Wnt基因/Wnt信号通路与乳腺癌

Wnt蛋白是一组调控胚胎形成期间细胞间信号传导的高度保守的分泌信号分子.在过去的几年里,由Wnt蛋白触发的不同信号通路已经得到了详尽的研究.Wnt基因与Wnt信号通路组成分子的突变可引起发育缺陷,异常的Wnt信号传导可导致人类疾病包括肿瘤的发生.许多证据都表明,Wnt信号通路的失调与乳腺癌的发生发展密切相关.micro...     

Wnt/β-catenin signaling and disease

The WNT signal transduction cascade controls myriad biological phenomena throughout development and adult life of all animals. In parallel, aberrant Wnt signaling underlies a wide range of pathologies in humans. In this Review, we provide an update of the core Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, discuss how its various components contribute to disease, and pose outstanding questions to be addressed in the future.     

LGR4 and LGR5 are R-spondin receptors mediating Wnt/β-catenin and Wnt/PCP signalling

R-spondins are secreted Wnt signalling agonists, which regulate embryonic patterning and stem cell proliferation, but whose mechanism of action is poorly understood. Here we show that R-spondins bind to the orphan G-protein-coupled receptors LGR4 and LGR5 by their Furin domains. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments in mammalian cells and Xenopus embryos indicate that LGR4 and LGR5 promote R-spondin-mediated Wnt/β-catenin and Wnt/PCP signalling. R-spondin-triggered β-catenin signalling requires Clathrin, while Wnt3a-mediated β-catenin signalling requires Caveolin-mediated endocytosis, suggesting that internalization has a mechanistic role in R-spondin signalling.     

Wnt/beta-catenin 通路在成骨细胞中的作用

Wnt信号通路包括经典通路和非经典通路两种,其中Wnt经典通路又称为Wnt/β-catenin通路,其在成骨细胞的分化、增殖过程中发挥这重要的作用。Wnt信号通路实现过程中有多种因子参与,包括Wnt蛋白、β-catenin、蛋白激酶GSK-3β以及APC蛋白等多种。Wnt蛋白家族是由19种Wnt蛋白组成的,主要分为经典Wnt蛋白和非经典Wnt蛋白,其本质是一系列高度保守的分泌性糖蛋白,并且不同的Wnt蛋白对成骨细胞发挥着不同的作用,其中经典Wnt蛋白通过经典Wnt信号作用于成骨细胞对成骨细胞的增殖、分化有着重要的影响。本综述通过对Wnt经典信号通路过程中的多种因子与成骨细胞分化、增殖的关系进行分析总结,了解Wnt/β-catenin通路对成骨细胞的作用。     

Wnt/β-catenin signaling in hepatic organogenesis

Wnt/β-catenin signaling has come to the forefront of liver biology in recent years. This pathway regulates key pathophysiological events inherent to the liver including development, regeneration, and cancer, by dictating several biological processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, adhesion, zonation and metabolism in various cells of the liver. This review will examine the studies that have uncovered the relevant roles of Wnt/β-catenin signaling during the process of liver development. We will discuss the potential roles of Wnt/β-catenin signaling during the phases of development, including competence, hepatic induction, expansion, and morphogenesis. In addition, we will discuss the role of negative and positive regulation of this pathway and how the temporal expression of Wnt/β-catenin can direct key processes during hepatic development. We will also identify some of the major deficits in the current understanding of the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in liver development in order to provide a perspective for future studies. Thus, this review will provide a contextual overview of the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling during hepatic organogenesis.     

Hippo/YAP和Wnt/β-catenin通路的对话

Hippo/YAP通路和Wnt/β-catenin通路是在细胞的生长分化、组织器官形成以及成体干细胞的维持等方面都起着重要作用的两条信号通路。在哺乳动物细胞中,Wnt/β-catenin通路通过一系列胞质蛋白的相互作用,使β-catenin蛋白在胞质内累积,进而入核传递生长刺激信号。Hippo/YAP通路通过激酶级联反应磷酸化YAP/TAZ,使其滞留在细胞质中,抑制了YAP/TAZ的转录活性,从而限制细胞的生长增殖,诱导细胞凋亡。这两条通路的异常调控往往会导致肿瘤的发生。近年来越来越多的研究证实,Hippo/YAP和Wnt/β-catenin在很多方面相互影响,共同参与组织生长和胚胎发育的调控。研究这两个通路在肿瘤发生过程中的转导和调控以及它们相互作用的机制,有助于为肿瘤的防治提供新的思路与策略。文章对这两条通路的协同作用及其分子机制进行了综述。     

LGR5 interacts and cointernalizes with Wnt receptors to modulate Wnt/β-catenin signaling

LGR5, a seven-transmembrane domain receptor of the rhodopsin family, is a Wnt target gene and a bona fide marker of adult stem cells in the gastrointestinal tract and hair follicle bulge. Recently, we and others demonstrated that LGR5 and its homologues function as receptors of the R-spondin family of stem cell factors to potentiate Wnt/β-catenin signaling. However, the mechanism of how LGR5 enhances the signaling output remains unclear. Here we report that following costimulation with the ligands R-spondin1 and Wnt3a, LGR5 interacts and forms a supercomplex with the Wnt coreceptors LRP6 and Fzd5 which is rapidly internalized and then degraded. Internalization of LGR5 is mediated through a dynamin- and clathrin-dependent pathway. Inhibition of this endocytic process has no effect on LGR5 signaling. Deletion of the C-terminal tail of LGR5 maintains its ability to interact with LRP6, yet this LGR5 mutant exhibits increased signaling activity and a decreased rate of endocytosis in response to R-spondin1 compared to the wild-type receptor. This study provides direct evidence that LGR5 becomes part of the Wnt signaling complex at the membrane level to enhance Wnt/β-catenin signaling. However, internalization of LGR5 does not appear to be essential for potentiating the canonical Wnt signaling pathway.     

Wnt/beta-catenin 信号通路在高脂血症中的激活

目的:建立大鼠高脂血症模型,观察活体内高脂刺激下血管平滑肌细胞内wnt/-catenin信号通路的激活及血管平滑肌细胞增殖情况,探讨活体内wnt/-catenin信号通路的激活与血管平滑肌细胞增殖的关系。方法:以雄性SD大鼠为研究对象,体重200~250g。通过饲以高脂饲料建立高脂血症模型。12周后处死大鼠,获取主动脉。苏丹III染色检测血管壁粥样硬化病变,HE染色、透射电镜检测血管平滑肌细胞增殖及表型变化,实时定量RT-PCR及Western Blot检测β-catenin、T cell factor 4(TCF-4)、cyclin D1的变化。结果:通过3个月的高脂饮食饲养,成功建立大鼠高脂血症模型,但大鼠主动脉壁粥样硬化病变不明显。高脂刺激下,mRNA及蛋白水平的β-catenin、TCF-4、cyclin D1表达均增加;同时血管壁内平滑肌细胞增殖增加、表型由收缩型向合成型变化。结论:高脂饮食可以成功建立大鼠高脂血症模型,但由于大鼠本身的代谢特点,不容易出现动脉粥样硬化斑块。Wnt/-catenin信号通路在高脂情况下被激活,同时平滑肌细胞增殖增加、表型改变,提示wnt/-catenin信号通路的激活与平滑肌细胞增殖之间存在联系。     

Wnt/β-catenin信号通路与干细胞衰老

Wnt/β-catenin信号通路作为一条进化保守的信号通路,有着广泛的生物学作用。研究发现,Wnt/β-catenin信号通路与干细胞衰老之间存在联系。激活Wnt/β-catenin信号通路可导致干细胞发生衰老变化,而抑制Wnt/β-catenin信号通路可延缓干细胞的衰老。本文对Wnt/β-catenin信号通路与干细胞衰老之间的关系及其作用机制作一综述。     

Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in severe preeclampsia

This study aims to elucidate the mechanisms of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in the development of preeclampsia (PE). The mRNA levels of Wnt1, β-catenin, c-myc and cyclinD1 were determined by real-time PCR in the placentas. Moreover, the expression levels of Wnt1, β-catenin, Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) proteins were detected by Western blot. Immunohistochemistry was used in placental tissue microarray to localize the expression of Wnt1, β-catenin, DKK1 proteins in the placentas of two groups. Compared with the control placentas, the mRNA levels of Wnt1, β-catenin, c-myc and cyclinD1 were decreased in the severe preeclamptic placentas. The Western blot results showed that the expression levels of Wnt1, β-catenin, and GSK-3β proteins were significantly elevated in the control group, while the expression level of DKK1 was significantly decreased. In addition, the staining intensity of Wnt1, β-catenin were weaker in the placentas of the severe PE group while the staining intensity of DKK1 was significantly stronger in the placentas of the severe PE group. Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of PE by regulating the invasion and proliferation of trophoblast.     

Wnt/β-catenin通路在成骨细胞中的作用

Wnt信号通路包括经典通路和非经典通路两种,其中Wnt经典通路又称为Wnt/β-catenin通路,其在成骨细胞的分化、增殖过程中发挥这重要的作用。Wnt信号通路实现过程中有多种因子参与,包括Wnt蛋白、β-catenin、蛋白激酶GSK-3β以及APC蛋白等多种。Wnt蛋白家族是由19种Wnt蛋白组成的,主要分为经典Wnt蛋白和非经典Wnt蛋白,其本质是一系列高度保守的分泌性糖蛋白,并且不同的Wnt蛋白对成骨细胞发挥着不同的作用,其中经典Wnt蛋白通过经典Wnt信号作用于成骨细胞对成骨细胞的增殖、分化有着重要的影响。本综述通过对Wnt经典信号通路过程中的多种因子与成骨细胞分化、增殖的关系进行分析总结,了解Wnt/β-catenin通路对成骨细胞的作用。     

成骨细胞中经典Wnt/β-catenin通路研究进展

Wnt/β-catenin经典通路在成骨细胞的分化增殖中起着重要作用。目前研究表明,调节任何一个经典Wnt/β-catenin信号转导通路中的因子都能影响成骨细胞的分化增殖。总结经典Wnt/β-catenin通路中各个因子与成骨细胞分化增殖的关系,以便进一步具体深入研究经典Wnt/β-catenin通路对成骨细胞的影响。     

Wnt5a can both activate and repress Wnt/β-catenin signaling during mouse embryonic development

Embryonic development is controlled by a small set of signal transduction pathways, with vastly different phenotypic outcomes depending on the time and place of their recruitment. How the same molecular machinery can elicit such specific and distinct responses, remains one of the outstanding questions in developmental biology. Part of the answer may lie in the high inherent genetic complexity of these signaling cascades, as observed for the Wnt-pathway. The mammalian genome encodes multiple Wnt proteins and receptors, each of which show dynamic and tightly controlled expression patterns in the embryo. Yet how these components interact in the context of the whole organism remains unknown. Here we report the generation of a novel, inducible transgenic mouse model that allows spatiotemporal control over the expression of Wnt5a, a protein implicated in many developmental processes and multiple Wnt-signaling responses. We show that ectopic Wnt5a expression from E10.5 onwards results in a variety of developmental defects, including loss of hair follicles and reduced bone formation in the skull. Moreover, we find that Wnt5a can have dual signaling activities during mouse embryonic development. Specifically, Wnt5a is capable of both inducing and repressing β-catenin/TCF signaling in vivo, depending on the time and site of expression and the receptors expressed by receiving cells. These experiments show for the first time that a single mammalian Wnt protein can have multiple signaling activities in vivo, thereby furthering our understanding of how signaling specificity is achieved in a complex developmental context.     

Ectodermal Wnt/β-catenin signaling shapes the mouse face

The canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway is an essential component of multiple developmental processes. To investigate the role of this pathway in the ectoderm during facial morphogenesis, we generated conditional β-catenin mouse mutants using a novel ectoderm-specific Cre recombinase transgenic line. Our results demonstrate that ablating or stabilizing β-catenin in the embryonic ectoderm causes dramatic changes in facial morphology. There are accompanying alterations in the expression of Fgf8 and Shh, key molecules that establish a signaling center critical for facial patterning, the frontonasal ectodermal zone (FEZ). These data indicate that Wnt/β-catenin signaling within the ectoderm is critical for facial development and further suggest that this pathway is an important mechanism for generating the diverse facial shapes of vertebrates during evolution.     

纤毛、纤毛发生与Wnt/PCP信号通路

纤毛是以微管为核心组分、突出于细胞表面且高度保守的细胞器,具有运动、摄食、感知并传递外界信号等功能。纤毛发生是纤毛在细胞膜表面定位并装配的过程。多年来,对纤毛发生过程及其调控机制的探索始终是亚细胞结构与功能研究的热点之一。Wnt/PCP信号通路是参与胚胎及器官发育的主要信号转导途径之一。近年来大量研究显示,Wnt/PCP信号通路和纤毛发生密切相关。纤毛结构与功能的异常可造成Wnt/PCP信号通路异常,导致纤毛相关疾病的发生;同时,Wnt/PCP信号通路又决定着纤毛的形态和极性。因此,深入研究纤毛与Wnt/PCP信号通路的关系将有助于从细胞与分子生物学水平揭示纤毛发生的调控机制。