4种荒漠植物气体交换特征的研究

 在自然条件下我们对塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒绿洲边缘4种主要荒漠植物胡杨(Populus euphratica Oliv.)、沙拐枣(Calligonum caput_medusae Schrenk.)、骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia B.Keller et Shap)和柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima Lbd.)的气体交换、水势及其δ13C的季节变化特征进行了比较研究。结果表明胡杨和沙拐枣气体交换日变化为单峰曲线,骆驼刺和柽柳为双峰曲线;其中骆驼刺属低光合低蒸腾型,WUEph最低,     

低硫氮比酸雨对亚热带典型树种气体交换和质膜的影响

通过对我国亚热带典型树种香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)、木荷(Schima superba)和枫香(Liquidambar formosana)1年生幼苗为期4个月的模拟酸雨处理,以当地水库水为对照,研究硫氮比(摩尔比)为1.58的酸雨胁迫(中度酸雨pH3.5、重度酸雨pH2.5)下植物气体交换参数、光合色素含量、质膜透性和丙二醛含量等生理指标的变化规律。结果表明:中度酸雨对植物的气体交换和质膜没有造成明显影响。重度酸雨导致叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率下降;植物叶片的质膜透性和丙二醛含量显著上升;重度酸雨的氮肥效应虽提高了叶片叶绿素含量,但单位叶绿素的净光合速率仍下降明显。与以往高硫氮比(摩尔比>6)酸雨胁迫研究相比,低硫氮比可能会减缓中度酸雨(pH3.5)对植物气体交换和质膜的负面影响;但是当pH值降至2.5时,酸雨仍然会造成植物气孔部分关闭,膜系统损伤,叶绿素光合活性下降,并最终抑制植物光合作用。     

半红树植物黄槿的气体交换特性

半红树植物是一类既可在海岸潮间带又可在陆地生长和繁殖的海陆两栖植物。夏季强光和高温是海岸带生境突出的特点,半红树植物如何在这样的自然生境中生存和繁衍是值得探讨的问题。该研究以具有较高应用价值的锦葵科(Malvaceae)木槿属(Hibiscus)的常绿半红树植物黄槿(H.tiliaceus)作为研究对象,采用LI-6400便携式光合测定系统(Li-Cor Inc.,USA)对南亚热带气候条件下的广东省珠海淇澳岛红树林自然保护区自然生长的黄槿在夏季高温季节的叶片气体交换特性进行测定,探讨了其在自然生境下的光合行为和相关的形态解剖特征,揭示其生境适应性的光合生理生态机制。结果表明:(1)黄槿净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度和蒸腾速率的日变化均表现为单峰型曲线,中午未出现明显光抑制现象。(2)黄槿较高的净光合速率与其较高的气孔导度相关,而后者则可能与其较大的气孔密度和具有表皮毛等叶片解剖结构特征有关。(3)黄槿光饱和点、光补偿点、最大净光合速率和日均净光合速率均符合阳生植物特征,因而是一种阳生性树种。以上结果说明黄槿在自然环境中具有的快速生长特性可能与其较强和较稳定的光合能力有关,该研究结果为深入揭示黄槿以及其他半红树植物适应海岸带高温强光生境的生理生态机制提供了基础数据,为黄槿的合理栽培及造林实践提供了理论参考。     

佛甲草(Sedum lineare)在干旱条件下的气体交换

在干旱条件下,测定了广州市1、4、5和年期屋顶绿化植物佛甲草叶片的气体交换参数、相对含水量(RWC)和比叶重(LMA),探讨了佛甲草在屋顶绿化中的生理生态适应性.结果表明不同生长期佛甲草叶片的RWC和LMA相对较低,分别在81.79%～87.58%和0.059～0.072 kg·m^-2之间,RWC和LMA在不同生长期的差异不显著(P>0.05).不同生长期佛甲草的气体交换参数CO₂同化速率(A)、气孔导度(g_s)和蒸腾速率(E)均呈现相似的日变化格型,A、g_s和E的日均值差异不显著(P>0.05).A、g_s和E之间的日变化呈明显的正相关关系(P<0.01).根据植物的RWC和气体交换参数的特征,推断佛甲草属兼性CAM植物,不同生长期佛甲草的主要生理生态指标相似.     

箱式通量观测技术和方法的理论假设及其应用进展

碳(CO_2、CH_4)、氮(N_2O)和水汽(H_2O)等温室气体的交换通量是生态系统物质循环的核心,是地圈-生物圈-大气圈相互作用的纽带。稳定同位素光谱和质谱技术和方法的进步使碳稳定同位素比值(δ~(13)C)和氧稳定同位素比值(δ~(18)O)(CO_2)、δ~(13)C(CH_4)、氮稳定同位素比值(δ~(15)N)和δ~(18)O (N_2O)、氢稳定同位素比值(δD)和δ~(18)O (H_2O)的观测成为可能,与箱式通量观测技术和方法结合可以实现土壤、植物乃至生态系统尺度温室气体及其同位素通量观测研究。该综述以CO_2及其δ~(13)C通量的箱式观测技术和方法为例,概述了箱式通量观测系统的基本原理及分类,阐述了系统设计的理论要求和假设,综述了从野外到室内土壤、植物叶-茎-根以及生态系统尺度箱式通量观测研究的应用进展及问题,展望了气体分析精度和准确度、观测数据精度和准确度以及观测数据的代表性评价在箱式通量观测研究中的重要性。     

金钟藤叶片的气体交换特性

用LI-6400便携式光合测定系统(Li-CorInc.,USA)对广州林区新发现的入侵杂草金钟藤(Merremiaboisiana)叶片的气体交换进行了测定。结果表明(1)净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(E)的日变化均表现为单峰型曲线,中午金钟藤未出现光合作用抑制;最大光合速率可达20μmolCO2.m-2.s-1左右,Pn日平均值为8.8±0.75μmolCO2.m-2.s-1。(2)金钟藤光合作用的光饱和点较高,为1000~1200μmolphotons.m-2.s-1,表现出比较典型的阳生植物的特性。结果表明,金钟藤在自然环境中具有快速生长的特性可能与其较强和较稳定的光合能力有关。研究的初步结果对了解金钟藤迅速生长、具有高生产力和强大入侵力的原因提供了进一步深入探讨的思路和基础数据。     

南亚热带丘陵区龙眼和象草的叶片气孔气体交换的研究

分别在干、湿两季节 ,利用便携式光合测定系统 ,野外测定丘陵集水区“林、果、草、鱼”农林复合生态系统中龙眼和象草的气体交换的日变化 ,和在室内测定 2种植物的光合作用—光响应曲线。2种植物在湿润高温的 9月的光饱和点、日平均叶片净光合速率、日平均气孔导度比干旱低温的 1月高 ,而内在水分利用效率恰好相反。2种植物的净光合速率的日变化呈双峰型 ,龙眼在 1月份中午时分下陷的程度相对较浅。根据观测结果 ,集水区内的水热条件的配合得当 ,是龙眼和象草生长的重要条件。     

箱式通量观测技术和方法的理论假设及其应用进展

碳(CO₂、CH₄)、氮(N₂O)和水汽(H₂O)等温室气体的交换通量是生态系统物质循环的核心, 是地圈-生物圈-大气圈相互作用的纽带。稳定同位素光谱和质谱技术和方法的进步使碳稳定同位素比值(δ ¹³C)和氧稳定同位素比值(δ ¹⁸O)(CO₂)、δ ¹³C (CH₄)、氮稳定同位素比值(δ ¹⁵N)和δ ¹⁸O (N₂O)、氢稳定同位素比值(δD)和δ ¹⁸O (H₂O)的观测成为可能, 与箱式通量观测技术和方法结合可以实现土壤、植物乃至生态系统尺度温室气体及其同位素通量观测研究。该综述以CO₂及其δ ¹³C通量的箱式观测技术和方法为例, 概述了箱式通量观测系统的基本原理及分类, 阐述了系统设计的理论要求和假设, 综述了从野外到室内土壤、植物叶-茎-根以及生态系统尺度箱式通量观测研究的应用进展及问题, 展望了气体分析精度和准确度、观测数据精度和准确度以及观测数据的代表性评价在箱式通量观测研究中的重要性。     

浑善达克沙地不同光合途径植物叶片气体交换和水势特征(英文)

以生长于浑善达克沙地上的C3植物白榆(Ulmus pumila)、C4植物沙米(Agriophyllum pungens)和CAM植物钝叶瓦松(Orostachys malacophyllus)3种不同光合途径植物为材料,测定了它们生长期叶片的光合气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数和水势,探讨它们对生长环境的生理响应特征.结果表明,白榆和沙米的净光合速率、气孔导度均高于钝叶瓦松,特别是在夏季高温(>40℃)和强光照(>2 100 μmol·m-2·s-1)条件下表现得更加明显.白榆和沙米的光合速率、叶片水势都发生了严重的午休现象,其白天光合速率的降低主要是由于气孔关闭造成的.钝叶瓦松的叶片水势在3种植物中最高,但是白天的光合速率很低;其Fv/Fm值在14:00最低,一天中此时光系统II受伤害最大;CAM物种瓦松的碳固定仅发生在夜间.研究发现,C3植物白榆和C4植物沙米比CAM植物钝叶瓦松对热和高光照有着更强的忍耐力,瓦松固定碳主要发生在生长最快的阶段;CAM植物瓦松为了能够在夏季强光和高温条件下生存,它必须进行高强度的呼吸,仅在早晨和夜间进行碳固定.     

昆虫不连续气体交换

许多昆虫呼吸时气体交换是不连续的循环式进行的。根据气门开闭,一个典型的不连续气体交换循环（discontinuous gas exchangecycle, DGC）可以明显分为3个阶段: 关闭阶段,极少或没有气体交换;颤动阶段,气门迅速微开和关闭,O₂进入气管,少量CO₂释放;最后是开放阶段,大量的CO₂释放。该文综述了DGC特征及昆虫活动、温度、体重对DGC的影响,并讨论了DGC与呼吸失水、缺氧或高CO₂浓度环境有关的进化适应意义。     

Measurement of leaf and canopy photosynthetic CO2 exchange in the field

The principles and limitations of leaf gas exchange measurementsin portable gas exchange systems are described. Attention isgiven to the design and developments in infrared gas analysersused in portable systems, and the basic structure of singleand dual beam instruments is presented. The significance offlow measurement in these systems and the principles of thermalmass flow measurement are illustrated. Considerations of leafarea measurement, chamber design and choice of materials areoutlined. Two specific developments in field gas exchange systemsare described and their significance in field measurements isillustrated with examples. (1) An integrating sphere leaf chamberfor the determination of the quantum yield of photosynthesis,on the basis of absorbed light, is explained and equations forits use are developed. The significance of this approach isillustrated by a comparison of data for contrasting leaves plottedon an absorbed and incident light basis. This measurement oflight-limited photosynthesis is also critical in understandingthe contribution of shaded leaves to canopy photosynthesis.(2) A system for the measurement of canopy photosynthesis fromarable crops and low stature natural vegetation is described.Results from a season-long study of wheat CO₂ exchange are shownto illustrate its application. Key words: Leaf gas exchange, photosynthetic quantum efficiency, infrared gas analysis, canopy photosynthesis, integrating sphere     

Gas exchange pattern in the two‐spot ladybird beetle,Adalia bipunctata,differs in dry vs. moist air

Gas exchange patterns in the ladybird beetle, Adalia bipunctata (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), were investigated using an infrared gaseous analyser (IRGA) and a coulometric O₂ respirometer (manometric–volumetric system). Before testing, the beetles were kept either in dry (dehydrated) or moist (hydrated) conditions for 1 day. Their subsequent gas exchange patterns did not depend on their state of humidity but rather were controlled by the humidity of the insect chamber during gas exchange measurement. If this chamber contained dry air, the beetles exhibited CO₂ release by burst, which we interpreted as cyclic gas exchange (CGE) with inter‐burst periods, but if the chamber was switched to contain moist air, then cyclic CO₂ release was soon abandoned and a pattern of continuous gas exchange appeared. Measurements with the coulometric respirometer in moist air showed that continuous gas exchange was often associated with weak abdominal pulsations, which we interpreted as active ventilation. Their metabolic rate was lower during gas exchange cycles than during continuous gas exchange. We revealed that in the ladybird beetle metabolic rate increased in moist air when the gas exchange pattern transitioned from cyclic to continuous.     

EcoCELLs: tools for mesocosm scale measurements of gas exchange

We describe the use of a unique plant growth facility, which has as its centerpiece four ‘EcoCELLs’, or 5x7 m mesocosms designed as open-flow, mass-balance systems for the measurement of carbon, water and trace gas fluxes. This system is unique in that it was conceived specifically to bridge the gap between measurement scales during long-term experiments examining the function and development of model ecosystems. There are several advantages to using EcoCELLs, including (i) the same theory of operation as leaf level gas exchange systems, but with continuous operation at a much larger scale: (ii) the ability to independently evaluate canopy-level and ecosystem models; (iii) simultaneous manipulation of environmental factors and measurement of system-level responses, and (iv) maximum access to, and manipulation of, a large rooting volume. In addition to discussing the theory, construction and relative merits of EcoCELLs, we describe the calibration and use of the EcoCELLs during a ‘proof of concept’ experiment. This experiment involved growing soybeans under two ambient CO₂ concentrations (?360 and 710μmol mol^?1. During this experiment, we asked ‘How accurate is the simplest model that can be used to scale from leaf-level to canopy-level responses?’ in order to illustrate the utility of the EcoCELLs in validating canopy-scale models.     

Gas exchange between humans and multibiological life support system

To establish a Bioregenerative Life Support System (BLSS) in lunar or Mars bases in the future, manned stimulation experiments including several kinds of creatures are needed to be conducted first. Gas exchange relation, element transfer and transformation principles, etc. between humans and the multibiological system composed of plants, animals, microalgae and so on must be investigated in order to place different organisms with appropriate numbers and proportions in the BLSS. This research cultivated lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) in the CICS (Closed Integrative Cultivating System) of the IES (Integrative Experimental System) with Chlorella vulgaris cultivated in the PPB (Plate Photo Bioreactor) of the IES. Conveyor-type cultivation method was implemented for harvesting the largest batch of lettuce and silkworms through the mass exchange chamber of the IES every four days and transferring the smallest batch of lettuce and silkworms into the system; carrying certain amounts of alga liquid out with nutrient liquid replenished every day. Gas exchange between testers and the IES including three phases was conducted periodically. Phase I involved one person participating in gas exchange with lettuce in plant chamber as primary means of air revitalization for 3 months. Phase II was gas exchange between one person and autotrophic creatures, which were lettuce and microalgae, for 1 month. In the Phase III test, silkworms were introduced into the animal chamber for 2 months. Mathematical modeling and experimental simulation for this system was done to study its gas robustness. Results show that CO₂/O₂ concentration fluctuated around normal levels, the system possessed relatively good gas robustness and there were no trace gas (CH₄, NH₃ and C₂H₄) contaminant problems in the system.     

Chamber response time: A neglected issue in gas exchange measurements

When the dimensions of standard commercial chambers for measuring gas exchange cannot accommodate the object being measured, scientists construct their own chambers. The time needed to reach chamber steady state (chamber response time) depends on net system volume (e.g. chamber and tubing volume) and airflow. Unfortunately, some authors take chamber response time into consideration while others ignore it. We present the formula for calculating chamber response time.     

Measurement and analysis of gas exchange during exercise using a programmable calculator

Although exercise testing is useful in the diagnosis and management of cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, a rapid comprehensive method for measurement of ventilation and gas exchange has been limited to expensive complex computer-based systems. We devised a relatively inexpensive, technically simple, and clinically oriented exercise system built around a desktop calculator. This system automatically collects and analyzes data on a breath-by-breath basis. Our calculator system overcomes the potential inaccuracies of gas exchange measurement due to water vapor dilution and mismatching of expired flow and gas concentrations. We found no difference between the calculator-derived minute ventilation, CO2 production, O2 consumption, and respiratory exchange ratio and the values determined from simultaneous mixed expired gas collections in 30 constant-work-rate exercise studies. Both tabular and graphic displays of minute ventilation, CO2 production, O2 consumption, respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate, end-tidal O2 tension, end-tidal CO2 tension, and arterial blood gas value are included for aid in the interpretation of clinical exercise tests.     

A method for measuring whole plant photosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana

Measurement of photosynthesis of intact leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana has been prohibitive due to the small leaf size and prostrate growth habit. Because of the widespread use of Arabidopsis for plant science research it is important to have a procedure for accurate, nondestructive measurement of its photosynthesis. We developed and tested a method for analysis of photosynthesis in whole plants of Arabidopsis. Net carbon assimilation and stomatal conductance were measured with an open gas exchange system and photosynthetic oxygen evolution was determined from chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. Individual plants were grown in 50 cubic centimeter tubes that were attached with an air tight seal to an enclosed gas exchange chamber for measurement of carbon dioxide and water exchange by the whole plant. Chlorophyll fluorescence from intact leaves was simultaneously measured with a pulse modulated fluorometer. Photosynthetic CO₂ assimilation and stomatal conductance rates were calculated with established gas exchange procedures and O₂ evolution was determined from chlorophyll fluorescence measurement of Photosystem II yield. Carbon assimilation and oxygen evolution in response to light intensity and ambient CO₂ concentration was measured and is presented here to demonstrate the potential use of this method for investigation of photosynthesis of Arabidopsis plants in controlled environment conditions.     

青藏高原东缘林线交错带糙皮桦幼苗光合特性对模拟增温的短期响应

采用开顶式生长室(OTC)模拟增温对植被影响的研究方法, 研究了青藏高原东缘林线交错带糙皮桦(Betula utilis)光合特性对模拟增温的响应。结果表明: 与对照样地相比, OTC内日平均气温(1.2 m)在植物生长季中增加2.9 ℃, 5 cm土壤温度增加0.4 ℃。增温使糙皮桦幼苗叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和气孔导度(G_s)分别增加17.4%、21.4%和33.9%, 但对糙皮桦幼苗叶片的水分利用率(WUE)却没有明显影响, 而对糙皮桦的叶氮浓度却表现为显著的负效应。同时, 增温能显著增加糙皮桦幼苗的最大同化速率(P_nmax) (+19.6%)、暗呼吸速率(R_d) (+14.3%)、表观量子效率(AQY) (+7.9%), 但对其光补偿点(LCP)和光饱和点(LSP)却没有明显的影响。此外, 增温使糙皮桦幼苗叶片的最大羧化速率(V_cmax)和电子传递速率(J)分别增加了12.3%和11.7%, 而磷酸丙糖利用率(TPU)和CO₂补偿点(CCP)对增温却并不敏感。该研究表明, 模拟增温对林线糙皮桦光合生理总体上表现为正效应, 这有可能帮助该物种对未来气候变化更快更好地适应。     

Open top chambers for exposing plant canopies to elevated CO2 concentration and for measuring net gas exchange

Open top chamber design and function are reviewed. All of the chambers described maintain CO₂ concentrations measured at a central location within ±30 ppm of a desired target when averaged over the growing season, but the spatial and temporal range within any chamber may be closer to 100 ppm. Compared with unchambered companion plots, open top chambers modify the microenvironment in the following ways: temperatures are increased up to 3°C depending on the chamber design and location of the measurement; light intensity is typically diminished by as much as 20%; wind velocity is lower and constant; and relative humidity is higher. The chamber environment may significantly alter plant growth when compared with unchambered controls, but the chamber effect on growth has not been clearly attributed to a single or even a few environmental factors.A method for modifying an open top chamber for tracking gas exchange between natural vegetation and the ambient air is described. This modification consists of the addition of a top with exit chimney to reduce dilution of chamber CO₂ by external ambient air, is quickly made and permits estimation of the effects of elevated CO₂ and water vapor exchange.The relatively simple design and construction of open top chambers make them the most likely method to be used in the near future for long-term elevated CO₂ exposure of small trees, crops and grassland ecosystems. Improvements in the basic geometry to improve control of temperature, reduce the variation of CO₂ concentrations, and increase the turbulence and wind speed in the canopy boundary layer are desirable objectives. Similarly, modifications for measuring water vapor and carbon dioxide gas exchange will extend the usefulness of open top chambers to include non-destructive monitoring of the responses of ecosystems to rising atmospheric CO₂.     

A portable system for simultaneous measurement of transpiration and CO2 exchange

A portable field system for simultaneous measurement of transpiration and CO₂ exchange from leaves of fruit trees is described. CO₂ concentration is measured by means of infra-red gas analysis, using small gas samples collected in syringes. Methods for analysing small gas samples are compared. The leaf chamber described can also be used in a conventional laboratory open gas-exchange system, its small volume permitting measurement of very rapid changes in gas exchange in response to experimental stimuli.

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Resumen Este artículo describe un sistema portátil para medir simultaneamente transpiración e intercambio de CO₂ en hojas de árboles frutales en el campo. Para medir la velocidad de fotosíntesis se colectan pequeñas muestras de gas en jeringas y se inyectan al analizador de gases de luz infra-roja. Se comparan varios métodos para analizar las muestras. Se describe la cámara de absorción de CO₂ utilizada, la cual puede tambien incorporarse a un sistema abierto convencional, su pequeño volumen permite detectar cambios rápidos en el intercambio de gases cuando se producen alteraciones en el ambiente.