Two polypores from Yunnan new to China

1 INTRODUCTION Wood-rotting fungi have been intensively studied in China （Dai ＆ Niemela 2002; Dai et al. 2003, 2004a, 2004b; Dai ＆ Penttil/i 2006）, and some new species and new records were found from tropical and subtropical forests in southern part of the Country （Cui et al. 2006b; Cui et al. 2007; Dai 2004; Dai ＆ Cui 2005; Dai ＆ Yuan 2005; Yuan et al. 2004）. Some species are new forest pathogens （Cui et al. 2006a; Dai et al. 2001, 2002, 2004）.     

中国锈革孔菌科二新记录种

<正>1 INTRODUCTION Wood-inhabiting fungi from northern China were investigated extensively during last ten years, and the species in the area are relatively well known (Dai 2000; Dai et al. 2006, 2007; Wei et al. 2005;     

中国伏革菌科二新记录种

INTRODUCTION Changbaishan Nature Reserve is one of the most important forest reserves in China and it is very rich in wood-rotting fungi （Dai, 1997, 2000, 2003; Dai et al., 2003）. Nearly 100 species of the Corticiaceae sensu lato were reported from the reserve by Hjortstam ＆ Ryvarden （1988）, but the corticioid fungi in the reserve are still not well known. A field trip was made in 2005, and two species,     

MYPT1 Sustains Centromeric Cohesion and the Spindle-Assembly Checkpoint

During mitosis, cohesins hold the sister chromatids together until anaphase when arm cohesins are removed （Peters et al., 2008; Yao and Dai, 2012）. The shugoshin （Sgo） proteins play pivotal roles during this stage. There is only one shu- goshin in the fly and budding yeasts, while there are two in other organisms （including fission yeasts）. The two mamma- lian shugoshins, Sgol and Sgo2, carry out distinct functions： Sgol mainly in mitosis, and Sgo2 mainly in meiosis and perturbed mitosis. Mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase 1 （CDKI） phosphorylates Sgol, and targets the Sgol-protein phospha- tase 2A （PP2A） complex to protect centromeric cohesin （Kitajima et al., 2006; Tang et al., 2006; Liu et al., 2012）,     

采自云南热带雨林的中国多孔菌两新记录种

<正>1 INTRODUCTION Wood-rotting fungi have been intensively studied in China (Dai & Niemel? 2002; Dai et al. 2003, 2004a, 2004b; Dai & Penttil? 2006), and some new species and new records were found from     

PhGRL2 Protein,Interacting with PhACO1, Is Involved in Flower Senescence in the Petunia

Dear Editor, The pathways of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling have been studied in detail （Ji and Guo, 2013）. Arabidopsis REVERSION-TO-ETHYLENE SENSITIVITY1 （RTE1）, interacting with ETR1, and its homologs tomato GREEN RIPE （SlGR） and SlGRL1, and rice OsRTH1 negatively regulate the ethylene signaling （Barry and Giovannoni, 2006, Resnick et al., 2006; Dong et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2012）. A newly published study suggested that a cytochrome b5 and RTE1 are functional partners in promoting ETRl-mediated repression of ethylene signaling in Arabidopsis （Chang et al., 2014）. However, AtRTH, RTE1 homolog in Arabidopsis, and its closest homolog in the tomato, SlGRL2 （GR-like2）, do not play a role in ethylene signaling （Dong et al., 2010）, and the function of the homologs of these members is not well known.     

Insights from avian influenza surveillance of chickens and ducks before and after exposure to live poultry markets

<正>Dear Editor,Live poultry markets are the major trading system of poultry in China and many other countries, and are also thought to be important for the generation and spread of avian influenza viruses and other avian pathogens (Zhang et al., 2013; Shi et al., 2017; Quan et al., 2018). Surveillance studies indicate that the H7 avian influenza viruses were maintained and circulated for years in the New York live poultry markets(Suarez et al., 1999). H9N2 and H5N1 influenza viruses have been detected in poultry in China since 1994 and 1996, respectively, and vaccines have been developed and used in poultry to control these two subtypes of viruses (MOA,     

The Limitation of Rapid Tests for DENV2 Infection in Host with Unique Immune Status: Low NS1 Antigenemia and Deficient Antibody Responses

正Dear Editor,Dengue infections are caused by all four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV1–4). In recent years it has been confirmed that DENV-1 and DENV-2 are co-circulated in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (Lai et al. 2015; Luo et al.2017). DENV-2 strains were imported from Thailand and Indonesia (Luo et al. 2017; Zhao et al. 2014, 2016), and had become the second local circulated serotype in Guangzhou.     

中国伏革菌科二新记录种

I<正>NTRODUCTION Changbaishan Nature Reserve is one of the most important forest reserves in China and it is very rich in wood-rotting fungi (Dai, 1997, 2000, 2003; Dai et al., 2003). Nearly 100 species of the Corticiaceae sensu lato     

LATERAL ROOTLESS2, a Cyclophilin Protein, Regulates Lateral Root Initiation and Auxin Signaling Pathway in Rice

Dear Editor, Cyclophilins （CYP） are a class of highly conserved pepti- dyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases （PPlases） that play important roles in various biological processes in eukaryotes （reviewed in Romano et al. （2004））. In higher plants, a conserved sin- gle domain cyclophilin has been identified as a novel com- ponent of the auxin signaling pathway by analyzing the tomato diageotropica （dgt） mutant （Ivanchenko et al., 2006; Oh et al., 2006）. The dgt mutant displays a lateral-rootless and auxin-resistant phenotype （Ivanchenko et aL, 2006）. Further studies revealed that mutations in the DGT-like genes of Physcomitrella patens also exhibited an auxin-resistant phenotype, suggesting a conserved role of DGT-like proteins in auxin signaling. Moreover,     

Intracellular NHX-Type Cation/H＋ Antiporters inPlants

Cells depend on the homeostatic maintenance of pHwithin specific cellular compartments to ensure optimalconditions for metabolic and enzymatic processes as wellas protein structure and function. In the animal secre-tory pathway, cells maintain distinct luminal pHs withinvarious compartments （Paroutis et al., 2004）. Among themany molecular players that contribute to pH and ionhomeostasis in plants, Na＋（K＋）/H＋ exchangers （also knownas NHX-type cation/H＋ antiporters） appear to be particu-larly important for the regulation of a wide variety ofphysiological processes, including cell expansion, cellvolume regulation, osmotic adjustment, pH regulation,membrane trafficking, protein processing, and cellularstress responses （Pardo et al., 2006; Rodriguez-Rosaleset al., 2009; Bassil et al., 2012）. In plants, NHX antiportersappeared early in evolution and are ubiquitously encodedmembers of the CPA1 cation/H＋ antiporters subgroupthat belongs to the large family of monovalent cation/H＋ transporters CPA （Brett et al., 2005）. NHX antiport-ers are found, thus far, in all sequenced plant genomes（Bassil et al., 2012; Chanroj et al., 2012）. In Arabidopsis,the NHX family consists of eight isoforms, six of whichare intracellular （AtNHXl-AtNHX6）, located either to thevacuole （AtNHXl to AtNHX4） or endosomes （AtNHX5 andAtNHX6） and an additional two more divergent members（AtNHX7/SOSl and AtNHX8） at the plasma membrane（Bassil et al., 2012）. Orthologous sequences in each of thethree classes （plasma membrane, vacuolar, or endosomal）appear in all sequenced genomes, suggesting that distinctfunctional NHX classes appeared early in evolution andmay have conserved roles that are compartment-specific（Bassil et al., 2012）. Emerging new evidence highlightsthe importance of particular intracellular NHX antiport-ers in the regulation of vesicular and vacuolar pH andK＋ homeostasis. Vacuolar NHXs are needed to maintainK＋ homeostasis between the vacuole and cytosol, with-out which cell expansion is compromised （Bassil et al.,2011b）. Other NHX isoforms （endosomal） are requiredfor membrane trafficking and raise interesting new ques-tions about the role of pH and ion homeostasis in proteinprocessing and trafficking in the endomembrane system（Bassil et al., 2011a）. In this update, we aim to highlightrecent new evidence on intracellular NHX antiportersand emphasize possible novel and important cellular pro-cesses regulated by this particularly interesting group oftransporters.     

Identification of EGF as an Important Regulator for Promoting CYP3A4 Expression in Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Hepatocytes Using TALEN-Based Gene Targeting

Functional human hepatocytes are one of the most significant tools for studying drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion/toxicity （ADME/Tox）, especially for applications in preclinical drug development （Sahi et al., 2010; Godoy et al., 2013）. They provide the closest in vitro model to the human liver and the only model that mimics the drug metabolic profiles found in vivo. However, these cells lose their metabolic function rapidly and dramatically during the in vitro culture process, which largely hinders their wider application in drug development （Sahi et al., 2010; Godoy et al., 2013）. To overcome this obstacle, it is important to regulate the activities of key genes which are responsible for the detoxification metabolic function of human hepatocytes.     

The Challenge and promise of rare disease diagnosis in China

正Rare diseases are chronic and serious,featuring early onset at birth or in childhood,rapid deterioration and high mortality rate,which creates a burden on society and public health systems.Of the known rare diseases,80 percent are genetic in origin,and half of those affected worldwide are children.In China,the rare disease patients are over 10 million,and70 percent of the patients are children(Song et al.,2012;Liu et al.,2010).     

A Start Point for Extracellular Nucleotide Signaling

A START POINT FOR EXTRACELLULAR NUCLEOTIDE SIGNALING
The recent discovery of a plant receptor for extracellu- lar nucleotides, reported by Choi et al. （2014）, is a major breakthrough that had been anticipated for over a dec- ade. Plants release ATP into their extracellular matrix （ECM） during growth and when they are induced by vari- ous biotic and abiotic stimuli （Clark and Roux, 2011）. That these extracellular nucleotides would activate receptors in plants was predicted by two sets of discoveries： that low- and sub-micromolar ATP could induce increases in [Ca2＋]cyt, NO, and superoxide signaling intermediates that led to downstream growth, stomatal, and defense responses, and that these changes could be blocked by antagonists that blocked extracellular nucleotide receptors in animals （Demidchik et al., 2003; Song et al., 2006; Clark et al., 2011; Demidchik et al., 2009, 2011）. Although mammalian biolo- gists had discovered two classes of receptors for extracel- lular nucleotides （P2X and P2Y） decades ago （Burnstock, 2007）, there were no plant proteins obviously similar to these in any sequence data available. Clearly, if there were plant purinoceptors, they would be different from the mammalian receptors, and they could not be discovered by motif searches.     

Rare variants in novel and known genes associated with primary angle closure glaucoma based on whole exome sequencing of 549 probands

<正>Primary angle closure glaucoma(PACG)is one of the most common causes of irreversible blindness in Asia and about 80%of PACG are present in Asia(Song et al.,2017).Genetics plays an important role in the development of PACG(Gramer et al.,2014).Recently,eight common SNPs were found to be strongly associated with PACG(Vithana et al.,2012;Khor et al.,2016)and mutations in MYRF cause high hyperopia accompanied with PACG(Xiao et al.,2019).However,the genetic defects underlying PACG are still     

中国丛枝菌根真菌两新纪录种

A survey of arbuscular mycorrhizal （AM） fungal diversity in Dujiangyan, southwest China has been carried out, and a total of 44 AM fungi including six new records were reported （Zhang et al., 2003 a, b）. Another two new records of AM fungi, i.e. Acaulospora koskei J. Blaszkowski and Glomus luteum L.J. Kenn., J.C. Stutz ＆ J.B. Morton, were isolated in the same region and were described in this paper.     

A new record of the capped langur (Trachypithecus pileatus) in China

DEAR EDITOR, The distribution of the capped langur (Trachypithecus pileatus)in China has become controversial since Shortridge's langur (Trachypithecus shortridgei) was upgraded to a full species.The capped langur is considered to be distributed in northeast India,Bangladesh,Bhutan,and northwest Myanmar only (Brandon-Jones et al.,2004;Choudhury,2008,2014;Das et al.,2008;Groves,2001).In our field survey,however,we obtained photos of the capped langur,demonstrating its existence in China. Following the species promotion of Shortridge's langur (Brandon-Jones et al.,2004;Groves,2001) and the delimiting of its distribution range to northwestern Yunnan in China and northeastern Myanmar (Brandon-Jones et al.,2004;Cui et al.,2016;Das et al.,2008;Groves,2001;Htun et al.,2008),with a new record in southeastern Tibet (Wu et al.,2016),the capped langur has been deleted from the checklist of mammals in China (Jiang et al.,2015).Despite this,Dr.George Schaller has suggested that capped langurs might exist in the northeastern section of the Yarlung-Zangbo River (Choudhury,2008).