三疣梭子蟹蜕皮抑制激素cDNA的克隆与序列分析

甲壳动物的蜕皮是由位于头胸部前鳃腔的一对Y-器通过分泌蜕皮激素（Molting hormone）来控制的（Lachaise et al．,1993）,而蜕皮激素的分泌又受到蜕皮抑制激素（Molt-inhibiting hormone,MIH）的调控（Watson et al．,2001）。MIH和性腺抑制激素（Gonad-inhibiting hormone,GIH）、甲壳动物高血糖激素（Crustacean hyperglycemic hormone,CHH）、     

斜带石斑鱼PACAP的原核表达及活性分析

自1989年从绵羊下丘脑提取物发现垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活多肽（Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide,PACAP）以来（Miyata et al．,1989）,已证明它能促进垂体激素释放,同时还具有神经递质、神经调质和神经营养等作用,使对PACAP的研究成为十分活跃的领域。PACAP属于血管活性肠肽（VIP）-胰高血糖素-生长激素释放因子-分泌素家族（Campbell and Scanes,1992）成员,已鉴别出包含27和38个氨基酸两种类型。对原索动物（McRory et al．,1997）、两栖类（蛙）（Alexandre et al．,2000）、爬行类（蜥蜴）（Pohland Wank,1998）、鸟类（鸡）（McRory et al．,1997）,啮齿类（鼠）（Ghatei et al．,1993）等脊椎动物PACAP的研究多集中在结构与进化方面,对功能了解甚少。     

中华鲟抗菌肽Hepcidin的克隆、表达及其抗菌活性分析

Hepcidin也称为铁调素,是在肝脏中特异表达的一种阳离子小分子抗菌肽。2000年,Krause,et al.首先从人血液中分离纯化得到了由25个氨基酸组成的LEAP-1抗菌肽[1]。2002年,Shike,et al.首次从杂交条纹鲈的鳃分离出鱼类Hepcidin,并从金眼狼鲈(Morone chrysops)克隆到     

农田生态保留带中小林姬鼠的种群动态和结构

栖息地状况对小型兽类种群动态具有明显影响。在质量好,食物资源丰富,隐蔽条件优良的栖息地中小型兽类具有较高的存活率,种群繁殖时间更长,体重比较高。有关栖息地和种群动态方面国内外已有研究报道（Brown,1988;Corp et al．,1997;Quinn et al．,2003;Schnurr et al．,2004）。     

短尾猴陈旧粪便中DNA的提取

分子粪便学（Molecular scatology）是一门将传统粪便分析方法与分子生物学技术相结合,以动物粪便为实验材料进行多领域研究的学科（魏辅等,2001）。虽然该方法已在野生濒危动物保护遗传学和分子生态学研究中发挥了很大作用（Kohnand Wayne,1997）,但目前大多数分子粪便学研究中使用的材料是新鲜粪便,从保存时间很长的陈旧粪便中很难提取到高质量的DNA用于PCR扩增以及序列分析,严重制约了分子粪便学的广泛应用（Wasser et al．,1997;Constable et al．,2001;Murphy et al．．2002）。     

多位点DNA指纹技术在保加利亚普通田鼠中的应用探讨

DNA指纹是一种重要的现代分子遗传学标记技术（Jeffreys et al．,1985）,它所揭示的是生物体大量的、无遗传编码信息的、具有高度多态性的卫星DNA（Chen,1996）。这些DNA序列往往占据了生物体基因组总量的80％以上,由于它不编码蛋白基因,在系统发育过程中,通常不被自然选择和人工选择,使得生物变异积累形成个体基因组间的巨大差异。因此,DNA指纹受到生物学家的青睐,以用于生物个体和群体的基因组分析（Burke and Bruford,1987;Buitmap et al．,1991;Weising et al．,1995）。     

Two polypores from Yunnan new to China

1 INTRODUCTION Wood-rotting fungi have been intensively studied in China （Dai ＆ Niemela 2002; Dai et al. 2003, 2004a, 2004b; Dai ＆ Penttil/i 2006）, and some new species and new records were found from tropical and subtropical forests in southern part of the Country （Cui et al. 2006b; Cui et al. 2007; Dai 2004; Dai ＆ Cui 2005; Dai ＆ Yuan 2005; Yuan et al. 2004）. Some species are new forest pathogens （Cui et al. 2006a; Dai et al. 2001, 2002, 2004）.     

A Brassinosteroid-Signaling Kinase Interacts withMultiple Receptor-Like Kinases in Arabidopsis

Dear Editor, Higher plants have evolved hundreds of genes encodingreceptor-like kinases （RLKs）, which function as cell surfacereceptors perceiving developmental and environmental sig-nals （Shiu et al., 2004）. Many RLKs have been shown to playspecific roles in hormone responses, developmental regula-tion, defense against pathogen infection, and adaptationto abiotic stresses （Chae et al., 2009; Antolin-Llovera et al.,2012）. The mechanisms that ensure specific signal transduc-tion from each RLK to target cellular responses remain poorlyunderstood. Recent studies revealed that many RLKs trans-duce signals by phosphorylating receptor-like cytoplasmickinases （RLCKs）, which lack the transmembrane domainsbut are anchored at the plasma membrane through lipidmodification （Tang et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2010; Shi et al.,2013）. There are over 400 RLKs and only about 150 RLCKs inArabidopsis （Shiu et al., 2004）. One outstanding question iswhether each RLCK mediates signaling downstream of a spe-cific RLK, participates in multiple RLK pathways, or mediatescrosstalk between RLK pathways.     

Resolving the Activation Site of PositiveRegulators in Plant PhosphoenolpyruvateCarboxylase

Dear Editor, Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase （PEPC; EC 4.1.1.31） islocated at an important branch point in the carbohydratemetabolism of plants. The enzyme is a homotetramer andcatalyzes the addition of bicarbonate to phosphoenolpyru-vate （PEP） to form oxaloacetate and phosphate. PEPC isregulated by metabolites and phosphorylation. AIIostericfeedback inhibition is mainly regulated by L-malate andL-aspartate which bind to a site separated from the activecenter （Kai et al., 1999; Paulus et al., 2013）. Structure analy-sis of PEPC from Escherichia coli （Kai et al., 1999; Matsumuraet al., 2002）, Zea rnays （Matsumura et al., 2002）, Flaveria trin-ervia, and F. pringlei （Paulus et al., 2013） revealed that thesubstrate PEP and the feedback inhibitors bind to separatesites within each monomer.     

尼罗鳄线粒体基因组全序列分析及鳄类系统发生关系的探讨

大多数脊椎动物的线粒体基因组（约16—18kb）的组成是相对较稳定的,但在不同类群中,线粒体基因组在基因结构和基因排列方式等方面均显示了极大的多样性,这种多样性可能反映了真核细胞不同的进化路线（Saccone et al．,1999）。就目前的研究而言,线粒体基因组是惟一一个能够从基因组水平上来分析动物系统发生的分子标记,可以从线粒体基因组序列信息、基因组成及基因排列方式等进行多方位的分子进化研究,因而线粒体基因组全序列将成为动物分子系统发生最有力的证据（Saccone et al．,1999）。     

毛乌素沙地根茎灌木羊柴的遗传多样性和克隆结构

采用淀粉凝胶电泳技术对毛乌素沙地根茎灌木羊柴（ＨｅｄｙｓａｒｕｍｌａｅｖｅＭａｘｉｍ．）８个群体的遗传多样性和克隆结构进行了初步研究。利用１０个酶系统１５个等位酶位点的检测表明,羊柴群体具有较高的遗传变异水平,多态位点百分率Ｐ＝３７．０,等位基因平均数Ａ＝１．４８,平均期望杂合度Ｈｅ＝０．１０１;但８个群体间的分化很小（Ｆｓｔ＝０．０６７）;固定沙丘群体和半固定沙丘群体在等位酶水平上的变异性无显著差异。通过７个多态位点的研究表明,羊柴群体中的克隆多样性很高（Ｄ＝０．９１５６）,但不同克隆在规模上相差很大。同时,群体间的克隆分化较大,广布基因型仅占３．２％。克隆空间结构的分析表明,羊柴的基株分布为游击型构型,克隆之间的镶嵌明显。     

鳜肿瘤坏死因子相关的凋亡诱导配体Trail基因的原核表达

肿瘤坏死因子相关的凋亡诱导配体(Tumor related apoptosis inducing ligand,TRAIL),亦称Apo-2L,是由Wiley,et al.在1995年搜索EST数据库时首次发现并成功克隆的,是继TNF和FasL之后发现的第三个TNF家族的凋亡分子[1].     

To Grow or Not to Grow： FERONIA Has Her Say

Plant cells differ from their animal counterparts such that they are encased in a complex wall structure, crucial for cell growth through a dynamic equilibrium of rigidity and flexibility. Cell wall extensibility can be greatly influenced by apoplastic pH and reactive oxygen species （ROS） （Duan et al., 2014; Haruta et al., 2014）. Several recent works demonstrated that the receptor-like kinase （RLK） FERONIA （FER） is critical to fine-tune cell growth in a spatiotemporal and context-dependent manner by controlling apoplastic pH （Haruta et al., 2014） and ROS （Duan et al., 2010, 2014）, likely balancing wall rigidity for cell integrity and flexibility for cell expansion.     

Positive Selection of CAG Repeats of the ATXN2 Gene in Chinese Ethnic Groups

The ataxin-2 （ATXN2） gene is located on human chromo-some 12q24.1. In normal individuals, the coding region in exon 1 of this gene has fewer than 31 CAG repeats （Yu et al., 2005： Laffita-Mesa et al., 2012）. However, an abnormal expansion of CAG trinucleotide repeats results in the aggre-gation of polyglutamine （polyQ）, which causes spinocer-ebellar ataxia type 2 （SCA2） （Pulst et al., 1996）. The expanded alleles have more than 32 repeats in the affected individuals, and generally there is an inverse correlation between CAG repeat length and age of onset （Pulst et al., 1996）. SCA2 is an autosomal dominant inheritance neurodegenerative disease, whose major clinical feature is progressive cerebellar ataxia. Atrophies of the brainstem and frontal lobe have been frequently detected by magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） （Yamamoto-Watanabe et al., 2010）. This disease has the strong effect on sensory and motor control.     

Genome-Wide Prediction of Highly Specific Guide RNA Spacers for CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing in Model Plants and Major Crops

Dear Editor,
RNA-guided genome editing （RGE） using the Streptococcus pyogenes CRISPR-Cas9 system （Jinek et al., 2012; Cong et al., 2013; Mall et al., 2013b） is emerging as a simple and highly efficient tool for genome editing in many organisms. The Cas9 nuclease can be programmed by dual or single guide RNA （gRNA） to cut target DNA at specific sites,     

PhGRL2 Protein,Interacting with PhACO1, Is Involved in Flower Senescence in the Petunia

Dear Editor, The pathways of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling have been studied in detail （Ji and Guo, 2013）. Arabidopsis REVERSION-TO-ETHYLENE SENSITIVITY1 （RTE1）, interacting with ETR1, and its homologs tomato GREEN RIPE （SlGR） and SlGRL1, and rice OsRTH1 negatively regulate the ethylene signaling （Barry and Giovannoni, 2006, Resnick et al., 2006; Dong et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2012）. A newly published study suggested that a cytochrome b5 and RTE1 are functional partners in promoting ETRl-mediated repression of ethylene signaling in Arabidopsis （Chang et al., 2014）. However, AtRTH, RTE1 homolog in Arabidopsis, and its closest homolog in the tomato, SlGRL2 （GR-like2）, do not play a role in ethylene signaling （Dong et al., 2010）, and the function of the homologs of these members is not well known.     

Efficient Gene Targeting in Zebrafish Mediated by a Zebrafish-Codon-Optimized Cas9 and Evaluation of Off-Targeting Effect

Targeted genome modifications with the Cas9/gRNA system derived from the clustered regularly interspaced short palin- dromic repeat/CRISPR-associated （CRISPR/Cas） system have been successfully used in cultured human cells as well as in most model organisms, including zebrafish （Danio rerio）, mouse, and fruit fly （Chang et al., 2013; Cong et al., 2013; Gratz et al., 2013; Hwang et al., 2013; Jao et al., 2013; Shen et al., 2013; Wei et al., 2013）. Its application in zebrafish is particu- larly attractive due to the ease of handling this organism and the simple application of this method by direct injection of Cas9/ gRNA. However, the information about its specificity in this organism is very limited and needs further evaluation. In addition, it is conceivable that a Cas9 mRNA optimized for zebrafish codon preference could enhance its activity.     

Two species in Hymenochaetaceae （Basidiomycota） new to China

1 INTRODUCTION Wood-inhabiting fungi from northern China were investigated extensively during last ten years, and the species in the area are relatively well known （Dai 2000; Dai et al. 2006, 2007; Wei et al. 2005; Yuan et al. 2006）. However, they are scantily reported in tropical forests of China （Dai et al. 2001, 2002, 2004）. By the support of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China, two field investigations were made in Jianfengling and Bawangling Nature Reserve of Hainan Province in 2006.