小龙虾肠道产木聚糖酶细菌的分离与鉴定

【背景】小龙虾肠道微生物是小龙虾降解纤维素和半纤维素的主要驱动力。【目的】研究肠道内细菌的相对丰度,为揭示肠道微生物在小龙虾纤维素降解过程中的作用提供理论支撑。【方法】采用纯培养法从小龙虾肠道筛选产木聚糖酶细菌,并且对小龙虾肠道细菌进行16S高通量测序。【结果】形态学和16SrRNA基因分子鉴定表明,筛选到的4株产木聚糖酶细菌均属于芽孢杆菌科芽孢杆菌属;结合进一步的生理生化特征鉴定,结果为:菌株Z-3为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),菌株Z-4为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis),菌株Z-29为蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus),菌株Z-30为高地芽孢杆菌(Bacillus altitudinis);16S rRNA基因高通量测序结果表明:在属水平上,小龙虾肠道细菌主要是Candidatus Bacilloplasma、拟杆菌属、弧菌属、不动杆菌属、Dysgonomonas、Tyzzerella3、气单胞菌属和希瓦氏菌属细菌。【结论】小龙虾肠道内细菌资源丰富,且芽孢杆菌属细菌在木质纤维素降解过程中发挥一定功能。     

黄翅大白蚁后肠优势菌大白蚁营发酵菌的全基因组序列分析

【目的】营发酵单胞菌属Dysgonomonas是黄翅大白蚁后肠的第二优势微生物。前期研究中,我们从黄翅大白蚁后肠分离出一种命名为大白蚁营发酵菌的新菌。为深入了解大白蚁营发酵菌在宿主白蚁体内发挥的作用和功能,有必要解析大白蚁营发酵菌的基因组序列信息。【方法】使用Illumina Miseq测序平台获取该菌的全基因组序列,将其全基因组序列经过注释的基因蛋白质序列提交COG和KEGG数据库进行BLASTp比对分析,确定该菌潜在的重要酶类和代谢途径,并对个别纤维素酶活进行检测。【结果】大白蚁营发酵菌整个基因组大小为4655756 bp,GC含量为38.54%,DDBJ数据库登录号为BBXL01000001–BBXL01000078。生物信息学分析结果表明菌株大白蚁营发酵菌具有多个木质纤维素降解酶基因,且具备完整的木质纤维素降解和乙酸、乳酸生成通路。此外发现该菌株中存在与氮源代谢和抵御病原体相关的基因。【结论】本研究首次解析大白蚁营发酵菌的全基因组序列,了解其基因组基本特征,初步探讨了该菌降解木质纤维素的过程,为细菌协助宿主白蚁降解木质纤维素提供了理论基础,同时为该菌可能参与宿主白蚁氮源代谢和抵御病原体入侵提供了依据。     

一株培菌白蚁后肠木聚糖降解细菌的分离与鉴定

【目的】从培菌白蚁——黄翅大白蚁肠道微生物菌群中分离能降解木聚糖的细菌。【方法】以木聚糖为唯一碳源,利用刚果红染色,根据透明圈大小进行筛选。通过显微形态,革兰氏染色及16S r RNA基因序列分析进行菌株鉴定。二硝基水杨酸(DNS)法测定细菌生长过程中木聚糖酶酶活变化,比较酶活与菌株生长状况的关系。【结果】从黄翅大白蚁肠道中筛选到一株具有较高木聚糖降解活性的革兰氏阳性菌Mb1,16S r RNA基因序列分析表明为类芽孢杆菌属细菌,命名为Paenibacillus sp.Mb1。该菌培养72 h后菌体浓度达到最高,木聚糖酶酶活主要存在于培养液上清中,酶活在对数期增长快,在培养96 h时达到最高值,之后趋于稳定。【结论】从黄翅大白蚁肠道中分离出一株具有较高木聚糖酶活的类芽孢杆菌,可作为产细菌木聚糖酶的潜在优良菌株。     

黄翅大白蚁后肠降解滤纸微生物群落的分析

黄翅大白蚁(Macrotermes barneyi)具有高效降解木质纤维素的能力,其后肠内存在着丰富的共生微生物。采用活性电泳和变形梯度凝胶电泳的方法对黄翅大白蚁后肠降解滤纸微生物群落进行分析。活性电泳实验证实了此微生物群落纤维素酶的存在(内切葡聚糖酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶和木聚糖酶),变形梯度凝胶电泳实验鉴定出微生物组的群落结构,即7种细菌和3种真菌。本研究初步阐明了黄翅大白蚁后肠内与滤纸降解相关的微生物种类,为进一步了解黄翅大白蚁纤维素的降解机制以及生物质资源的高效利用提供了理论基础。     

阿南原等跳肠道细菌的分离鉴定及降解纤维素细菌的筛选

【目的】本研究旨在确定阿南原等跳Proisotoma ananevae成虫肠道细菌的组成,并筛选降解纤维素细菌。【方法】运用传统培养与16S rDNA测序相结合方法,分离鉴定阿南原等跳成虫肠道内可培养细菌;通过羧甲基纤维素钠筛选培养基(CMC)筛选能够降解纤维素的细菌,并采用3,5-二硝基水杨酸(DNS)法测定不同pH(5.0~9.0)下的纤维素酶活力。【结果】从阿南原等跳成虫肠道共分离到20种不同的菌株,隶属于厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和放线菌门(Acinobacteria)3门的10属,即葡萄球菌属Staphylococcus,芽孢杆菌属Bacillus,Terribacillus,Advenella,赖氨酸芽孢杆菌属Lysinibacillus,节杆菌属Arthrobacter,肠杆菌属Enterobacter,Glutamicibacter,无色杆菌属Leucobacter和不动杆菌属Acinetobacte;另有1株未鉴别细菌。10株纤维素降解细菌分别隶属于厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和放线菌门(Acinobacteria)2门的6属,即无色杆菌属Leucobacter,芽孢杆菌属Bacillus,Terribacillus,赖氨酸芽孢杆菌属Lysinibacillus,节杆菌属Arthrobacter和Glutamicibacter。酶活力测定结果显示所有纤维降解素菌株在pH 7.0~9.0之间纤维素酶活性均相对较高,且pH 8.0时酶活力最高。【结论】结果说明,阿南原等跳成虫肠道内存在复杂的细菌结构,在偏碱性条件下降解纤维素的细菌酶活力要高于酸性条件下的酶活力;跳虫作为生态系统中的分解者,其肠道内大量降解纤维素细菌的存在不仅有助于跳虫利用环境中的大分子有机物满足自身的营养等需要,同时对于饲料及工业生产也具有一定的应用价值。     

黄翅大白蚁后肠降解滤纸微生物群落的分析简

黄翅大白蚁（ Macrotermes barneyi）具有高效降解木质纤维素的能力,其后肠内存在着丰富的共生微生物。采用活性电泳和变形梯度凝胶电泳的方法对黄翅大白蚁后肠降解滤纸微生物群落进行分析。活性电泳实验证实了此微生物群落纤维素酶的存在（内切葡聚糖酶、β葡萄糖苷酶和木聚糖酶）,变形梯度凝胶电泳实验鉴定出微生物组的群落结构,即7种细菌和3种真菌。本研究初步阐明了黄翅大白蚁后肠内与滤纸降解相关的微生物种类,为进一步了解黄翅大白蚁纤维素的降解机制以及生物质资源的高效利用提供了理论基础。     

草地贪夜蛾幼虫肠道细菌的分离鉴定及纤维素降解细菌的筛选

【目的】本研究旨在明确草地贪夜蛾Spodopterafrugiperda幼虫肠道可培养细菌组成,筛选纤维素降解细菌。【方法】采用传统细菌培养及16S rDNA分子标记相结合的方法分离鉴定草地贪夜蛾幼虫肠道可培养细菌;采用刚果红染色法筛选纤维素降解细菌,并通过3,5-二硝基水杨酸(DNS)法测定不同pH(5.0-9.0)条件下的纤维素酶活力。【结果】从草地贪夜蛾幼虫中筛选分离出14种肠道细菌菌株,分别隶属放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)等3门11属,即谷氨酸棒杆菌属(Glutamicibacter)、肠球菌属(Enterococcus)、芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、摩根菌属(Morganella)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、志贺氏菌属(Shigella)、克洛诺杆菌属(Cronobacter)、克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)、沙雷氏菌属(Serratia)、苍白杆菌属(Ochrobactrum)。2株产纤维素酶细菌隶属厚壁菌门芽胞杆菌属。酶活力测定结果显示:2株纤维素降解细菌的纤维素酶在pH 6.0-8.0均有相对较高的活性,在pH 8.0时,纤维素酶活最高。【结论】草地贪夜蛾幼虫肠道中细菌种类多样,其肠道内存在纤维素降解细菌。在偏碱性条件下,纤维素降解细菌的纤维素酶活力显著高于酸性条件。研究结果丰富了纤维素降解细菌资源,在饲料生产、食品加工、化学能源等方面具有应用前景。此外,草地贪夜蛾作为重大农业害虫,其肠道有益菌群,有望成为新的防治靶标。     

胶州湾沉积物可培养细菌的多样性及其抑菌活性

【目的】海洋微生物在活性物质开发方面具有巨大的应用前景。为了研究胶州湾微生物的多样性和抑菌活性,选取胶州湾9个观测站点的沉积物进行了细菌多样性及抑菌活性分析。【方法】采用YPD和Z2216E培养基分离细菌,通过16S r RNA基因测序对分离菌株进行分类鉴定,继而采用牛津杯法考察分离菌株对7株指示菌的抑菌活性,最后用PCR方法筛选16株代表菌的PKSI、NRPS、CYP、Phz E和d TGD基因。【结果】从胶州湾沉积物中共分离出76株细菌,通过对16S r RNA序列分析,将其归为8个科11个属:节杆菌属、考克氏菌属、微球菌属、微杆菌属、假交替单胞菌属、Oceanisphaera、海单胞菌属、葡萄球菌属、芽孢杆菌属、硫胺素芽孢杆菌属和短芽孢杆菌属,其中分离细菌中有34株至少对1种指示菌有抑菌活性。所选取的16株菌均能检测到一种功能基因,且其中5株菌能同时检测到3种以上的功能基因。【结论】以上研究表明胶州湾海域有丰富的微生物资源,在生物活性次级代谢产物合成上有较大潜力。     

塑料饲养大蜡螟幼虫肠道可培养细菌多样性

【背景】昆虫肠道中存在大量的微生物,是昆虫正常生命活动所必需的。它们能够促进维生素的合成、脂肪和碳水化合物的吸收及利用,同时还可以保护宿主抵御天敌,忍受高温以及促进毒素或异生素的代谢,间接促进资源开发。【目的】研究PE塑料饲喂的大蜡螟幼虫肠道可培养细菌的多样性。【方法】利用16S rRNA基因序列分析技术,结合菌落形态和细胞形态及相关生理生化特征鉴定细菌种类。【结果】从大蜡螟幼虫肠道分离纯化的40株可培养细菌得到16种不同细菌遗传型,分别属于芽孢杆菌科(Bacillaceae)、肠球菌科(Enterococcaceae)、葡萄球菌科(Staphylococcaceae)、莫拉菌科(Moraxellaceae)4个科。其中芽孢杆菌科是肠道可培养细菌的优势细菌种类。结合菌落和细胞形态及生理生化特征,确定肠道可培养细菌为芽孢杆菌属9株、肠球菌属4株、葡萄球菌属2株以及不动杆菌属1株。【结论】通过研究大蜡螟幼虫肠道可培养细菌群落结构组成,可为开展大蜡螟肠道的微生态研究提供相关理论基础。     

中国北部湾光裸方格星虫可培养微生物的分离鉴定及其活性代谢物产生菌筛选

【目的】本研究从北部湾海域光裸方格星虫(Sipunculus nudus)肠道中分离鉴定可培养微生物,并对筛选菌株的代谢物活性进行研究,为后续开发和利用光裸方格星虫肠道微生物代谢产物提供理论支持。【方法】通过微生物培养、菌株分离纯化和16S rRNA基因序列分析,分析鉴定湛江、北海、防城港三地光裸方格星虫肠道可培养微生物;采用透明圈法、可见分光光度法、平板打孔法等对产胞外活性代谢物的菌株进行筛选和活性分析。【结果】中国北部湾不同海域光裸方格星虫肠道可培养微生物包括弧菌属(Vibrio)、希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)、假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas)、发光杆菌属(Photobacterium)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)等12个细菌属。弧菌属(Vibrio)是3个地区样本共有的优势菌群。具有产胞外水解蛋白酶、壳聚糖酶、多糖以及抑菌活性等能力的菌株主要来自假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas)、发光杆菌属(Photobacterium)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)。【结论】中国北部湾不同海域光裸方格星虫肠道可培养微生物在属的种类上存在显著性差异,且光裸方格星虫肠道菌株具有产生多种胞外活性代谢物的能力,是一种良好的海洋活性代谢物来源。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.