KGF联合HIF-1α对BECN1敲除IEC-6细胞缺氧的保护作用及机制

摘要 目的：探讨KGF联合HIF-1α对BECN1敲除后的IEC-6细胞在缺氧应激状态下的保护作用及相关机制。方法：构建敲除BECN1基因的稳定细胞系IEC-6B-细胞,分为空白对照组（BC）、阴性对照组（NC）、HIF-1α组、KGF联合HIF-1α组（KH）。观察细胞形态学改变。检测细胞存活率、ATP含量、细胞周期和细胞凋亡率。检测自噬相关基因表达水平和凋亡、自噬相关蛋白的表达。结果：低氧处理24 h后,各组细胞可见梭形、星形及其它异常形态变化;NC组细胞胞质内可见大量大小不一的吞噬溶酶体泡;其他各组细胞呈现细胞早期凋亡形态变化,BC组和KH组细胞胞质中可见自噬泡。与BC组相比较,各敲除组细胞存活率均显著降低（P<0.01）,其中KH组细胞存活率高于NC组、KGF组及HIF-1α组（P<0.05）。BC组细胞内ATP含量均显著高于其他各组（P<0.05）。与BC组和KH组比较,其他三组细胞G0/G1期百分比显著增加,细胞凋亡率均显著增加（P<0.05）。与BC组相比较,其余各组细胞自噬基因BECN1、SQSTM1及LC3基因mRNA表达均显著降低（P<0.05）;Beclin 1蛋白及LC3 II/LC3 I的比值均显著降低（P<0.05）,且p62蛋白表达显著增加（P<0.05）。KH组的Bax/Bcl-2的比值、Caspase3蛋白表达低于NC组（P<0.05）。结论：KGF联合HIF-1α能促进细胞增殖、增强细胞能量代谢、减少G₀/G₁期阻滞细胞率、抑制细胞凋亡作用,对低氧应激的IEC-6B-细胞具有保护作用。     

工频磁场急性暴露对PC12细胞生长和凋亡的影响

将体外传代培养的PC12细胞,经50 Hz、100μT的工频磁场暴露24 h。采用噻唑蓝比色法检测细胞增殖活力,流式细胞术检测细胞周期,吖啶橙/溴化乙锭免疫荧光双染色法检测细胞凋亡。结果表明:1)细胞增殖活力于磁场暴露终止后0 h明显下降(P<0.01);4 h未见著变;8 h(P<0.05)和12 h(P<0.01)显著升高。2)磁场暴露终止后0 h,G0/G1期细胞百分比显著增高(P<0.01),S期细胞百分比显著下降(P<0.05);6 h的G2/M期细胞百分比显著增高(P<0.05);12 h的G0/G1期细胞百分比明显下降(P<0.01),S期细胞百分比显著升高(P<0.05);24 h未见著变。3)磁场暴露期间,6 h细胞凋亡率未见显著改变,12、18和24 h凋亡明显增加,至暴露终止后4、8、12和24 h均显著升高,未见恢复。以上结果说明50 Hz、100μT的工频磁场急性暴露,可导致PC12细胞周期和增殖活力的改变,以及细胞凋亡增多。     

IL-6 对胆管癌细胞凋亡的作用机制研究

目的：探讨不同浓度白细胞介素6（IL-6）对胆管癌细胞的凋亡作用及其机制。方法：采用胆管癌细胞株QBC939 进行试验, 用MTT 法检测不同浓度IL-6 对人胆管癌细胞系QBC939 增殖的影响,用Annexin V和PI染色检测不同浓度IL-6对人胆管癌细 胞系QBC939 凋亡的影响,RT-PCR 检测细胞内Bcl-2、Bax 的mRNA水平,并且将QBC939 细胞移植至裸鼠皮下观察移植瘤的 生长速度、重量以及体积的变化。结果：同时间段不同浓度IL-6 的QBC939 细胞增殖明显高于对照组（P<0.05）,且IL-6 的浓度越 高,其增殖的水平也越高,OD 值与IL-6 的浓度呈正相关关系;不同浓度IL-6 对胆管癌细胞的凋亡率较对照组明显下降 （P<0.05）,且随着IL-6 的浓度不断的增高,细胞的凋亡率逐渐下降,IL-6 的浓度与细胞的凋亡率呈负相关关系;对照组细胞培养 48 h 后的凋亡率显著高于培养24 h后（P<0.05）,而IL-6 实验组的细胞的24 h凋亡率与48 h凋亡率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 Bcl-2 的mRNA水平随着IL-6 浓度增加逐渐升高,而Bax 的mRNA水平随着IL-6 的浓度增加逐渐降低,且IL-6 浓度与Bcl-2 mRNA水平呈正相关关系,IL-6 的浓度与Bax mRNA水平呈负相关关系。IL-6 实验组的肿瘤体积和重量与对照组相比均明显增 大（P<0.05）,且IL-6 实验组移植瘤的生长速度明显高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：IL-6 能够促进QBC939细胞增殖,抑制其凋亡,可 能与上调Bcl-2 的mRNA水平以及下调Bax的mRNA水平有关。     

六价铬对水绵生长的毒性效应

为研究六价铬（Cr^6＋）对水绵（Spirogyrasp．）的毒性效应和水绵对六价铬的毒性响应,实验设置5个暴露组（4、6、8、10和12mg／L）和1个对照组。结果表明：96h后各暴露组对水绵的生长均有抑制作用,铬浓度越高,藻细胞叶绿素a越低,显示出较明显的剂量一效应关系;六价铬对水绵的96h的Ec。值为7．25mg／L。细胞浸出液电导率在低浓度（4～6mg／L）组上升较缓慢,在高浓度组（8～12mg／L）上升显著;丙二醛（MDA）累积含量在Cr6＋≥4mg／L时,累计含量上升较高（P〈0．01）,当Cr^6＋≥8mg／L时,累积含量上升较少。水绵细胞浸出液电导率与MDA存在显著正相关（P〈0．05,r=0．891）。水绵细胞浸出液电导率和MDA含量与六价铬浓度分别存在显著（P〈0．05,r=0．951）和极显著（P〈0．01,r=0．977）的非线性的毒性响应关系。     

氧化损伤是热胁迫下小金蝠蛾幼虫不能存活的重要原因

【目的】小金蝠蛾Thitarodes xiaojinensis是冬虫夏草菌Ophiocordyceps sinensis的寄主昆虫,生活于高海拔、高寒地区,低温适应性强,但在室温下（25~27℃）不能正常存活。本研究检测了热胁迫（27℃）对小金蝠蛾幼虫消化酶及抗氧化系统的影响,以期揭示小金蝠蛾室温不耐受的生理机制。【方法】小金蝠蛾8龄幼虫分两组进行处理：高温组于27℃下饲养,对照组于16℃下饲养。处理24 h后观察虫体状态,并解剖,取中肠及血淋巴。透射电镜观察中肠细胞线粒体结构,分别测定中肠总蛋白酶和糖基水解酶活性,血淋巴丙二醛（MDA）含量,以及血淋巴保护酶系中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和过氧化物酶（POD）的活性。【结果】两组幼虫中肠总蛋白酶及糖基水解酶活性均随反应温度（16~37℃）升高而增强。协方差分析显示,高温组幼虫酶活性极显著低于对照组（P<0.01）。然而,高温组幼虫在27℃下的酶活性与对照组幼虫在16℃下的酶活性无显著差异（P<0.05）。热胁迫下虫体血淋巴中丙二醛含量显著升高（P<0.05）,提示出现了氧化损伤。透射电镜结果显示,高温组中肠细胞线粒体肿胀,膜受损,嵴排列混乱,结构破坏。对活性氧起清除作用的3种保护酶中,仅POD活性显著升高（P<0.05）,SOD和CAT活性均无显著变化（P>0.05）。【结论】消化酶活性的变化可能不是小金蝠蛾室温不耐受的重要因素;氧化损伤是其热胁迫下不能正常存活的一个重要原因。     

LPS对冷应激大鼠Mφ、Sertoli细胞分泌IL-1的影响

目的 为探讨LPS对冷应激大鼠外周血巨噬细胞（Mφ）和睾丸支持细胞（Sertoli）分泌IL-1的影响,本文检测了大鼠Mφ细胞和Sertoli细胞IL-1的含量。方法体外分离培养大鼠Mφ细胞、大鼠睾丸Sertoli细胞和小鼠胸腺细胞,设37℃对照组与0℃、-4℃冷应激实验组,IL-1含量测定采用放免分析方法。结果外周血MφIL-1含量：0℃组高于37℃对照组,分别为20444.7±8936.3和10281.2±1435.8,差异有显著性（P〈0.05）;-4℃和37℃对照组分别为10307.2±2648.6和10281.2±1435.8,差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。睾丸Sertoli细胞IL-1含量：0℃组高于37℃对照组,LPS-和LPS＋分别为54.31±0.35和41.52±0.42与99.74±0.09和82.96±0.33,差异有显著性（P〈0.05）;-4℃和37℃对照组分别为38.11±0.14和41.52±0.42与45.84±0.11和82.96±0.33,差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。结论冷应激抑制LPS诱导Mφ和Sertoli细胞的IL-1含量分泌,但在早期Mφ和Sertoli细胞均出现免疫系统激活的过程,其作用机制有待深入研究。     

低温应激对吉富罗非鱼血清生化指标及肝脏HSP70基因表达的影响

实验旨在探讨急性低温应激对吉富罗非鱼(GIFT,Oreochromis niloticus)血清生化、免疫指标以及肝脏HSP70 mRNA水平的影响。实验选取平均体重为(177±2.18)g左右的吉富罗非鱼作为实验对象,设定(25±1)℃对照组和低温(9±1)℃冷应激试验组,每组设定5个平行组,分别在0、2、6、12h随机采样,测定血清血糖(GLU)、胆固醇(CHOL) 、甘油三酯(TG)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、补体3 (C3)、补体4 (C4)、溶菌酶(LSZ)、皮质醇(COR)、三碘甲腺原氨酸(T3)、甲状腺素(T4)以及肝脏HSP70mRNA水平。结果表明:与对照组相比,试验组GLU水平在冷应激后6h,TG水平在冷应激后2、6h,CHOL水平在冷应激后6、12h均有显著升高(P<0.05),ALT水平在冷应激后2、12h均有显著升高(P<0.05);试验组AST、COR、T3水平在冷应激2、6、12h时出现显著升高(P<0.05),C3、C4、LSZ水平在冷应激后2、6、12h均出现显著下降(P<0.05);与对照组相比,试验组HSP70mRNA水平在冷应激后的12h出现显著升高(P<0.05)。因此,急性低温应激可以提高吉富罗非鱼肝脏应激蛋白HSP70mRNA水平,影响该鱼的非特异免疫力和相关生理指标。     

4-苯基丁酸抑制内质网应激改善高同型半胱氨酸引起的血管重构

摘要 目的：探讨高同型半胱氨酸血症（hyperhomocysteinemia, HHcy）导致血管损伤的机制并证明内质网应激抑制剂4-苯基丁酸（4-PBA）在其中的保护作用。方法：采用蛋氨酸饲料喂养SD大鼠制备HHcy模型,24只大鼠随机分为3组（每组8只）：对照组（Control）、HHcy模型组（HHcy）和4-PBA处理组（4-PBA）;测量大鼠血压和心率,检测血清中同型半胱氨酸浓度,HE染色观察血管形态,Western blot和免疫组化染色观察内质网应激分子GRP78和GRP94的表达,Western blot检测内质网应激促凋亡因子CHOP和Caspase 12的表达,TUNEL染色观察主动脉血管的细胞凋亡。结果：3组大鼠血压和心率没有显著差异（P>0.05）;和Control组比较,HHcy组血清中同型半胱氨酸浓度明显增加（P<0.05）,而4-PBA处理组血清同型半胱氨酸浓度与HHcy组比有降低但没有统计学差异（P>0.05）;和Control组比较,HHcy组主动脉血管平滑肌细胞肥大,走行紊乱,部分断裂,细胞核固缩,管壁增厚,内质网应激分子GRP78和GRP94以及促凋亡因子CHOP和Caspase 12的表达明显增加（P<0.05）,TUNEL染色阳性细胞也显著增多;而4-PBA处理组能明显改善HHcy组主动脉血管的这些变化（P<0.05）。结论：高同型半胱氨酸血症能引起主动脉血管重构,而4-PBA可通过抑制内质网应激和细胞凋亡改善高同型半胱氨酸血症引起的血管重构。     

环境高温促进猪睾丸Apaf-1和Caspase-9的表达

高温热应激条件下,凋亡蛋白表达量升高,生殖细胞凋亡增加。凋亡蛋白酶活化因子1（apoptosis protease activating factor 1,Apaf-1）和凋亡蛋白酶活化起始者含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶9,(cysteine aspartic acid specific protease 9, Caspase-9）是细胞凋亡内源途径中的重要调节蛋白,热应激条件下猪睾丸Apaf-1和Caspase 9的表达未见报道。本研究发现,夏季畜舍高温使Apaf-1和Caspase-9表达量升高。qRT-PCR和Western印迹结果显示,与对照组（正常舍温20℃）相比,短时热应激组（40～42℃,1 h/d, 7 d）和长时热应激组（40～42℃,1 h/d, 42 d）,Apaf-1和Caspase-9 mRNA和蛋白的相对表达量均显著升高。免疫组织化学研究发现,Apaf-1在猪睾丸组织中免疫反应阳性物定位于间质细胞、支持细胞和各个发育阶段生精细胞。热应激处理导致精母细胞和精子细胞Apaf-1表达量升高。在各实验猪睾丸组织中,Caspase-9定位于间质细胞、支持细胞和各个发育阶段生精细胞的胞质中。与对照组相比,热应激处理导致减数分裂以后的生精细胞和支持细胞Caspase-9表达量升高。上述结果表明,高温热应激促进Apaf-1和Caspase-9的表达,提示Apaf-1和Caspase-9表达的变化可能与猪舍高温导致的猪精液品质下降存在关联。     

补充L-精氨酸对热应激大鼠胸腺细胞凋亡的影响

探导热应激对大鼠胸腺细胞的影响及补充L 精氨酸 (L Arg)对胸腺细胞的作用 ,结果显示 :1.在常温下 ,胸腺细胞结构清晰 ,形态规则 ,自然凋亡率低 ,补充L Arg组自然凋亡率低于灌水对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ;2 .不同温度的热应激均可导致胸腺细胞凋亡 ,电镜和光镜显示其典型的形态学特征 ;3.DNA凝胶电泳呈“梯状”条带 ,FCM检测出现凋亡峰 ;4 .补充L Arg的两组上述结果轻于灌水对照组。热应激后 ,2h便可见到凋亡细胞 ,4 - 8h达高峰。补充L Arg组 2 4h后基本恢复到正常水平 ,而灌水对照组稍差。说明适量补充L Arg对热应激大鼠胸腺具有较好的保护作用     

The effects of cysteine addition during in vitro maturation on the developmental competence, ROS, GSH and apoptosis level of bovine oocytes exposed to heat stress

In the present study, we investigated the effects of various concentrations of cysteine (0.0, 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8 mM) added to the maturation medium on nuclear maturation and subsequent embryonic development of bovine oocytes exposed to heat stress (HS: set at 39.5 °C for 5 h, 40.0 °C for 5 h, 40.5 °C for 6 h, and 40.0 °C for 4 h versus 38.5 °C for 20 h as the control group). This regime mimicked the circadian rhythm of the vaginal temperature of lactating dairy cows during the summer season in southwestern Japan. Moreover, we also evaluated the oocyte's reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) levels and the apoptosis levels of the oocytes and cumulus cells in the presence or absence of 1.2 mM cysteine. As a result, HS in the without-cysteine group significantly suppressed (p < 0.05) both the nuclear maturation rate up to the metaphase (M)II stage and the blastocyst formation rate compared with that of the control group. In addition, this group showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) ROS levels and significantly lower (p < 0.05) GSH levels than those of the control group. Moreover, the level of TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL)-positive cumulus cells in the HS without-cysteine group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of the control group. However, the addition of 1.2 mM cysteine to the maturation medium restored not only the nuclear maturation, blastocyst formation rates and GSH contents, but also increased the ROS and TUNEL-positive levels of the cumulus cells, but not oocytes, to that of the control group. These results indicate that the addition of 1.2 mM cysteine during in vitro maturation (IVM) may alleviate the influence of heat stress for oocyte developmental competence by increasing GSH content and inhibiting the production of oocyte ROS followed by apoptosis of cumulus cells.     

Hyperthermia increases interleukin-6 in mouse skeletal muscle

Skeletal muscles produce and contribute to circulating levels of IL-6 during exercise. However, when core temperature is reduced, the response is attenuated. Therefore, we hypothesized that hyperthermia may be an important and independent stimulus for muscle IL-6. In cultured C2C12 myotubes, hyperthermia (42°C) increased IL-6 gene expression 14-fold after 1 h and 35-fold after 5 h of 37°C recovery; whereas exposure to 41°C resulted in a 2.6-fold elevation at 1 h. IL-6 protein was secreted and significantly elevated in the cell supernatant. Similar but reduced responses to heat were seen in C2C12 myoblasts. Isolated soleus muscles from mice, exposed ex vivo to 41°C for 1 h, yielded similar IL-6 gene responses (>3-fold) but without a significant effect on protein release. When whole animals were exposed to passive hyperthermia, such that core temperature increased to 42.4°C, IL-6 mRNA in soleus increased 5.4-fold compared with time matched controls. Interestingly, TNF-α gene expression was routinely suppressed at all levels of hyperthermia (40.5-42°C) in the isolated models, but TNF-α was elevated (4.2-fold) in the soleus taken from intact mice exposed, in vivo, to hyperthermia. Muscle HSP72 mRNA increased as a function of the level of hyperthermia, and IL-6 mRNA responses increased proportionally with HSP72. In cultured C2C12 myotubes, when heat shock factor was pharmacologically blocked with KNK437, both HSP72 and IL-6 mRNA elevations, induced by heat, were suppressed. These findings implicate skeletal muscle as a "heat stress sensor" at physiologically relevant hyperthermia, responding with a programmed cytokine expression pattern characterized by elevated IL-6.     

Proline accumulation is inhibitory to Arabidopsis seedlings during heat stress

The effect of proline (Pro) accumulation on heat sensitivity was investigated using transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants ectopically expressing the Δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase 1 gene (AtP5CS1) under the control of a heat shock protein 17.6II gene promoter. During heat stress, the heat-inducible expression of the AtP5CS1 transgene was capable of enhancing Pro biosynthesis. Twelve-day-old seedlings were first treated with heat at 37 °C for 24 h to induce Pro and then were stressed at 50 °C for 4 h. After recovery at 22 °C for 96 h, the growth of Pro-overproducing plants was significantly more inhibited than that of control plants that do not accumulate Pro, manifested by lower survival rate, higher ion leakage, higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde levels, and increased activity of the Pro/P5C cycle. The activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase, and catalase, but not those of glutathione reductase and ascorbate peroxidase, increased in all lines after heat treatment, but the increase was more significant in Pro-overproducing seedlings. Staining with MitoSox-Red, reported for being able to specifically detect superoxide formed in mitochondria, showed that Pro accumulation during heat stress resulted in elevated levels of ROS in mitochondria. Interestingly, exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene were found to partially rescue the heat-sensitive phenotype of Pro-overproducing seedlings. Measurement of ethylene and ABA levels further confirmed that these two hormones are negatively affected in Pro-overproducing seedlings during heat stress. Our results indicated that Pro accumulation under heat stress decreases the thermotolerance, probably by increased ROS production via the Pro/P5C cycle and inhibition of ABA and ethylene biosynthesis.     

Influence of selenium on heat shock protein 70 expression in heat stressed turkey embryos (Meleagris gallopavo)

Heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) family of proteins, which functions as molecular chaperones, has been associated with tolerance to stressors in avian species. Selenium (Se) is an essential trace mineral incorporated into the seleno-enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase (GSHpx). GSHpx reduces oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to reduced glutathione (GSH) in the GSH/GSSG antioxidant system and protects cells from oxidative damage. This study was conducted to examine if the relationship between dietary supplementation of selenium to turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) hens and the embryonic expression of hsp70 and GSHpx activity in heat stressed embryos. Livers of embryos developing in eggs from turkey hens fed diets with or without supplemental Se were analyzed for hsp70 concentration and GSHpx activity before and after recovery from a heating episode. Before heat stress, hsp70 concentrations were equivalent in each treatment, but GSHpx activity was maximized in the SE treatment group. After recovery from the heating episode, hsp70 concentrations were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the non-Se-supplemented groups, but in the Se-supplemented groups the hsp70 concentrations were not different from pre-stress concentrations. In the pre-stress Se-supplemented group, liver GSHpx activity was significantly higher than GSHpx activity in the non-Se-supplemented embryo livers, and in the livers from embryos recovering from heat stress, GSHpx activity in the non-Se-supplemented group was lower than the pre-stress activity and significantly lower than the GSHpx activity in liver from Se-supplemented embryos recovering from heat distress. Se supplementation to the dams resulted in a significant increase in their embryos and that condition would facilitate a decreased incidence of oxidative damage to cells. A more reduced redox status in embryos from Se-supplemented dams decreased the need for cellular protection attributed to stress induced hsp70 and presumably allows heat distressed embryos to resume normal growth and development than embryos from dams with inadequate selenium nutrition.     

Accelerated recovery of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from effects of crowding by swimming

The effects of post-crowding swimming velocity (0, 0.35, and 0.70 m/s) and recovery time (1.5, 6, and 12 h) on physiological recovery and processing quality parameters of adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were determined. Atlantic salmon crowded to a density similar to that of a commercial slaughter process (>200 kg/m(3), 40 min) were transferred to a swimming chamber for recovery treatment. Osmolality and concentrations of cortisol, glucose and lactate in blood plasma were used as physiological stress indicators, whereas image analyses of extent and duration of rigor contraction, and fillet gaping were used as measures of processing quality. Crowded salmon had a 5.8-fold higher plasma cortisol concentration than control salmon (P<0.05). The elevated plasma cortisol concentration was reduced by increasing the swimming velocity, and had returned to control levels after 6 h recovery at high water velocity. Similar effects of swimming velocity were observed for plasma osmolality and lactate concentration. A lower plasma glucose concentration was present in crowded than in control fish (P<0.05), although a typical post-stress elevation in plasma glucose was observed after the recovery treatments. Lower muscle pH was found in crowded compared with control salmon (P<0.05), but muscle pH returned to control levels after 6 h recovery at intermediate and high swimming velocities and after 12 h in the low velocity group. Crowding caused an early onset of rigor mortis contraction. However, subjecting crowded salmon to active swimming for 6 h before slaughter delayed the onset of rigor mortis contraction from 2.5 to 7.5 h post mortem. The extent of rigor mortis contraction was also affected by crowding and post-stress swimming activity (P<0.05), and the largest degree of contraction was found in crowded salmon. In conclusion, active swimming accelerated the return of plasma cortisol, hydromineral balance, and the energy metabolism of adult Atlantic salmon to pre-stress levels. Moreover, an active swimming period delayed the onset of rigor mortis contraction, which has a positive technological implication for the salmon processing industry.     

Microarray analysis of gene expression profiles of rat small intestine in response to heat stress

Ambient temperature is a critical factor that affects biological organisms in many ways. In this study, the authors investigated gene expression changes in rat small intestine in response to heat stress. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control and heat-stressed groups. Both groups were housed at 25 °C, although the heat-stressed group was also subjected to 40 °C for 2 h each day for 10 successive days. Rats were sacrificed 1, 3, 6, and 10 days after heat treatment, and sections of their small intestine epithelial tissue were excised for morphological examination and microarray analyses. The rat rectal and body surface temperatures and serum cortisol levels were all significantly increased after heat treatment (p < 0.05). The jejuna were significantly damaged by 3 days after heat treatment began. Microarray analysis showed that 422 genes were differentially expressed, of which 290 genes were significantly upregulated and 132 genes were significantly downregulated. Subsequent bioinformatics analyses revealed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly related to stress, immune regulation, and metabolism processes. The bioinformatics analysis of the differentially expressed genes should be beneficial to further investigations on the underlying mechanisms involved in heat stress-induced damage in the small intestine.     

蛋白质芯片技术检测脑损伤大鼠血清差异蛋白

目的:研究大鼠脑损伤后血清中蛋白质表达谱的变化及其特点.方法:采用弱阳离子交换芯片(WCX2)结合表面增强激光解析电离飞行时间质谱技术分析大鼠闭合性脑损伤后4 h、8 h、12 h、24 h、48 h血清中蛋白质表达谱的改变.结果:与对照组相比,脑损伤后血清中有2个蛋白质的表达谱发生改变.其中差异蛋白5648Da,在4 h、8 h和12 h组表达降低(P＜0.01),24 h和48 h组表达恢复;差异蛋白9681Da在对照组、24 h和48 h组几乎不表达,而4 h、8 h和12 h组表达增加(P＜0.05).结论:脑损伤可引起血清中蛋白质表达谱发生变化.     

Thioredoxin induction of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in mice in response to a single bout of swimming exercise

Thioredoxin (TRX) is a stress-inducible protein with diverse intracellular functions, which is expressed under conditions of oxidative stress. Exercise is known to cause oxidative stress by the generation of oxygen radicals from various biological pathways. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of TRX induction of cellular extracts prepared from peripheral blood mononuclear cells after a 30-min swimming exercise in mice. Plasma corticosterone concentration, considered to be a marker for exercise-induced various stress, rose significantly (p < 0.05) 0.5 h after exercise and rapidly dropped down following recovery. The carbonyl proteins as a marker of oxidative stress were significantly (p < 0.05) higher after 6 and 12 h of recovery in cytosolic extracts. The cytoplasm and nucleus TRX expressions were slightly higher to resting values after 12 and 24 h of recovery. The nucleus TRX expression was significantly (p < 0.05) higher after 24 h of recovery. These findings demonstrate that exercise-induced oxidative stress may be associated with increased intracellular TRX expression after 12 and/or 24 h after exercise in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. It is implied that this delayed and prolonged over-expression of TRX may play some roles in response to exercise-induced oxidative stress.     

The effect of hyperthermia on cell viability,oxidative damage,and heat shock protein expression in hepatic cells of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of mild hyperthermia on cell viability, release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) formation, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and the relative mRNA levels of heat shock protein (HSP60, 70, and 90) in hepatic cells of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) before and after temperature stress. Cultured cells were exposed to thermal stress (32 °C) for 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 h. The results showed that hyperthermia stress significantly reduced cell viability (P<0.01) and increased LDH release at 0.5 and 1 h (P<0.05). Additionally, hyperthermia stress led to oxidative stress as evidenced by significantly decreased T-AOC after treating cells for 0.5 and 8 h (P<0.05). SOD activity also significantly decreased after 1 h of stress (P<0.05), but MDA formation increased after 8 h of stress (P<0.05). This may be partly responsible for the lower cell viability and higher LDH release we observed. The differences between SOD activity, MDA formation, and T-AOC between the 2 h treatment group and the control were smaller than that of other groups. This indicated that cellular antioxidant enzyme systems play an important role in the defense against oxidative stress. Further tests showed that the expression of HSP60 at 1, 2, and 4 h (P<0.05), HSP70 at 0.5 and 1 h (P<0.01), and HSP90 at all time points after stress were higher (P<0.01) than pre-stress levels. This suggested that HSPs possess the ability to modulate cellular anti-stress responses and play key roles in protecting organisms from heat stress. In conclusion, hyperthermia inhibits cell proliferation, induces cell oxidative stress, and enhances HSP expression in hepatic cells of grass carp.     

Molecular and biochemical modulation of heat shock protein 20 (Hsp20) gene by temperature stress and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in the monogonont rotifer, Brachionus sp

The monogonont rotifer, Brachionus sp. has been regarded as a potential model for reproductive physiology, evolution, and environmental genomics. To uncover the role of the heat shock protein upon temperature stress and hydrogen peroxide (H?O?) exposure, we cloned heat shock protein 20 (Hsp20) and determined its modulatory response under different temperatures and H?O? concentrations. Under different temperature stresses (10 °C and 37 °C), the rotifer Brachionus sp. Hsp20 (Br-Hsp20) gene was highly expressed over time, and reached the maximum level 90 min after exposure, indicating that Br-Hsp20 gene would be involved in the chaperoning process to protect proteins at both low and high temperatures. To test the ability of thermotolerance of the recombinant Br-Hsp20-containing transformed Escherichia coli, we expressed the recombinant Br-Hsp20 protein with 1mM IPTG for 18 h at 30 °C, exposed them at 54 °C with time course (10 to 60 min), and measured cell survival. In this elevated temperature shock (54 °C), the cell survival was significantly higher at the Br-Hsp20 transformed E. coli, compared to the control (vector only). To analyze the modulatory effect of Br-Hsp20 gene on oxidative stress, we initially exposed 0.1 mM H?O? over time and measured antioxidant enzyme activities along with the expression level of Br-Hsp20 mRNA. Upon H?O? exposure, Br-Hsp20 gene was time-dependently upregulated and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glutathione reductase (GR) activities were also elevated at the 12h-exposed group in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that the Br-Hsp20 gene would be an important gene in response to oxidative and temperature stress. Here, we demonstrated the role of the Hsp20 gene in the rotifer, Brachionus sp. providing a better understanding of the ecophysiology at environmental stress in this species.