黄河三角洲发现的山东省鸟类新纪录

以郑光美2011年第二版《中国鸟类分类与分布名录》所录鸟种为参照,根据连续多年的定点观察、鸟类专项调查及当地鸟类野外拍摄照片确认鸟类种类。研究结果证实在黄河三角洲发现的山东省鸟类新纪录为24种,对发现的鸟类新纪录以最近5年的野外观察为基础对其频度进行评估,确定居留型,并对其分布习性进行描述,从而为山东省鸟类研究提供资料。     

湖南发现苍头燕雀、日本鹰鸮和短趾雕

2017年1月至2022年5月,在湖南省张家界市慈利县和常德市石门县湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区内观察并拍摄到：苍头燕雀（Fringilla coelebs）、日本鹰鸮（Ninox japonica）和短趾雕（Circaetus gallicus）,经查阅相关文献资料,确认这3种鸟类均为湖南省鸟类分布新记录种。     

陕西洋县朱Huan活动区的鸟类

1999年1月至2002年1月,在陕西省洋县进行朱Huan研究过程中,对当地鸟类进行了长期,系统的观察,记录到鸟类16目48科116属,共201种。     

基于物种落差分析的公园鸟类多样性提升设计——以湖南常德螺湾湿地公园为例

随着城市化发展,许多公园鸟类栖息环境遭受破坏,导致当前的鸟类多样性与历史上的和周边的都存在较大差异,为此,我们从项目区域的当前-周边-历史三者间在鸟类物种及其栖息地上的落差分析入手,以此确定目标物种及其栖息地,并加以归类,从而有针对性地进行相关设计。2016年5月至2017年3月在湖南常德柳叶湖螺湾湿地公园开展的鸟类多样性提升设计中,通过实地调查并结合文献查阅,记录到项目区域16种,周边79种,历史上146种鸟类,运用三者间的物种落差分析法确定主要的21种可恢复目标物种和4种栖息地类型,结合项目区域及周边空间特点,将项目区域划分为4个区域,在各区域内设计并营建相应的栖息地,再配套采用多种鸟类招引措施。至2017年3月,项目区鸟类已可实地观察到39种,并于2017年12月吸引到超过2000只的野鸭群来此越冬。以上实际效果表明,设计有效地提升了湿地公园鸟类多样性且增加了景观要素,可充分发挥生物保护功能。     

巢湖湖岸带鸟类多样性的初步研究

2008年2月、7月、11月到2009年7月,采用路线调查和定点观察相结合的方法对巢湖沿岸及湖滨带不同生境的鸟类种类及数量进行了调查。记录到鸟类15目33科103种,其中属于国家Ⅱ级重点保护的鸟类3种,安徽省地方重点保护鸟类33种。季节型中,留鸟33种,夏候鸟37种,冬候鸟27种,旅鸟9种。繁殖鸟类的地理型中,古北界种23种,占33.3%;东洋界种30种,占43.5%;两界广布种16种,占23.2%。水鸟33种,近湖岸500m以内水面游禽有10种。优势种5种,广布性种15种。在湖岸5类生境中,树林、灌丛和抛荒地鸟类多样性指数最高,湖滨及浅滩鸟类多样性指数最低。湖泊污染和盲目开发导致鸟类栖息地破坏和丧失,影响鸟类多样性,因此应加强湖泊污染治理,恢复沿岸滩涂及其植被,维持巢湖丰富的鸟类多样性。     

云南发现白头鹤和白腰构鹬

1999年 10月～ 2 0 0 0年 4月在对云南丽江拉市海高原湿地自然保护区的越冬水禽进行调查的过程中 ,于 1999年 11月连续 3日观察到 1只白腰杓鹬 (Ｎｕｍｅｎｉｕｓａｒｑｕａｔａ)在湖边草地觅食 ;1999年 12月至 2 0 0 0年 3月观察到 1只国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类白头鹤 (Ｇｒｕｓｍｏｎａｃｈａ)与 5 0余只灰鹤混群活动。这 2种鸟类均为云南鸟类种的新纪录。云南发现白头鹤和白腰构鹬@权锐昌$中国科学院昆明动物研究所!650223 @文贤继$中国科学院昆明动物研究所!650223…     

新疆准噶尔盆地东南缘3种荒漠鸟类的巢及窝卵数

2011年4月～2012年5月,作者在新疆准噶尔盆地东南缘进行鸟类调查时,观察到了棕尾鵟Buteo rufi-nus、漠鵖Oenanthe deserti和灰伯劳Lanius excubitor的巢及窝卵情况。以上3种鸟类是中国西北荒漠地区的常见鸟类,但关于它们巢及窝卵的情况却少有报道。开展此方面的研究有助于我们更进一步了解这3种鸟类的生活史,丰富相关基础资料。     

江西兴国发现家八哥

2019年11月30日,在江西省赣州市兴国县潋江国家湿地公园进行鸟类观察时,拍摄到一组雀形目鸟类照片,经专家鉴定为家八哥(Acridotheres tristis),属江西省鸟类新纪录。     

内蒙古伊金霍洛旗红海子湿地公园鸟类群落结构及季节差异

2012年10月至2013年9月,采用样带法和固定半径样点法,对内蒙古伊金霍洛旗红海子湿地公园4种生境鸟类群落结构和季节差异进行了调查研究,共记录到鸟类116种,隶属于16目36科,其中,夏候鸟49种,冬候鸟9种,留鸟24种,旅鸟34种。多样性指数春季最高,冬季最低。相似性指数春季和夏季最高,夏季和冬季最低。各生境鸟类群落结构季节性变化明显,鸟类群落结构的变化与食物、水源、隐蔽条件、繁殖条件等因子共同作用有关。2013年4月12日在内蒙古伊金霍洛旗红海子湿地公园观察到遗鸥(Larus relictus)2340只,表明该湿地公园是我国国家一级重点保护鸟类遗鸥春季的重要取食地。本文为该湿地鸟类资源与生态环境的保护提供了基础资料。     

2005～2009年广州南沙湿地鸟类的群落结构及数量动态

2005～2009年对南沙湿地鸟类群落开展了监测.2005年发现50种,隶属12目26科,全年记录到总数3548只;2006年发现57种,隶属12目28科,全年记录到总数5488只;2007年发现64种,隶属12目31科,全年记录到总数5063只;2008年发现69种,隶属12目32科,全年记录到总数4251只;2009年发现73种,属12目32科,全年记录到总数4776只.鸟类群落的数量不同月份有显著的变化,说明南沙湿地秋冬季是南迁北徙鸟类重要的觅食地和栖息地.鸟类群落的种类和数量每年有增加的趋势,2008年和2009年比2005年分别增加19种和23种.鸟类群落的多样性每年在增长,2005年为2.9608,2006年为2.9869,2007年为3.1624,2008年为3.2544,2009年为3.2776,2008年和2009年比2005年分别增长了9.91%和10.7%.从2005～2009年鸟类群落的种类和数量来看,目前南沙湿地开放旅游由于限制了游客数量还没有影响到鸟类种类、数量和栖息地.     

样线法和网捕法在机场鸟情调查中的应用比较

鸟击事件主要发生在机场范围内,对机场周边生境的鸟类组成进行调查,是制定鸟击防范对策的重要前提。国内多数机场已经开展了相关的鸟类组成调查,但是选用的调查方法却存在较大差异。以样线法和网捕法两种常用的调查方法对沈阳桃仙国际机场周边的迁徙期鸟类进行了研究,旨在比较两种调查方法在机场鸟类群落组成调查中的效果及调查的鸟类群落组成差异。结果表明：两种方法均适合机场鸟类调研,共记录到鸟类97种,网捕法记录的鸟类种数（83种vs.57种）高于样线法,网捕法单独记录的鸟类种数（40种vs.14种）也高于样线法。尽管两种方法每期（半个月）调查的物种数和目的数量无明显差别,但随调查强度（如调查次数）增加,网捕法累计记录到的鸟类种类明显高于样线法,且较晚达到渐近线。另外,两种方法调查记录的鸟类群落组成也具有显著的差别,如网捕法记录到较多鹌鹑和鸮形目等夜间迁徙或活动鸟类,而样线法可记录到鹭科和雁鸭类水鸟等。这说明两种调研方法在鸟类调查中有较好的互补性。因此,本研究认为机场鸟情调研时应该根据鸟情特点,选择合适的鸟类调研方法,综合采用多种调研方法可更有利于获得科学的鸟情信息。     

The effectiveness of bird hides in mitigating recreational disturbances of birdwatchers

Bird hides are often built to ameliorate the disturbance of birdwatchers at birdwatching sites. However, the effectiveness of such shelters is rarely evaluated. This study investigated the recreational disturbances induced by birdwatchers at Mai Po Nature Reserve in Hong Kong and examined the effectiveness of bird hides in mitigating birdwatcher impacts. A bird disturbance survey was conducted to record the disturbances caused by birdwatchers and responses shown by birds at three sampling sites in Mai Po Nature Reserve. A total of 469 observations were recorded in 25 field days from Oct 2019 to April 2020. The results indicated that bird hides significantly mitigated the frequency of disturbance and level of response of birds. With a bird hide, the frequency of disturbance was lower than the unsheltered site given that both sites have a similar level of visitation, yet, disturbance frequency was not significantly lower if the bird hide was highly utilized by birdwatchers. Birds had shown less vigorous and slower responses to disturbances at sites with bird hides than that without. On the other hand, at those sites with bird hides, birds responded at a farther distance than birds at the unsheltered site, which a longer distance may represent a greater level of disturbance. Upon disturbances, birds at the unsheltered site tended to stay in the original area, while birds around bird hides tend to settle further from the original habitat. Visual disturbances were well avoided at bird hides when compared to an unsheltered environment, however, disturbance from noise was found to be more prevalent at bird hides. Implications of these findings were discussed, and recommendations regarding the use, setting, and design of bird hides, and visitor management were given.     

Extracting bird migration information from C‐band Doppler weather radars

Although radar has been used in studies of bird migration for 60 years, there is still no network in Europe for comprehensive monitoring of bird migration. Europe has a dense network of military air surveillance radars but most systems are not directly suitable for reliable bird monitoring. Since the early 1990s, Doppler radars and wind profilers have been introduced in meteorology to measure wind. These wind measurements are known to be contaminated with insect and bird echoes. The aim of the present research is to assess how bird migration information can be deduced from meteorological Doppler radar output. We compare the observations on migrating birds using a dedicated X‐band bird radar with those using a C‐band Doppler weather radar. The observations were collected in the Netherlands, from 1 March to 22 May 2003. In this period, the bird radar showed that densities of more than one bird per km³ are present in 20% of all measurements. Among these measurements, the weather radar correctly recognized 86% of the cases when birds were present; in 38% of the cases with no birds detected by the bird radar, the weather radar claimed bird presence (false positive). The comparison showed that in this study reliable altitudinal density profiles of birds cannot be obtained from the weather radar. However, when integrated over altitude, weather radar reflectivity is correlated with bird radar density. Moreover, bird flight speeds from both radars show good agreement in 78% of cases, and flight direction in 73% of cases. The usefulness of the existing network of weather radars for deducing information on bird migration offers a great opportunity for a European‐wide monitoring network of bird migration.     

Hierarchical semantic information modeling and ontology for bird ecology

Birds have become an increasing concern for ecological preservation and safety. This paper proposes hierarchical architecture of semantic sensing information for bird acoustic data representation in bird ecological environment. This architecture provides various real-time sensing data such as bird calls using acoustic sensors in sensor networks. In this paper, we implement an ontology structure of hierarchical semantic information representation in bird’s ecological environment. Information of this architecture supports to recognize bird calls, identify birds, classify species, and to track a bird behavior in bird ecological environment. All of this would indicate that we suggest relationship between phenomenon data to service/semantic information in bird ecology.     

环境因子对湿地鸟类多样性的影响分析

湿地鸟类在能量转换和维护生态系统的稳定性方面起着举足轻重的作用,同时也是监测、评价湿地生态环境极其敏感的指标。本文总结了环境因子对湿地鸟类多样性的影响,对湿地鸟类多样性的研究提出展望,为更好地保护湿地鸟类资源及生态环境提供科学依据。     

鸟类羽毛鉴定技术和分类研究回顾及展望

鸟类羽毛鉴定技术及分类研究是使用传统分类学、显微学、数学方法以及分子生物学、化学分析等手段对现有的完整或者不完整的羽毛材料进行观察和研究,并结合已有材料及经验来达到鸟类物种分类鉴定的目的.本文介绍了国内外鸟类羽毛鉴定技术的研究现状及进展,对羽毛分类研究中存在的问题进行探讨,并在此基础上对鸟类羽毛分类鉴定的应用前景进行了展望.     

Bergmann's rule in alien birds

Native bird species show latitudinal gradients in body size across species (Bergmann's rule), but whether or not such gradients are recapitulated in the alien distributions of bird species are unknown. Here, we test for the existence of Bergmann's rule in alien bird species worldwide, and investigate the causes of the observed patterns. Published databases were used to obtain the worldwide distributions of established alien bird populations, the locations of alien bird introductions, and bird body masses. Randomisation tests and linear models were used to assess latitudinal patterns in the body masses of introduced and established alien bird populations. Established alien bird species exhibit Bergmann's rule, but this is largely explained by where alien bird species have been introduced: latitudinal variation in the body masses of established alien bird species simply reflects latitudinal variation in the body masses of introduced species. There is some evidence that body mass is implicated in whether or not established species’ alien ranges spread towards or contract away from the Equator following establishment. However, most alien bird ranges are encompassed by the latitudinal band(s) to which the species was introduced. Bergmann's rule in alien birds is therefore a consequence of where humans have introduced different species, rather than of natural processes operating after population introduction.     

甘肃兴隆山自然保护区森林演替对鸟类群落结构的影响

运用固定面积法调查了青林三个主要演替阶段森林(阔叶林、混交林和针叶林)的鸟类群落结构。结果表明,混交林中鸟类物种数、鸟类物种多样性和种团多样性最高,阔叶林最低。方差分析和聚类分析均表明,三种演替阶段森林的鸟类群落组成差异显著。所记录到的35种鸟类中有11种差异显著。其中,山雀科和科在阔叶林中占优势,而柳莺亚科在混交林和针叶林中占优势。食性种团中,阔叶林以食虫鸟和食果食虫鸟为主;混交林和针叶林均以食虫鸟、食果食虫鸟、食谷鸟和食果鸟为主。鉴于阔叶林和混交林有向顶级群落(针叶林)演替的趋势,建议采取人为干扰来维持三种演替阶段森林的面积,以便从景观水平上保护鸟类物种多样性。     

气候变暖对我国鸟类分布的影响

研究了１０年来国内有关鸟类分布及越冬地变化的资料,结合我国近年来气候变暖的事实,初步探讨了气候变暖对我国鸟类可能产生的影响,并针对这些影响提出了一些保护对策。     

鸟粪对同里湿地公园土壤重金属及其形态的影响

为了解鸟粪对同里湿地公园土壤重金属全量及形态转化的影响,测定了公园内有鸟粪土壤、无鸟粪土壤、鸟粪沉积物的理化性质,Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn全量及其形态分布,并进行统计分析。结果显示:同里湿地公园土壤及沉积物p H值平均含量达4.5,N、C、H、S和TP平均含量分别达到3.69、38.07、10.97、0.52、1.43g/kg,有鸟粪土壤中N、C、H和S含量显著高于无鸟粪土壤。Cu、Zn、Co平均含量呈现出鸟粪沉积物有鸟粪土壤无鸟粪土壤;Cr的平均含量表现为鸟粪沉积物无鸟粪土壤有鸟粪土壤;Ni呈现出有鸟粪土壤鸟粪沉积物无鸟粪土壤。总体上,鸟粪的进入增加了土壤Cu、Zn、Co、Ni含量。因此应及时清理土壤上覆鸟粪,降低对当地重金属污染风险。相对于无鸟粪土壤中不同重金属形态的分布,有鸟粪土壤中Co、Cr、Cu、Zn的活性态占全量的百分比均略有下降,非活性态呈上升趋势。鸟粪的加入,虽然会在一定程度上降低活性态重金属占总量的比例,但因总量和活性态含量均上升,向植物系统的迁移量会呈现增加趋势,因此对鸟粪施肥再利用应慎重。