别比溶液酶偏移5℃、1.0个pH单位.经过40批连续水解青霉素G钾盐,固定化巨大芽孢杆菌青霉素酰化酶仍保持80%的活力,显示出良好的工作稳定性.     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌凝乳酶的克隆、重组表达及酶学性质

为了实现解淀粉芽孢杆菌来源凝乳酶的异源表达,并探究重组凝乳酶的酶学性质。以解淀粉芽孢杆菌基因组DNA为模板,扩增得到凝乳酶编码基因proMCE,构建了重组菌株E.coliBL21(pET28a-proMCE),并成功表达了重组凝乳酶。通过Ni柱亲和层析法纯化具有活性的凝乳酶,分子量大小约为28.5kDa,纯化后比酶活达到1096.97SU/mg,纯化倍数达到4.56倍,回收率为66.51%。对该重组酶酶学性质进行了初步研究,重组凝乳酶分别在70℃、65℃表现最大凝乳酶活力与蛋白酶活力,60℃处理20min,凝乳酶活力与蛋白酶活力均被钝化80%,为热不定性酶。酶的最适反应pH为5.0。在pH5~7条件下处理后,凝乳酶活力相对稳定,能保留超过70%的活力。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶的高效表达

目的:克隆解淀粉芽孢杆菌β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶基因(bglA)使其在解淀粉芽孢杆菌CICIM B4081中高效表达,并对重组酶进行酶学性质研究.方法:以解淀粉芽孢杆菌(CICIM B4801)染色体DNA为模板,经过PCR扩增得到了大小约为0.8kb的β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶基因(bglA),构建了重组表达质粒pQ-bglA,通过电转化的方法将其转化人解淀粉芽孢杆菌(CICIM B4801)中.结果:得到了能高效表达β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶的重组解淀粉芽孢杆菌.在250mL摇瓶条件下,重组菌分解地衣多糖的胞外最高酶活达到了1515.7U/mL,重组酶的最适作用温度为55℃,最适反应pH值为6.5.结论:重组菌的β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶的酶活为原始菌株的11.84倍,实现了bglA基因在解淀粉芽孢杆菌中的高效表达.     

一组厌氧真菌菌系产阿魏酸酯酶的初步研究

利用玉米秸秆粉为唯一碳源的筛选培养基,从肉牛瘤胃液中筛选构建了一组厌氧真菌菌系,研究了该菌系产阿魏酸酯酶的特征.阿魏酸酯酶的最适pH为8.0,最适温度为40℃,最高酶活力为19.1 mU/mL,在pH 6.0 ～8.0及35～45℃之间,酶活性保持相对稳定.Mg2+对酶活力具有激活作用,Fe2、Cu2+、Fe3+等均抑制酶活力.     

芽孢杆菌β-甘露聚糖酶基因的克隆及表达

从新疆极端干燥环境土壤样品中筛选到具有高β-甘露聚糖酶活性的芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.MX).运用PCR技术从该菌基因组中克隆得到β-甘露聚糖酶基因,连接到表达载体pET-28a上.在大肠杆菌BL21中高效表达的基因产物经亲和层析纯化,SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳分析显示该蛋白的相对分子质量为41 kD.酶学性质分析表明该酶在25～95℃,pH3.0～9.6范围内均具有酶活.最适作用温度55℃和pH值5.0,酶比活力为4 572 U/mg.在最适pH 5.0,高温85℃和95℃分别处理10min后,该酶相对酶活力仍保持51%和34%,显示β-甘露聚糖酶具有较好的耐酸性和热稳定性.     

一株地衣芽孢杆菌产凝乳酶酶学性质研究

目的：对地衣芽孢杆菌所产凝乳酶的酶学特性进行研究。方法：在不同的温度、pH值、底物浓度、不同金属离子等条件下测定地衣芽孢杆菌产凝乳酶相对酶活力。结果：地衣芽孢杆菌所产凝乳酶最适凝乳温度为70℃;40℃以上热处理后凝乳活性有不同程度的损失,75℃热处理10min后凝乳酶活性丧失;pH值为5～8时凝乳活性随乳pH值的降低而增强,pH值为7时凝乳酶最稳定;Ca2+ 、Fe2+、Fe3+、Mn2+、Mg2+、Al3+对酶活性有一定的促进作用;Li2+、Na+、Cu2+、Zn2+对酶活性有抑制作用;底物浓度最适为250 g/L、Ca2+的最适浓度为0.014 g/L。     

一株产阿魏酸酯酶丝状真菌的分离鉴定及其粗酶性质研究

利用平板透明圈法,筛选分离到37株具有阿魏酸酯酶活性的丝状真菌,其中1株编号为HA4087的菌株具有较强的产阿魏酸酯酶能力。经形态学观察、18S rDNA和ITS序列鉴定为互隔交链格孢霉。对该菌株所产阿魏酸酯酶的粗酶性质进行了初步研究,结果表明,在发酵培养基中发酵粗酶活力为86 mU/mL,最适作用温度为55℃,最适pH值为5.5;在55℃保温30 min后酶活力仍为90%以上;在pH4.5-6.5范围内稳定性较好,酶活仍为85%以上。试验获得了产高酶活阿魏酸酯酶的菌株,为阿魏酸酯酶的工业化应用提供前提。     

腊样芽孢杆菌低温淀粉酶基因的克隆表达及酶学性质研究

从废弃的淀粉堆中筛选到一株产低温淀粉酶的蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)GXBC-1,通过同源保守序列比对,从中克隆到一个淀粉酶基因.该基因全长为1764bp,编码588个氨基酸,分子量约为64kD.将基因克隆到大肠杆菌进行表达及酶学性质研究,该重组酶最适温度为35℃,在20℃仍具有53%的活力;最适pH...     

源于解淀粉芽胞杆菌酚酸脱羧酶的克隆与表达

【背景】酚酸脱羧酶催化分解酚酸产生的4-乙烯基酚类物质可用于食品添加剂及香精香料行业,而酚酸脱羧酶的表达水平相对较低,因此,高水平的酚酸脱羧酶是工业规模生产4-乙烯基酚类物质的先决条件。【目的】克隆解淀粉芽胞杆菌的酚酸脱羧酶基因,实现在大肠杆菌中的高效异源表达,分析酚酸脱羧酶的底物特异性,并对其表达条件进行优化。【方法】通过PCR技术获得酚酸脱羧酶的基因,构建重组基因工程菌,将测序结果与其他酚酸脱羧酶序列进行比对,利用IPTG诱导方法高效表达蛋白。将重组酚酸脱羧酶与4种不同的底物进行反应,设计响应面试验对诱导条件进行优化。【结果】酚酸脱羧酶对对香豆酸、阿魏酸、咖啡酸、芥子酸的比酶活比率为:100:23.33:15.39:10.51。结合与其他酚酸脱羧酶比对结果发现酚酸脱羧酶家族的C末端区域氨基酸序列的变异率最高,这与酚酸脱羧酶的底物特异性和催化机制有关。通过单因素和响应面试验得到酚酸脱羧酶诱导表达的最佳条件为:2×YT培养基,诱导温度30°C,接种量1.78%,诱导时机3.8 h,IPTG1.25mmol/L,诱导时间18h,此时预测酶活和实际酶活分别为47.61IU/mL和47.55IU/mL。【结论】应用响应面法优化酚酸脱羧酶的诱导表达是可行的,本试验为以后生产稳定、高产的酚酸脱羧酶以及了解其催化机理提供了重要的理论基础。     

Secreted expression of the pullulanase in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BF7658

根据文献报道的核苷酸序列合成Bacillus deramificans普鲁兰酶成熟肽编码基因BdP.将BdP基因插入芽孢杆菌分泌表达载体pUC980信号肽编码区下游,获得重组质粒pUC980-BdP,重组质粒转化中温α-淀粉酶生产菌解淀粉芽孢杆菌BF7658菌株.摇瓶发酵实验表明,重组转化子发酵液有明显普鲁兰酶酶活,约48 h酶活达到最高水平,为2.8 ASPU/mL.酶学性质分析表明,重组酶最适作用温度约为60℃,最适反应pH为5.0,60℃保温3h仍保存50％的活性.重组酶性质适合淀粉糖化工艺的要求.     

Purification and characterization of a ferulic acid decarboxylase from Pseudomonas fluorescens.

A ferulic acid decarboxylase enzyme which catalyzes the decarboxylation of ferulic acid to 4-hydroxy-3-methoxystyrene was purified from Pseudomonas fluorescens UI 670. The enzyme requires no cofactors and contains no prosthetic groups. Gel filtration estimated an apparent molecular mass of 40.4 (+/- 6%) kDa, whereas sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed a molecular mass of 20.4 kDa, indicating that ferulic acid decarboxylase is a homodimer in solution. The purified enzyme displayed an optimum temperature range of 27 to 30 degrees C, exhibited an optimum pH of 7.3 in potassium phosphate buffer, and had a Km of 7.9 mM for ferulic acid. This enzyme also decarboxylated 4-hydroxycinnamic acid but not 2- or 3-hydroxycinnamic acid, indicating that a hydroxy group para to the carboxylic acid-containing side chain is required for the enzymatic reaction. The enzyme was inactivated by Hg2+, Cu2+, p-chloromercuribenzoic acid, and N-ethylmaleimide, suggesting that sulfhydryl groups are necessary for enzyme activity. Diethyl pyrocarbonate, a histidine-specific inhibitor, did not affect enzyme activity.     

Review: Biocatalytic transformations of ferulic acid: An abundant aromatic natural product

In this review we examine the fascinating array of microbial and enzymatic transformations of ferulic acid. Ferulic acid is an extremely abundant, preformed phenolic aromatic chemical found widely in nature. Ferulic acid is viewed as a commodity scale, renewable chemical feedstock for biocatalytic conversion to other useful aromatic chemicals. Most attention is focused on bioconversions of ferulic acid itself. Topics covered include cinnamoyl side-chain cleavage; nonoxidative decarboxylation; mechanistic details of styrene formation; purification and characterization of ferulic acid decarboxylase; conversion of ferulic acid to vanillin;O-demethylation; and reduction reactions. Biotransformations of vinylgualacol are discussed, and selected biotransformations of vanillic acid including oxidative and nonoxidative decarboxylation are surveyed. Finally, enzymatic oxidative dimerization and polymerization reactions are reviewed.     

Mevalonate decarboxylation in lemon grass leaves

The activity of mevalonate-5-pyrophosphate (MVAPP) decarboxylase was assayed in the extracts of green leaves of lemon grass. The enzyme was found to be exclusively cytosolic, had a pH optimum of 6.0 and had a specific requirement for ATP; Mg²⁺ was required and Mn²⁺ could replace it partially. The phenolic compounds, p-coumaric acid, protocatechuic acid, ferulic acid and phloroglucinol carboxylic acid inhibited the activity.     

Oxalacetate decarboxylase and pyruvate carboxylase activities, and effect of sulfhydryl reagents in malic enzyme from Sulfolobus solfataricus

Malic enzyme (S)-malate: NADP+ oxidoreductase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating, EC 1.1.1.40) purified from the thermoacidophilic archaebacterium Sulfolobus solfataricus, strain MT-4, catalyzed the metal-dependent decarboxylation of oxaloacetate at optimum pH 7.6 at a rate comparable to the decarboxylation of L-malate. The oxaloacetate decarboxylase activity was stimulated about 50% by NADP but only in the presence of MgCl2, and was strongly inhibited by L-malate and NADPH which abolished the NADP activation. In the presence of MnCl2 and in the absence of NADP, the Michaelis constant and Vm for oxaloacetate were 1.7 mM and 2.3 mumol.min-1.mg-1, respectively. When MgCl2 replaced MnCl2, the kinetic parameters for oxaloacetate remained substantially unvaried, whereas the Km and Vm values for L-malate have been found to vary depending on the metal ion. The enzyme carried out the reverse reaction (malate synthesis) at about 70% of the forward reaction, at pH 7.2 and in the presence of relatively high concentrations of bicarbonate and pyruvate. Sulfhydryl residues (three cysteine residues per subunit) have been shown to be essential for the enzymatic activity of the Sulfolobus solfataricus malic enzyme. 5,5'-Dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), p-hydroxymercuribenzoate and N-ethylmaleimide caused the inactivation of the oxidative decarboxylase activity, but at different rates. The inactivation of the overall activity by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate was partially prevented by NADP singly or in combination with both L-malate and MnCl2, and strongly enhanced by the carboxylic acid substrates; NADP + malate + MnCl2 afforded total protection. The inactivation of the oxaloacetate decarboxylase activity by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate treatment was found to occur at a slower rate than that of the oxidative decarboxylase activity.     

Identification and measurement of acid (specific) histidine decarboxylase activity in rabbit gastric mucosa: ending an old controversy?

One of the main obstacles in assigning any distinct function to histamine in health and disease was the longlasting controversy on the existence of any physiological, endogenous histamine formation in man and most of the other mammals except the rat. Using a modification of Schayer's isotope dilution method, a renewed attempt was made to identify the very low activities of an acid (specific) histidine decarboxylase in rabbit gastric mucosa capable of producing endogenous histamine in physiological conditions, to develop tests for its identification in crude enzyme extracts and to demonstrate the specificity of the enzymatic assay by excluding any relevant Dopa decarboxylase activity and also nonenzymatic decarboxylation interfering with the determination of acid (specific) histidine decarboxylase. To achieve this aim five tests were developed: In the pH profile (test 1), a pH optimum was found at 7.0 in the presence of a low substrate concentration (1.6 X 10(-6)M L-[ring-2-14C]-histidine). The apparent Michaelis concentration at the pH optimum (test 2) was 1.8 X 10(-4)M, the maximum rate 12.5pmol [14C]histamine formed X min-1. To increase the specificity of inhibition experiments with alpha-methylhistidine and alpha-methyl-L-Dopa a pH profile was determined in the presence of these two enzymatic inhibitors (test 3 and 4). alpha-Methylhistidine was used for a reliable diagnostic confirmation test, alpha-methyl-L-Dopa for a reliable exclusion test. Benzene showed no influence on either blanks or recovery rates, but inhibited the enzymic activity at pH 7.0, not however that of unspecific histidine decarboxylase and hence was very valuable as an additional diagnostic exclusion test (test 5). Although these new tests identifying acid (specific) histidine decarboxylase and demonstrating the specificity of its determination were tedious, despite the use of the modified isotope dilution method, they excluded the presence of any Dopa decarboxylase activity in mixtures with crude enzyme preparations as well as of any kind of nonspecific and nonenzymatic histidine decarboxylation. An endogenous histidine decarboxylase in rabbit gastric mucosa is postulated, capable of forming histamine in vivo.     

Structural basis of enzymatic activity for the ferulic acid decarboxylase (FADase) from Enterobacter sp. Px6-4

Microbial ferulic acid decarboxylase (FADase) catalyzes the transformation of ferulic acid to 4-hydroxy-3-methoxystyrene (4-vinylguaiacol) via non-oxidative decarboxylation. Here we report the crystal structures of the Enterobacter sp. Px6-4 FADase and the enzyme in complex with substrate analogues. Our analyses revealed that FADase possessed a half-opened bottom β-barrel with the catalytic pocket located between the middle of the core β-barrel and the helical bottom. Its structure shared a high degree of similarity with members of the phenolic acid decarboxylase (PAD) superfamily. Structural analysis revealed that FADase catalyzed reactions by an “open-closed” mechanism involving a pocket of 8×8×15 Å dimension on the surface of the enzyme. The active pocket could directly contact the solvent and allow the substrate to enter when induced by substrate analogues. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that the E134A mutation decreased the enzyme activity by more than 60%, and Y21A and Y27A mutations abolished the enzyme activity completely. The combined structural and mutagenesis results suggest that during decarboxylation of ferulic acid by FADase, Trp25 and Tyr27 are required for the entering and proper orientation of the substrate while Glu134 and Asn23 participate in proton transfer.     

Enzymatic synthesis of structured phenolic lipids by incorporation of selected phenolic acids into triolein

The synthesis of structured phenolic lipids by lipase-catalyzed transesterification of selected phenolic acids, including p-hydroxyphenyl acetic, p-coumaric, sinapic, ferulic and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acids, with triolein was investigated. The highest enzymatic activity (248 nmol esterified phenolic acid/g solid enzyme/min) and bioconversion (62%) was obtained for the transesterification of p-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid with triolein. In addition, the transesterification of p-coumaric with triolein resulted in a higher enzymatic activity (87 nmol esterified phenolic acid/g solid enzyme/min) and bioconversion (46%) than those obtained for the transesterfication of ferulic and sinapic acids. The results also showed that using p-hydroxyphenyl acetic, p-coumaric and ferulic acids as substrate, the maximum bioconversion of phenolic monoacylglycerols was close to that of phenolic diacylglycerols. Although p-coumaric acid had very low radical scavenging activity (2%) compared to that of ferulic acid (62%), the p-coumaroylated lipids demonstrated a higher scavenging potency (16%) than that of the feruloylated one (10%).     

水酶法提取紫苏籽油脂工艺

采用中心组合设计(CCD)-响应面(RSM)优化紫苏籽油脂的水酶法提取工艺。在单因素试验的基础上采用中心组合设计方法,研究了酶的种类、酶解温度、pH、液(mL)固(g)比、加酶量、以及时间相互作用对紫苏油脂提取率的影响。结果显示,拟合得到方程显著,确定的紫苏油脂提取最优条件为:碱性蛋白酶在pH9.5条件下液(mL)固(g)比9.97∶1、加酶量2.75%、温度56.1℃、时间5.25h,该条件下紫苏油脂的提取率可达到37.65%,与理论值38.3%十分接近,建立的模型真实可靠,确定了紫苏油脂的最佳提取工艺。经气相色谱检测紫苏籽油中含有棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、α-亚麻酸等脂肪酸,水酶法提取紫苏油脂的α-亚麻酸相对含量最高67.9%,且相对溶剂法及冷榨法理化指标最好。     

ADENOSYLMETHIONINE DECARBOXYLASE IN DEVELOPING RAT BRAIN

Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase from rat brain has been found to be similar to the same enzyme isolated from other rat tissues in regard to kinetic parameters, pH optimum, putrescine requirement, and subcellular location. Evidence is presented that pyridoxal phosphate is not the functional cofactor in enzymatic decarboxylation by the rat brain preparation. The capacity for spermidine synthesis in developing rat brain was determined by measurement of the activity of adenosylmethionine decarboxylase. The activity increased dramatically after 10 days of postnatal age. This increase occurred after the period of maximum nucleic acid synthesis, an observation which suggests that spermidine may have a role in the functional development of the brain.