人白细胞介素-38的特性分析及B细胞表位的预测

目的:为进一步了解人白细胞介素(IL)-38蛋白质的特性和B细胞表位,从GenBank中查得其序列,用生物信息学等方法预测人IL-38蛋白质的二级结构等特性,并对其B细胞表位进行预测。方法:应用ProtParam tool、ProtScale、Emini和Kolaskar等程序或方法,对IL-38的组成、理化特性、亲水性、柔韧性和可及性等进行分析,以进一步预测其二级结构和抗原表位。结果:IL-38的二级结构主要由无规则卷曲(44.08%)和β-折叠(39.47%)组成。其B细胞表位可能位于第26-36、45-55、78-98和124-143等氨基酸区段。结论:首次利用生物信息学方法对IL-38基因及其蛋白质结构进行了分析和预测,预测结果将有助于确定IL-38的B细胞表位,为IL-38基因功能的深入研究及研制IL-38单克隆抗体提供了理论依据。     

猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌flic蛋白二级结构与B细胞表位预测

目的:预测和分析猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(Actionobacillus pleuropneumoniae,APP)鞭毛蛋白(flic)的二级结构和B细胞表位.方法:利用生物信息学方法对flic基因推导的氨基酸序列进行结构特征和B细胞表位预测分析.结果:flic蛋白为非稳定型脂蛋白,含有2个酪蛋白激酶Ⅱ磷酸化位点(39-42 SirD,164-167 SvkD)和3个蛋白质激酶C磷酸化位点(39-41 SiR,161-163 TsR、164-166 SvK).该蛋白无信号肽,在21Ala～38Ala处存在跨膜区的可能性最大.fljc蛋白的二级结构主要由无规卷曲区域、α-螺旋和β-折叠组成,而形成较少的转角结构.该蛋白的B细胞表位可能位于55～61和152～158区段内或其附近区域.结论:预测结果将有助于确定file蛋白的B细胞表位,为进一步研究flic基因功能及研制APP基因工程疫苗提供参考.     

人白细胞介素-36受体拮抗剂的二级结构及B细胞表位的预测

[目的]预测人白细胞介素-36受体拮抗剂(interleukin-36 receptor antagonist,IL-36Ra)蛋白的特性及其B细胞抗原表位。[方法]以人IL-36Ra基因序列为基础,应用Expasy工具中Prot Param程序分析人IL-36Ra蛋白的氨基酸组成、理化性质和二级结构;采用Prot Scale网络服务器预测亲水性和柔韧性;采用Emini和Kolaskar方案分析其可及性。结合其二级结构的特性,进一步预测IL-36Ra的B细胞抗原表位。[结果]人IL-36Ra的二级结构主要由无规则卷曲(44.52%)、β折叠(30.97%)、α-螺旋(18.06%)和β-转角(6.45%)组成。IL-36Ra蛋白肽链的36-37、72-79、91-96、103-110、126-130和134-138区段为B细胞表位区域的可能性较大。[结论]该研究采用多参数方案综合预测人IL-36Ra蛋白的二级结构和B细胞表位,为深入鉴定IL-36Ra的抗原表位及试验方法探索其单克隆抗体奠定了理论基础。     

绿脓杆菌外膜蛋白OprF的生物信息学分析

[目的]利用生物信息学方法预测绿脓杆菌外膜蛋白OprF的理化性质、高级结构和细胞表位。[方法]采用在线软件预测OprF蛋白的理化性质;Signal P 4.1软件预测OprF信号肽序列;利用TMHMM软件预测ACFA蛋白跨膜结构;SOPMA服务器预测蛋白的二级结构;Swiss-Model程序预测OprF三维结构;综合ABCpred与Bepi Pred方案预测OprF的B细胞表位;运用神经网络法预测OprF的CTL表位;使用MHC-Ⅱ类分子结合肽程序预测OprF的Th细胞表位。[结果]OprF为亲水性蛋白;1~24位氨基酸为信号肽序列;存在多个酶切位点;无跨膜结构并定位于细胞膜外;二级结构中含无规则卷曲34.36%、α-螺旋31.90%、β-转角11.66%、β-片层22.09%;并可能存在3个B细胞表位、2个CTL表位、4个Th细胞表位。[结论]系统分析了OprF蛋白的理化性质、信号肽、跨膜结构、二级与三级结构,以及B、T细胞抗原表位。     

东北林蛙抗菌肽dybowskin-1ST的结构预测及生物学活性分析

运用生物信息学方法进行东北林蛙抗菌肽dybowskin-1ST的进化、结构及抗原表位预测,分析其抑菌机理及结构性质,应用小鼠伤口愈合实验及体外抑菌实验进行活性验证。同时为改良亲本肽、进行新型衍生肽的研发提供理论基础。使用软件MEGA_X对dybowskin-1ST及其他蛙类抗菌肽进行同源性比对并绘制系统进化树;通过在线软件ProtParam、ProtScale、PeptideCutter、SignalP、TMHMM Server分别预测抗菌肽dybowskin-1ST的理化参数、亲/疏水性、剪切位点、信号肽及跨膜区域;分别应用 SOPMA、Jpred4及DNAstar Protean软件多重分析预测dybowskin-1ST的二级结构,利用SWISS-MODEL和I-TASSER软件进行三级结构预测。通过在线软件ABCpred和SYFPEITHI进行T/B抗原表位预测。构建小鼠伤口模型,观察dybowskin-1ST促进伤口愈合活性。应用纸片法及96孔板法,确定dybowskin-1ST的抑菌活性。抗菌肽dybowskin-1ST含有59个氨基酸,其中亮氨酸占16.9%,分子式为C318H510N80O93S2,理论等电点为5.10,电荷量为?2。抗菌肽dybowskin-1ST与东北林蛙抗菌肽dybowskin-1CDYa亲缘较近。三种方法二级结构预测结果相似,dybowskin-1ST中α-螺旋、延伸链、β-转角、无规卷曲,所占比例分别为44.07%、16.95%、3.39%、35.39%。三级结构预测中显示该抗菌肽大部分为α-螺旋结构,抗菌肽dybowskin-1ST总体预测为亲水性蛋白,具有信号肽序列。亚细胞定位分析显示,其分泌线粒体靶向肽的可能性为0.944。该蛋白属于膜外蛋白,无跨膜结构区,有7个磷酸化位点,3个T细胞抗原表位和8个B细胞抗原表位。dybowskin-1ST具有促进伤口愈合的作用,能够有效抑制大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌活性,但对真菌及耐药菌的抑菌活性有限。dybowskin-1ST结构中虽富含α-螺旋,但验证实验表明其抑菌能力仍有待加强,原因可能是由于其带负电荷且为亲水性蛋白,以提高正电荷数及改变疏水性为基本思路进行氨基酸改造可获得活性升级的衍生肽。     

猪水疱病病毒外壳蛋白的二级结构和抗原表位预测

以SVDV外壳蛋白基因序列为基础,采用Chou-Fasman法、Garnier-Robson 法和Karplus-Schulz法预测蛋白质的二级结构;按Kyte-Doolittle方案、Emini方案和Jameson-Wolf方案预测SVDV外壳蛋白的B细胞表位。预测结果表明,SVDV外壳蛋白的二级结构较为复杂,含有较多的转角和无规则卷曲等柔性区域以及α-螺旋和β-折叠区段;SVDV外壳蛋白的VP1、VP2和VP3上均有多个区域为B细胞优势表位,其中,VP1蛋白的B细胞表位优势区域比VP2和VP3蛋白的多,与已鉴定的B细胞表位相比较,该方法预测的结果有较高的准确度。为实验确定SVDV外壳蛋白的B细胞表位和反向疫苗学设计提供理论基础。     

不同亚型乙肝病毒Pre-S(2)蛋白二级结构及抗原表位的预测与比较

本文采用Chou和Fasman方法预测adw,adr,ayw三种亚型的乙肝病毒Pres(2)蛋白的二级结构;并用双亲性方案和亲水性方案分析了抗原表位。结果显示三者均可能含有较多的β片层和β转折;N-末端30个残基所形成的二级结构较保守,而C-末端顺序的构象在亚型间差别较大;Th细胞识别的表位可能在39—49肽段;B细胞识别的表位可能主要在12—18残基或其附近。     

结核分枝杆菌Rv1385的抗原表位预测分析

结核分枝杆菌生长缓慢,难以获得足量的天然蛋白抗原。而利用基因工程技术制备重组蛋白抗原,存在着表达量低、不易纯化,以及特异性较低等不利因素。随着生物信息技术的发展,研究者可根据生物信息学软件预测,选择合成优势抗原肽段,而不需克隆整个蛋白,具有简便、经济、特异性高等特点。因此,本研究应用生物信息学方法,预测结核分枝杆菌Rv1385蛋白的抗原表位并分析其优势表位,对了解Rv1385蛋白的免疫学特性及其与结核分枝杆菌致病的关系具有重要意义。首先,从NCBI数据库下载Rv1385的氨基酸序列,然后采用生物信息学软件PSIPRED Server预测蛋白质二级结构;BepiPred 1.0 Server和ABCpred预测该蛋白的B细胞抗原表位;BIMAS、SYFPEITHI及NetCTLpan 1.1 Server预测该蛋白的CTL表位;SYFPEITHI和NetMHCIIpan 3.2 Server预测该蛋白的Th细胞表位。最后综合分析预测结核分枝杆菌Rv1385的优势候选抗原表位。结果显示,Rv1385蛋白二级结构中,α螺旋占51.8%,β折叠占41.6%,无规卷曲占6.6%;共有4个B细胞抗原位点,位于109～124、152～169、178～192、198～209氨基酸区段;3个CTL表位,位于263～271、87～95、240～248氨基酸区段;5个Th表位,位于77～91、87～101、234～247、70～84、46～60氨基酸区段。生物信息学分析显示Rv1385含有潜在的B细胞和T细胞抗原表位,为该蛋白抗原表位的进一步研究及应用奠定了基础。     

人IL-32α二级结构及B细胞表位的预测

以人IL-32α的氨基酸序列为基础,采用SOPMA法预测IL-32α的二级结构;应用ProScale、Bcepred服务器和EMBOSS软件,分析人IL-32α亲水性、柔韧性、可及性和抗原性指数,并结合二级结构特征,预测IL-32α的届细胞表位．结果显示：IL-32α的二级结构由α螺旋（61．07％）和无规卷曲（38．93％）组成：其B细胞表位可能位于N端第87～94、102～108、121～127区段．预测结果将有助于确定IL-32α的B细胞表位,为研制抗人IL-32单克隆抗体提供了理论依据．     

结核分枝杆菌抗原Rv2389的T细胞表位的生物信息学分析

目的:分析结核分枝杆菌(MTB)抗原Rv2389的T细胞表位,确定和筛选优势表位,为研制更加有效的诊断标志物,和更安全、高效的表位疫苗奠定基础。方法:应用在线预测软件IEDB和SYFPEITHI对MTB抗原Rv2389的T细胞表位进行预测,并与ESAT-6相比较;采用SOPMA Sever软件预测其编码蛋白的二级结构;用Ex PASy在线软件预测Rv2389的三级结构,综合分析Rv2389的T细胞抗原决定簇。结果:经软件分析,Rv2389多肽预测分值普遍高于ESAT-6,Rv2389分值较高的T细胞表位区域氨基酸位于35~43、85~93、107~126和184~200。MTB抗原Rv2389蛋白无规则卷曲占71.89%,β折叠占5.53%,主要覆盖的氨基酸区域位14~23,51~67,72~112,117~127和134~212。说明这些肽段存在潜在的抗原表位优势区域的可能性;三级结构预测显示,85~93位氨基酸和107~126位氨基酸暴露于蛋白表面,是最有可能的抗原表位。结论:经生物信息学软件预测MTB抗原Rv2389有2个T细胞优势表位,即85~93位和107~126位氨基酸。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.